Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/12—Polypropene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08L23/14—Copolymers of propene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
  • C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
  • C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1328—Shrinkable or shrunk [e.g., due to heat, solvent, volatile agent, restraint removal, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
  • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
  • Y10T428/1372—Randomly noninterengaged or randomly contacting fibers, filaments, particles, or flakes
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
  • Y10T428/258—Alkali metal or alkaline earth metal or compound thereof
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer

Definitions

• the present invention relates to polypropylene compositions particularly suited for the preparation of articles wherein the said polypropylene compositions are oriented by stretching.
• Such stretching is often referred to in the art as “solid state orientation”, and is generally carried out by applying a traction or elongation force to the polymer material in at least one direction while the polymer is in the solid state, but at a temperature high enough to allow the polymer macromolecules to move and get consequently oriented in one or more directions.
• Typical processes wherein stretching/orientation is carried out are those used for the preparation of oriented or bioriented polypropylene films (respectively OPP and BOPP), the tubular blown or double bubble processes for films, and the stretch blow molding processes, such as injection stretch blow molding, widely used for producing containers, in particular bottles.
• the propylene homopolymers and copolymers are widely used due to their valuable balance of chemical, mechanical and optical properties.
• Such effect is generally achieved by adding the so called “nucleating agents”, examples of which are salts of monocarboxylic or polycarboxylic acids, e.g.
• dibenzylidenesorbitol or its C 1 -C 8 -alkyl-substituted derivatives such as methyldibenzylidenesorbitol, ethyldibenzylidenesorbitol or dimethyldibenzylidenesorbitol or salts of diesters of phosphoric acid, e.g. sodium 2,2′-methylenebis(4,6,-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate and sodium 2,2′-ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphate.
• dibenzylidenesorbitol derivatives Particularly preferred are the dibenzylidenesorbitol derivatives.
• the dibenzylidenesorbitol derivatives while very efficient as nucleating agents have several disadvantages.
• a sufficiently high temperature is required for optimal dispersion of the nucleant in the polymer matrix.
• the nucleant is prone to degradation, especially if exposed to high temperatures.
• the nucleant and its degradation products can migrate to the surface of items formed out of the nucleated polymer. Due to such migration the nucleant and its degradation products can impact with succeeding surface treatments, like coating, printing, painting, etc. and also restrict the use of the plastic items in pharmaceutical applications.
• the prices of commercially available dibenzylidenesorbitol derivatives can be important and thus significantly increase the production costs for a nucleated polymer.
• nucleating agents generally cited in the patent and technical literature are inorganic additives such as talc, silica or kaolin.
• these additives, and in particular talc, even if frequently cited in the literature while listing the possible nucleating agents, in practice are considered not to be suited for use in polypropylene stretched/oriented articles, because they badly affect the transparency.
• the decrease in transparency, when compared to an equivalent non-nucleated item, can be less evident before stretching, but it becomes particularly intense after stretching.
• the use of the said inorganic additives for stretched articles is limited to very specific applications, like opaque cavitated films for breathable packaging.
• polypropylene compositions comprising:
• the propylene copolymer or copolymers that can constitute or be present in component (A) preferably contain one or more comonomers selected from ethylene and C 4 -C 10 ⁇ -olefins, represented by the formula CH 2 ⁇ CHR, wherein R is an alkyl radical, linear or branched, with 2-8 carbon atoms or an aryl (in particular phenyl) radical.
• Examples of said C 4 -C 10 ⁇ -olefins are 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene and 1-octene. Particularly preferred are ethylene and 1-butene.
• compositions of the present invention present at least one melt peak, determined by way of DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), at a temperature equal to or higher than 145° C.
• DSC Different Scanning Calorimetry
• compositions of the present invention have a crystallization temperature at least 1° C. higher, preferably at least 4° C. higher than the crystallization temperature of the polyolefin component (A) without addition of component (B).
• compositions of the present invention are:
• copolymers that can constitute or be present in component (A) are random copolymers containing such an amount of comonomer(s) as to have a melting temperature (measured by DSC) of 130° C. or higher, more preferably of 140° C. or higher.
• a melting temperature measured by DSC
• ethylene is present as the comonomer, it is generally within 0.8 and 6% by weight with respect to the weight of the polymer.
• C 4 -C 10 ⁇ -olefins are present, they are generally within 1 and 10% by weight with respect to the weight of the polymer.
• Propylene polymer compositions particularly suited for the preparation of stretch blow molded containers comprise:
• the component a II ) is generally different in composition from component a I ).
• the amount of olefin(s) chosen from ethylene and C 4 -C 10 ⁇ -olefins is preferably higher in a II ) than in a I ).
• the propylene (co)polymers used for the component (A) in the compositions of the present invention belong to the family of the (co)polymers that can be obtained by way of polymerization processes in the presence of coordination catalysts. Said processes and the (co)polymers obtained from them are widely described in the art.
• the Ziegler-Natta polymerization catalysts comprise the reaction product of an organic compound of a metal of Groups I-III of the Periodic Table (for example, an aluminum alkyl), and an inorganic compound of a transition metal of Groups IV-VIII of the Periodic Table (for example, a titanium halide), preferably supported on a Mg halide.
• a metal of Groups I-III of the Periodic Table for example, an aluminum alkyl
• an inorganic compound of a transition metal of Groups IV-VIII of the Periodic Table for example, a titanium halide
• Suitable coordination catalysts that can be used in polymerization to prepare the propylene (co)polymers of component (A) of the compositions of the present invention are the metallocene catalysts.
• the said polymerization catalysts comprise the reaction product of a metallocene and a compound such as an alumoxane, trialkyl aluminum or an ionic activator.
• a metallocene is a compound with at least one cyclopentadienyl moiety in combination with a transition metal of Groups IV-VIII of the Periodic Table.
• metallocene catalysts described in WO 01/48034 and WO 03/045964 For example one can use the metallocene catalysts described in WO 01/48034 and WO 03/045964.
• component (A) comprises a propylene polymer composition
• the polymer material can be prepared by polymerizing the monomers in two or more consecutive or parallel stages.
• the polymerization can be carried out in any known manner in bulk, in suspension, in the gas phase or in a supercritical medium. It can be carried out batchwise or preferably continuously. Solution processes, suspension processes, stirred gas-phase processes or gas-phase fluidized-bed processes are possible.
• solvents or suspension media it is possible to use inert hydrocarbons, for example isobutane, or the monomers themselves.
• the above mentioned MFR values can be obtained directly in polymerization by adequately adjusting the molecular weight regulating agent (such as hydrogen, for example), or can be achieved by way of a visbreaking process to which the propylene (co)polymers are subjected.
• the visbreaking process of the polymer chains is carried out by using the appropriate techniques.
• One of said techniques is based on the use of peroxides which are added to the (co)polymer in a quantity that allows one to obtain the desired degree of visbreaking.
• the peroxides that are most conveniently employable for the visbreaking process have a decomposition temperature preferably ranging from 150 to 250° C.
• peroxides examples include the di-tert-butyl peroxide, the dicumyl peroxide, the 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butyl peroxy)hexyne, and the 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butyl peroxy)hexane, which is marketed under the Luperox 101 trade name.
• the quantity of peroxide needed for the visbreaking process preferably ranges from 0.05% to 1% by weight of the (co)polymer.
• additives used in the compositions of the present invention can include, but are not limited to phenolic antioxidants, phosphite-series additives, anti-static agents and acid scavengers, such as sodium stearate, calcium stearate and hydrotalcite. Tetrakis[methylene-3-(3′,5′-di-t-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane and n-octadecinyl-3-(4′-hydroxynyl) propionate are particularly preferred as the phenolic antioxidants.
• the content of the phenolic antioxidant can range from 0.001 to 2 parts by weight, preferably from 0.002 to 1.8 parts by weight, more preferably from 0.005 to 1.5 parts by weight.
• Tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) phosphite is preferred as the phosphite additive.
• the content of the phosphite can range from 0.001 to 1.5 parts by weight, preferably from 0.005 to 1.5 parts by weight, more preferably from 0.01 to 1.0 parts by weight.
• the content of acid scavenger can range from 0.01 to 2 parts by weight, preferably from 0.02 to 1.5 parts by weight, more preferably from 0.03 to 1.5 parts by weight. All the said parts by weight are referred to 100 parts by weight of the total composition.
• the talc used as component (B) in the compositions of the present invention is an ultra fine talc, characterized by the previously said values of average particle diameter.
• talc is a mineral mainly composed of hydrated magnesium silicate, optionally associated with other mineral materials, such as chlorite (hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate) and dolomite.
• talc is milled with known techniques, for instance with air classified mills, compressed air, steam and impact grinding.
• the average particle diameter is the diameter value for which 50% by weight of the particles have a size smaller than said value.
• This size measure is also defined as D50. It is also frequent to define a D95 size measure, which is the diameter value for which 95% by weight of the particles have a size smaller than said value.
• the component (B) of the compositions of the present invention has D95 of equal to or less than 3 ⁇ m.
• the size generally consists of the equivalent spherical diameter (Stocks diameter).
• the measurement of D50 and D95 can be carried out by means of a “Sedigraph” apparatus, by gravity sedimentation.
• compositions of the present invention can be prepared by using known techniques starting from the polypropylene component (A) in form of pellets, or powders, or particles obtained from the polymerization process, that are preferably preblended in the solid state (with a Banbury, Henshel or Lodige mixer, for example) with the component (B), thus obtaining a dry blend which can be pelletized in an extruder using conventional techniques. It is also possible to feed the dry blend directly into the processing systems.
• stretched articles are prepared from the compositions of the present invention by using processing techniques well known in the art.
• preferred stretched articles according to the present invention are the oriented polypropylene films and containers, in particular bottles.
• Oriented polypropylene film generally is made by various methods involving the solid state orientation. As previously mentioned, one such method is the tubular blown or double bubble method. Another is the tenter frame method.
• the polypropylene composition is melt extruded through an annular die to form a molten tube which is brought into contact with an internal, cooling mandrel where it begins to solidify.
• the tube is further cooled in a water bath, and pulled through a pair of rolls which compress it tightly.
• the cooled, solidified tube is “softened” by reheating with, for example, radiant heaters to a temperature below the melting point of the polypropylene, but high enough to enable the tube to be expanded by internal air pressure.
• the tube is insufflated by air under pressure.
• the tube to enlarge and form a controlled bubble, thereby stretching the wall of the tube in all directions, and thereby biaxially orienting it.
• the bubble then is collapsed through frame rollers, between a pair of nib rolls, and passed through a slitter where the flattened bubble is slit into a strip or strips which is or are wound on a take-up reel or take-up reels.
• the polypropylene composition is melt extruded through a slot die to form a molten sheet.
• the sheet is solidified by quench cooling onto a cast roll.
• the resulting cast sheet is immediately reheated to a temperature below the melting point of the polypropylene, but high enough to enable the composition to be drawn or stretched.
• the thus “softened” cast sheet is drawn by rolls rotating at different speeds of rotation such that the sheet is stretched to the desired draw ratio in the longitudinal direction (machine direction).
• the thus uniaxially oriented sheet is subsequently clamped at its lateral edges by chain clips and conveyed into a tenter oven where it is again reheated to such a temperature, and drawn in the transverse direction to the desired draw ratio by means of the chain clips which are diverged in their forward travel.
• the resulting biaxially oriented film is released from the clips, edge-trimmed, and wound on a take-up reel.
• the containers of the invention are produced by a process preferably including a first step of molding the propylene polymer composition, preferably at a temperature from 200° C. to 280° C. to form a preform.
• the temperature would be selected by those skilled in the art depending on the particular polymer composition involved.
• the first molding step can include injection molding, compression molding or blow molding. Injection molding is preferred.
• the second step of the process of the invention includes stretch blow molding the preform formed in the first step, preferably at a temperature from 100° C. to 160° C. Again, the stretch blow molding temperature would be selected by those skilled in the art depending on the polymer composition being molded. Both steps in the process can be performed in the same machine, as in the so-called single stage process.
• preforms may be produced in a first piece of equipment, and subsequently routed to a second piece of equipment for stretch blow molding, as in the so-called two-stage process. In such a case, the preforms can be allowed to cool fully.
• the preforms are preferably heated in a heating oven. Infrared heating units are typically used, but one skilled in the art would recognize that any heat source consistent with the materials properties of the polymer based bottles may be used.
• the preforms are typically conveyed along a bank of heating units while being rotated to evenly distribute the heat.
• the bottles may also be contacted with cooling air during and after heating to minimize overheating of the preform surface.
• the preforms are transferred to a blow mold. A stretch rod is inserted into the preform to stretch the preform in the axial direction.
• Pressurized air at 1 to 40 bar, preferably 4 to 20 bar is introduced to complete the blow molding of the finished bottle.
• the pressurized air can be introduced in two steps, where a pre-blow is performed by introducing pressurized air at 1 to 20 bar, preferably 4 to 12 bar, followed by the final blow molding at the higher pressures described above.
• Comonomer content By IR spectroscopy.
• Tm melting temperature
• Tc crystallization temperature
• DSC Differential scanning calorimetric
• Samples weighing approximately 6-8 mg are sealed in aluminum sample pans.
• the samples are subjected to a first heating run from 5° C. to 200° C. with a heating rate of 20° C./minute, and kept at 200° C. under isothermal conditions for 5 minutes.
• the samples are cooled from 200° C. to 5° C. (cooling run) with a cooling rate of 20° C./minute, and kept at 5° C. under isothermal conditions for 5 minutes, after which they are subjected to a second heating run from 5° C. to 200° C. with a heating rate of 20° C./minute.
• the Tm values are determined in the second heating run, while the Tc values are determined in the cooling run.
• MFR Melt Flow Rate
• Isotactic Index (“I.I.”): Defined as the percent of olefin polymer insoluble in xylene. The weight percent of olefin polymer soluble in xylene at room temperature is determined by adding 2.5 g of polymer in 250 ml of xylene at room temperature in a vessel equipped with a stirrer, and heating at 135° C. with agitation for 20 minutes to dissolve the polymer. The solution is cooled to 25° C. while continuing the agitation, and then left to stand without agitation for 30 minutes so that the solids can settle. The solids are filtered with filter paper, the remaining solution is evaporated by treating it with a nitrogen stream, and the solid residue is vacuum dried at 80° C. until a constant weight is reached. These values correspond substantially to the isotactic index determined by extracting with boiling n-heptane, which by definition constitutes the isotactic index of polypropylene.
• Haze on 1 mm plaque and on film: According to the present method, 5 ⁇ 5 cm specimens are cut from moulded plaques 1 mm thick and from extruded and bi-oriented film. The haze value is measured using a Gardner photometric unit connected to a Hazemeter type UX-10 or an equivalent instrument having G.E. 1209 light source with filter “C”. Reference samples of known haze are used for calibrating the instrument.
• the plaques to be tested are produced according to the following method. 75 ⁇ 75 ⁇ 1 mm plaques are molded with a GBF Plastiniector G235/90 Injection Molding Machine, 90 tons under the following processing conditions:
• Screw rotation speed 120 rpm
• Back pressure 10 bar Melt temperature: 260° C.
• Haze on films is determined on films of the test composition, prepared as described below. The measurement is carried out on a 50 ⁇ 50 mm portion cut from the central zone of the film.
• the instrument used for the test is a Gardner photometer with Haze-meter UX-10 equipped with a G.E. 1209 lamp and filter C.
• the instrument calibration is made by carrying out a measurement in the absence of the sample (0% Haze) and a measurement with intercepted light beam (100% Haze).
• the film fish eyes density for each class (size) is then determined by analyzing a representative film amount through projection (projector Neo Solex 1000 with 1000 W lamp and objective Neo Solex F 300 or equivalent) on a standard white wall-chart which is set at a fixed distance from the projector and reports standard reading targets (the so called “sizing lines” or “gel classes”), or alternatively by using a secondary technique, i.e. an automatic optical scanning device (CCD camera based), to be calibrated and validated vs. the primary or “projector” procedure described above.
• a secondary technique i.e. an automatic optical scanning device (CCD camera based)
• the processing window for the stretch-blowing of the bottles was determined using the processing conditions described below for the Applicative Examples Comp. 9, 13, 14, Comp. 10, Comp. 11, Comp. 12 and 15. Once the optimal settings had been selected, the infra-red radiation intensity was carefully reduced while recording the decreasing preform temperature at the oven exit. This temperature reduction was continued until the resulting bottles started showing processing defects. The lowest temperature recorded for a preform leading to a defect-free bottle was then noted as minimum processing temperature required. Then the infra-red radiation intensity was increased step-by-step while recording the rising preform temperature at the oven exit. This temperature rise was continued until the resulting bottles started showing processing defects. The highest temperature recorded for a preform leading to a defect-free bottle was then noted as maximum processing temperature required. Some typical processing defects were: burst preforms or bottles, off-centered bottle bases and very poor wall thickness distribution, flow marks and hazy spots on the bottle walls. The processing window was defined as the difference between the maximum and the minimum processing temperature.
• the average drop height at 4° C. was determined using bottles produced with the processing conditions described below for the Applicative Examples Comp. 9, 13, 14, Comp. 10, Comp. 11, Comp. 12 and 15.
• the bottles were then dropped on a tiled surface from a starting drop height of 10 cm.
• the bottles that did not burst were subsequently reused in a further drop test from a 10 cm higher drop height. This was repeated until all bottles bursted.
• the last drop height passed was noted as an individual score for the respective bottle.
• the average of the individual scores of the six bottles from a same Applicative Example was then calculated to obtain an average drop height for each Applicative Example.
• the average drop height at 20° C. was determined with the same procedure as described for the average drop height at 4° C., with the differences that water with a temperature of 20° C. was used, that the starting drop height applied measured 20 cm and that the bottles that did not burst were subsequently reused in a further drop test from a 20 cm higher drop height.
• the following materials were used in the examples.
• Component (A) was compounded on a twin screw extruder to form pellets with 500 ppm of Irganox 1010, commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation, 1000 ppm of Irgafos 168 commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation, 400 ppm of calcium stearate or DHT-4A (synthetic hydrotalcite) commercially available from Kyowa Chemical Ind. Co. Ltd.
• component (B) is added in the said compounding process, while in the comparative examples no component (B) is added.
• the extruder's temperature depends on the melting temperatures of the polypropylene component (A) and it normally ranges from 190 to 250° C., preferably from 200 to 240° C. with a final melt temperature (die temperature) ranging from 210° C. to 260° C., preferably from 220° C. to 240° C.
• component (A) was compounded with 500 ppm of Irganox 1010, 1000 ppm of Irgafos 168 and 400 ppm of DHT-4A.
• Cooling water temperature 40° C. Barrel temperature: 220° C. Melt temperature: 230° C. Die temperature: 210° C. Mold temperature: 40° C. Cooling time: 20 sec.
• the said plaques were then are simultaneously stretched longitudinally and transversally, i.e. biaxially, by a factor 6 in both directions with a TM Long film stretcher at 150° C. with a stretch speed of 15000%/min., thus obtaining 50 ⁇ m thick films.
• Applicative Examples 10-12 relate to the preparation of injection stretch blow molded bottles. Preform molds and bottle molds with different and suited design are used to produce bottles with different weight and volumes.
• the pellets of polypropylene composition prepared according to the above described Example 1 were injection molded into preforms at a set temperature of 230° C. using a reciprocating screw injection molding machine and a preform mold.
• the resultant preforms had a mass of 21.6 g.
• the preforms were then introduced into a multi cavity stretch blow molding machine in a time frame of 2 to 4 days after they were injection molded.
• the preforms were placed on a moving belt and the preforms were rotated.
• the rotating preforms passed in front of infra-red lamps, and preform temperatures were measured at the oven exit. Upon exiting the heating/conditioning area, the preforms were transferred to a blowing station.
• a blowing nozzle was inserted into the preform, guiding the stretching rod, which stretched the preform in the axial direction.
• Bottles were produced at a fixed production rate of 1400 bottles per hour per cavity. Oven settings were adjusted to produce bottles with optimized distribution of the material thickness in the bottle wall and optimal clarity.
• the resulting bottles had a brimful volume of 523 ml.
• the pellets of polypropylene composition prepared according to the above described Example 1 were injection molded into preforms at a set temperature of 260° C. using a reciprocating screw injection molding machine and using a preform mold.
• the resultant preforms had a mass of 16.3 g.
• the preforms were then introduced into a single cavity laboratory stretch blow molding machine in a time frame of 42 to 44 days after they were injection molded.
• the preforms were placed on a moving and rotating spindle.
• the rotating preforms passed in front of infra-red lamps, and preform temperatures were measured at the oven exit. Upon exiting the heating/conditioning area, the preforms were transferred to a blowing station.
• a blowing nozzle was inserted into the preform, guiding the stretching rod, which stretched the preform in the axial direction.
• Oven settings and cycle time were adjusted to produce bottles with optimized distribution of the material thickness in the bottle wall and optimal clarity.
• the resulting bottles had a brimful volume of 520 ml.
• the pellets of polypropylene composition prepared according to the above described Example 2 were injection molded into preforms at a set temperature of 230° C. using a reciprocating screw injection molding machine and using a preform mold.
• the resultant preforms had a mass of 16.8 g.
• the preforms were then introduced into a single cavity laboratory stretch blow molding machine in a time frame of 4-6 days after they were injection molded.
• the preforms were placed on a moving and rotating spindle.
• the rotating preforms passed in front of infra-red lamps, and preform temperatures were measured at the oven exit. Upon exiting the heating/conditioning area, the preforms were transferred to a blowing station.
• a blowing nozzle was inserted into the preform, guiding the stretching rod, which stretched the preform in the axial direction.
• Bottles were produced at a fixed production rate of 1000 bottles per hour per cavity. Oven settings were adjusted to produce bottles with optimized distribution of the material thickness in the bottle wall and optimal clarity.
• the resulting bottles had a brimful volume of 510 ml.
• Table 4 summarizes the bottle properties of Applicative Examples 10-12.
• the pellets of polypropylene composition prepared according to the above described Examples Comp. 3, 5, 6, Comp. 4, Comp. 5, Comp. 6 and 7 were injection molded into preforms at a set temperature of 240° C. using a reciprocating screw injection molding machine and using a preform mold.
• the resultant preforms had a mass in the range of 16.6 to 16.7 g depending on the composition.
• the preforms were then introduced into a single cavity laboratory stretch blow molding machine in a time frame of ca. 14 days after they were injection molded.
• the preforms were placed on a moving and rotating spindle. The rotating preforms passed in front of infra-red lamps, and preform temperatures were measured at the oven exit.
• the preforms Upon exiting the heating/conditioning area, the preforms were transferred to a blowing station. A blowing nozzle was inserted into the preform, guiding the stretching rod, which stretched the preform in the axial direction. There was a pre-blow pressure of 10 bar to avoid a contact between the preform and the stretching rod during the axial stretching and to start the radial stretching. This was followed by high pressure blowing at 24 bar to finish the blowing into a bottle mold. Bottles were produced at a fixed production rate of 1000 bottles per hour per cavity. Oven settings were adjusted to produce bottles with optimized radial distribution of the material thickness in the bottle wall and optimal clarity.
• the axial distribution of material thickness was optimized by determining the masses of four defined bottle sections and adjusting the heating profile of the infra-red lamps to obtain similar section masses from one Applicative Example to the next.
• the resulting bottles had a brimful volume in the range of 505 to 510 ml depending on the composition.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
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• 2006
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