US7785729B2 - Battery pack and battery pack producing method - Google Patents

Battery pack and battery pack producing method Download PDF

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Publication number
US7785729B2
US7785729B2 US12/216,204 US21620408A US7785729B2 US 7785729 B2 US7785729 B2 US 7785729B2 US 21620408 A US21620408 A US 21620408A US 7785729 B2 US7785729 B2 US 7785729B2
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Prior art keywords
battery
charge amount
difference
maximum
battery voltage
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US20090011327A1 (en
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Motoyoshi Okumura
Katsunori Maegawa
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Primearth EV Energy Co Ltd
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Panasonic EV Energy Co Ltd
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Assigned to PANASONIC EV ENERGY CO., LTD. reassignment PANASONIC EV ENERGY CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: OKUMURA, MOTOYOSHI, MAEGAWA, KATSUNORI
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/42—Grouping of primary cells into batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a battery pack and a battery pack producing method.
  • JP2004-185915A discloses a method of replacing secondary batteries of a battery pack in which a plurality of secondary batteries are electrically connected in series or in parallel. According to this method, when a certain defective secondary battery is to be replaced with a new secondary battery for exchange, a charge amount of the new secondary battery is controlled to be smaller than charge amounts of other batteries not to be replaced (normal secondary batteries of the battery pack). Specifically, the new secondary battery is charged so that the charge amount thereof may be 5% to 20% smaller than the charge amounts of other normal batteries not to be replaced.
  • the battery packs mounted thereon may still be in a usable state. Further, even in the case where the battery pack is replaced with a new battery pack due to defective one(s) of the secondary batteries of the battery pack, the other secondary batteries in the discarded battery pack may still be in a usable state.
  • a new technique is therefore demanded for re-using the usable secondary batteries without discarding, that is, usable secondary batteries among secondary batteries used and collected from the market (hereinafter, also referred to as “used secondary battery(s)”). For example, there is demand for a technique of producing a new battery pack by collecting used battery packs from scrapped vehicles or the like and combining usable secondary batteries (used secondary batteries) contained in those collected used battery packs.
  • the collected used secondary batteries contain those used in various environments and thus battery characteristics are often largely different from battery to battery. Such difference in battery characteristics may cause some problems when a battery pack is produced by combining the used secondary batteries. For example, one or more of the used secondary batteries constituting the battery pack may be overcharged or overdischarged and the performance of the used secondary batteries of the battery pack may not be exhibited sufficiently.
  • JP'915A and others disclose various techniques for replacing one or more of secondary batteries constituting the battery pack (defective secondary batteries) with new and normal secondary batteries. However, such techniques could not be applied in the technique of producing a new battery pack by combining used secondary batteries.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and has an object to provide a battery pack capable of sufficiently exhibiting the performance of used secondary batteries constituting the battery pack and a producing method of the battery pack.
  • the invention provides a battery pack producing method comprising: an obtaining process for obtaining, about each of secondary batteries having ever been used, a charge amount-voltage curve during charging representing a relationship between a charge amount (a charged electric quantity, the same applies to the following) and battery voltage when each used secondary battery is charged under a predetermined charge condition and a charge amount-voltage curve during discharging representing a relationship between a charge amount and battery voltage when each used secondary battery is discharged under a predetermined discharge condition; a selecting process for selecting more than one of the used secondary batteries having the charge amount-voltage curves during charging similar to each other and the charge amount-voltage curves during discharging similar to each other from a group of the used secondary batteries whose charge amount-voltage curves during charging and charge amount-voltage curves during discharging have been obtained; and an assembling process for combining and assembling the selected used secondary batteries into a new battery pack.
  • the invention provides a battery pack producing method comprising: an obtaining process for obtaining, about each of secondary batteries having ever been used, voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging which is a battery voltage corresponding to each of a plurality of predetermined charge amounts of each used secondary battery when charged under a predetermined charge condition and voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging which is a battery voltage corresponding to each of a plurality of predetermined charge amounts of each used secondary battery when discharged under a predetermined discharge condition; a selecting process for selecting more than one of the used secondary batteries having the voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging similar to each other and the voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging similar to each other from a group of the used secondary batteries whose voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging have been obtained; and an assembling process for combining and assembling the selected used secondary batteries into a new battery pack.
  • a control means a battery controller, an ECU, etc.
  • finely controlling a charged state of the battery pack for use a method achieved by detecting battery voltage of each secondary battery constituting the battery pack by a control means (a battery controller, an ECU, etc.) and, based on a detection result, finely controlling a charged state of the battery pack for use.
  • the battery pack may not be used appropriately if a charge amount-voltage curve during charging and a charge amount-voltage curve during discharging (or voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging or voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging) are widely different between the used secondary batteries constituting the battery pack.
  • the control means is liable to determine that a battery voltage difference exceeds a normal range and thus detect an abnormality in battery voltage or an abnormality in an estimated SOC estimated based on the battery voltage.
  • a battery voltage difference exceeds a normal range and thus detect an abnormality in battery voltage or an abnormality in an estimated SOC estimated based on the battery voltage.
  • an available electric quantity (power) may be limited to that of the secondary battery with low battery voltage (or estimated SOC).
  • Each used secondary battery could not exhibit sufficient performance.
  • the producing method of the invention is achieved by obtaining the charge amount-voltage curve during charging and the charge amount-voltage curve during discharging of each used secondary battery (or the voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and the voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging), selecting more than one of the used secondary batteries from a group of the used secondary batteries subjected to the obtaining process, the selected used secondary batteries having similar charge amount-voltage curves during charging and similar charge amount-voltage curves during discharging (or similar voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and similar voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging), and combining and assembling the selected used secondary batteries into the battery pack.
  • the used secondary batteries that are close or similar to each other in charge amount-voltage curve during charging and in charge amount-voltage curve during discharging are combined, so that the battery voltage difference between the used secondary batteries can be reduced during use of the battery pack.
  • the used secondary batteries that are similar to each other in charge amount-voltage curve during charging and in charge amount-voltage curve during discharging exhibit similar battery voltage behaviors to each other during use (during charging and during discharging).
  • each used secondary battery constituting the battery pack can exhibit sufficient performance. It is needless to say that each used secondary battery constituting the battery pack can achieve sufficient performance even when the battery pack is used under simpler control than above or is used without control of a charged state.
  • the battery pack can be produced capable of sufficiently exhibiting performance of each used secondary battery constituting the battery pack.
  • the charge amount-voltage curve during charging and the charge amount-voltage curve during discharging can be obtained for example by a predetermined well known technique achieved by detecting battery voltage corresponding to a charge amount during charging under a predetermined charge condition and during discharging under a predetermined discharge condition in measurement of a full charge capacity of each used secondary battery.
  • the obtaining process may include obtaining the charge amount-voltage curve during charging and the charge amount-voltage curve during discharging (or the voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and the voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging) by actual measurement. Further, this process may be achieved by getting used secondary batteries whose charge amount-voltage curves during charging and charge amount-voltage curves during discharging (or voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging) have been obtained, and knowing each charge amount-voltage curve during charging and charge amount-voltage curve during discharging (or voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging).
  • the selecting process includes selecting more than one of the used secondary batteries having the charge amount-voltage curves during charging similarly different from a charge amount-voltage reference curve during charging of a reference secondary battery representing a relationship between a charge amount and battery voltage when the reference secondary battery is charged under the predetermined charge condition and having the charge amount-voltage curves during discharging similarly different from a charge amount-voltage reference curve during discharging of the reference secondary battery presenting a relationship between a charge amount and battery voltage when the reference secondary battery is discharged under the predetermined discharge condition.
  • the selecting process includes selecting more than one of the secondary batteries having the voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging similarly different from a reference voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging of a reference secondary battery when charged under the predetermined charge condition and having the voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging similarly different from the reference voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging of the reference secondary battery when discharged under the predetermined discharge condition.
  • the charge amount-voltage curve during charging and charge amount-voltage curve during discharging (or voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging) of the reference secondary battery is obtained in advance.
  • a difference between this comparative reference and the charge amount-voltage curve during charging of each used secondary battery or the like is obtained.
  • the used secondary batteries are selected so that the differences from the comparative reference are similar to each other.
  • the reference secondary battery may include for example a secondary battery (an initial reference secondary battery) having characteristics corresponding to a new secondary battery or an initial use stage, a used secondary battery having characteristics corresponding to a secondary battery having ever been used for a predetermined time under a typical use environment, and others.
  • the difference between the charge amount-voltage curve of each used secondary battery and others and the charge amount-voltage curve of the reference secondary battery can be represented as a battery voltage difference obtained for instance by comparison of their battery voltages at the same charge amount (Ah).
  • the reference secondary battery is an initial reference secondary battery that exhibits characteristics corresponding to a new secondary battery or an initial use stage
  • the selecting process includes selecting the used secondary batteries under condition that when each of the used secondary batteries is defined such that: of battery voltage differences during charging obtained by comparison in battery voltage at the same charge amount between the charge amount-voltage curve during charging and the charge amount-voltage reference curve during charging, a largest one is a maximum battery voltage difference during charging and a charge amount corresponding to the maximum battery voltage difference during charging is a maximum-difference charge amount during charging; and, of battery voltage differences during discharging obtained by comparison in battery voltage at the same charge amount between the charge amount-voltage curve during discharging and the charge amount-voltage reference curve during discharging, a largest one is a maximum battery voltage difference during discharging and a charge amount corresponding to the maximum battery voltage difference during discharging is a maximum-difference charge amount during discharging, a difference between a largest one and a smallest one of the
  • the reference secondary battery is an initial reference secondary battery exhibiting characteristics corresponding to a new secondary battery or an initial use stage
  • the selecting process includes selecting the used secondary batteries under condition that when each of the used secondary batteries is defined such that: of battery voltage differences during charging obtained by comparison between each voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and the reference voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging at the same predetermined charge amount, a largest one is a maximum battery voltage difference during charging and a charge amount corresponding to the maximum battery voltage difference during charging is a maximum-difference charge amount during charging; and, of battery voltage differences during discharging obtained by comparison between each voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging and the reference voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging at the same predetermined charge amount, a largest one is a maximum battery voltage difference during discharging and a charge amount corresponding to the maximum battery voltage difference during discharging is a maximum-difference charge amount during discharging,
  • the selecting process includes selecting the used secondary batteries so that a difference in maximum battery voltage difference during charging between a largest one and a smallest one of the maximum battery voltage differences during charging of the used secondary batteries falls within 50% of the largest maximum battery voltage difference during charging, and a difference in maximum battery voltage difference during discharging between a largest one and a smallest one of the maximum battery voltage differences during discharging of the used secondary batteries falls within 50% of the largest maximum battery voltage difference during discharging.
  • the present invention provides a battery pack including secondary batteries that have ever been used and are newly combined, wherein when each of the used secondary batteries is defined such that: between a charge amount-voltage curve during charging representing a relationship between a charge amount and battery voltage when each battery is charged under a predetermined charge condition and a charge amount-voltage reference curve during charging representing a relationship between charge amount and battery voltage when an initial reference secondary battery having characteristics corresponding to a new secondary battery or an initial use stage is charged under the predetermined charge condition, of battery voltage differences during charging obtained by comparison between the battery voltages at the same charge amount, a largest one is a maximum battery voltage difference during charging and a charge amount corresponding to the maximum battery voltage difference during charging is a maximum-difference charge amount during charging; and, between a charge amount-voltage curve during discharging representing a relationship between a charge amount and battery voltage when each battery is discharged under a predetermined discharge condition and a charge amount-voltage reference curve during discharging representing a relationship between a charge amount and battery voltage when
  • the present invention provides a battery pack including secondary batteries that have ever been used and are newly combined, wherein when each of the used secondary batteries is defined such that: between voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging which is a battery voltage corresponding to each of predetermined charge amounts of each used secondary battery when charged under a predetermined charge condition and a reference voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging which is a battery voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount of an initial reference secondary battery having characteristics corresponding to a new secondary battery or an initial use stage when it is charged under the predetermined charge condition, of battery voltage differences during charging obtained by comparison between the battery voltages at the same charge amount, a largest one is a maximum battery voltage difference during charging and a charge amount corresponding to the maximum battery voltage difference during charging is a maximum-difference charge amount during charging; and between voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging which is a battery voltage corresponding to each of predetermined charge amounts of each used secondary battery when discharged under a predetermined discharge condition and a reference voltage
  • the battery pack of the present invention meets the following two conditions.
  • a difference in charge amount QC for maximum voltage difference (also referred to as a maximum-difference charge amount QC) during charging between the used secondary battery with a largest QC and the used secondary battery with a smallest QC falls within 10% of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery.
  • a difference in charge amount QD for maximum voltage difference (also referred to as a maximum-difference charge amount QD) during discharging between the used secondary battery with a largest QD and the used secondary battery with a smallest QD falls within 10% of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery.
  • the secondary batteries of the battery pack are similar to each other in battery voltage behavior during use (during charging and during discharging). Therefore, the battery voltage difference between the secondary batteries during use of the concerned battery pack can be reduced appropriately. Accordingly, each used secondary battery constituting the battery pack can sufficiently exhibit the performance.
  • a difference in maximum battery voltage difference during charging between a largest one and a smallest one of the maximum battery voltage differences during charging falls within 50% of the largest maximum battery voltage difference during charging
  • a difference in maximum battery voltage difference during discharging between a largest one and a smallest one of the maximum battery voltage differences during discharging falls within 50% of the largest maximum battery voltage difference during discharging.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a battery pack with controller in first and second embodiments
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of the battery pack in the first and second embodiments
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the flow of a process of producing the battery pack in the first and second embodiments
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing a charge amount-voltage curve during charging and a charge amount-voltage curve during discharging of the used secondary batteries
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing a charge amount-voltage curve during charging and a charge amount-voltage curve during discharging of the used secondary batteries
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a charged state of each used secondary battery constituting the battery pack, with a charge amount of about 3.2 Ah;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing an estimated SOC of each used secondary battery shown in FIG. 6 estimated by a battery controller
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a charged state of each used secondary battery of the battery pack discharged to a charge amount of about 0.7 Ah;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing an estimated SOC of each used secondary battery in the charged state as shown in FIG. 8 , estimated by the battery controller;
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing a charged state of each used secondary battery of the battery pack charged to a charge amount of about 5.8 Ah;
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing an estimated SOC of each used secondary battery in the charged state as shown in FIG. 10 , estimated by the battery controller;
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing a charged state of each used secondary battery of a battery pack in Comparative example 1 discharged to a charge amount of about 2.0 Ah;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing an estimated SOC of each used secondary battery in the charged state as shown in FIG. 12 , estimated by the battery controller;
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a charged state of each used secondary battery of a battery pack in Comparative example 1 charged to a charge amount of about 4.5 Ah;
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing an estimated SOC of each used secondary battery in the charged state as shown in FIG. 14 estimated by the battery controller;
  • the controller-equipped battery pack 50 includes, as shown in FIG. 1 , a battery pack 20 and a battery controller 30 .
  • the battery pack 20 includes five used secondary batteries (used secondary batteries 1 to 5 ) arranged in a row and electrically connected in series by way of connection members 11 .
  • the battery controller 30 is a known battery controller (see, for example, JP2006-79961A), and includes a ROM 31 , a CPU 32 , a RAM 33 , and others. As shown in FIG. 1 , the battery controller 30 is configured to detect battery voltages V 1 to V 5 of used secondary batteries 1 to 5 constituting the battery pack 20 . In the case where, of the battery voltages V 1 to V 5 , a largest difference between a lowest battery voltage and a highest battery voltage exceeds a permissible range (e.g. 0.1V), the battery voltage is determined to be abnormal and charging/discharging of the battery pack 20 is forcibly stopped.
  • a permissible range e.g. 0.1V
  • the controller-equipped battery pack 50 will be mounted on for example an electric vehicle or a hybrid electric vehicle and used as a power source thereof.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the flow of the producing process of the battery pack 20 in the first embodiment.
  • a charge amount-voltage curve C during charging and a charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging (see FIG. 4 ) of each of the used secondary batteries 1 to 10 (herein, also referred to as simply “batteries”) collected from the market are obtained.
  • each battery 1 to 10 was charged from a fully discharged state to a fully charged state (a charge amount: 6.5 Ah, in the first embodiment). For instance, under the constant temperature of 25° C., each battery 1 to 10 was discharged at a current value of 0.3 C until the battery voltage became 1.0 V. After letting stand for 3 minutes, each battery 1 to 10 was charged at a constant current value of 0.35 C for 3.2 hours.
  • each battery 1 to 10 was discharged from the fully charged state to the fully discharged state. For instance, each battery 1 to 10 was charged to the fully charged state as above and let stand for 3 minutes and then discharged at a constant current value of 0.3 C until the battery voltage became 1.0 V. During this discharging process, the battery voltage (V) was measured every 0.1 Ah to obtain a voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging. Each voltage value corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging time was plotted to obtain a charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging (hereinafter, also simply referred to as a “curve D”
  • 1 C is a current value (for example, 6.5 A) capable of completely discharging, in 1 hour, the charge amount (for example, 6.5 Ah) satisfying the full charge capacity of each used secondary battery 1 to 10 .
  • the charge amount-voltage curve C during charging and the charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging can be obtained.
  • Those curves C and D are shown in FIG. 4 .
  • an initial reference secondary battery having the characteristics corresponding to a new secondary battery a voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and a voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging were obtained in the same manner as above to the batteries 1 to 10 .
  • a charge amount-voltage reference curve CS during charging (hereinafter, also simply referred to as a “reference curve CS”) and a charge amount-voltage reference curve DS during discharging (hereinafter, also simply referred to as a “reference curve DS”) are plotted by solid lines in FIG. 4 .
  • the charge amount-voltage curve C during charging and the charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging are nearly equal between the batteries 1 to 4 . Therefore, the curves C and D of each battery 1 to 4 are plotted by common chain double-dashed lines in FIG. 4 . Further the charge amount-voltage curve C during charging and the charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging are nearly equal between the batteries 5 to 8 and hence the curves C and D of each battery 5 to 8 are also plotted by common broken lines in FIG. 4 . Similarly, the charge amount-voltage curve C during charging and charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging are nearly equal between the batteries 9 and 10 and hence the curves C and D of each battery 9 and 10 is plotted by common dashed lines in FIG. 4 .
  • This step S 1 in the first embodiment corresponds to an obtaining process.
  • the used secondary battery 1 was compared with the initial reference secondary battery by comparing battery voltages at the same charge amount every 0.1 Ah in a range of 0 Ah to 6.5 Ah between the curve C and the reference curve CS to obtain battery voltage differences ⁇ VC 1 during charging.
  • battery voltages at the same charge amount were compared every 0.1 Ah in a range of 0 Ah to 6.5 Ah between a voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging of the battery 1 and a voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging of the initial reference secondary battery to obtain battery voltage differences ⁇ VC 1 during charging.
  • a largest one of the differences is defined as a maximum battery voltage difference ⁇ VC 1 max during charging, and a charge amount corresponding to this ⁇ VC 1 max is defined as a charge amount QC 1 for maximum voltage difference (also referred to as a maximum-difference charge amount QC 1 ) during charging (see FIG. 4 ).
  • ⁇ VC 1 max was about 0.02V and QC 1 was 5.5 Ah.
  • respective maximum battery voltage differences ⁇ VC 2 max to ⁇ VC 10 max and maximum-difference charge amounts QC 2 to QC 10 were obtained in the same manner as above for the battery 1 .
  • Each of the maximum battery voltage differences ⁇ VC 2 max to ⁇ VC 10 max of the batteries 2 to 4 was about 0.02V as with ⁇ VC 1 max (see FIG. 4 ).
  • Each of the maximum-difference charge amounts QC 2 to QC 4 was 5.5 Ah as with QC 1 .
  • Each of the maximum battery voltage differences ⁇ VC 5 max to ⁇ VC 8 max of the batteries 5 to 8 was about 0.03V.
  • Each of the maximum-difference charge amounts QC 5 to QC 8 was 5.3 Ah.
  • Each of the maximum battery voltage differences ⁇ VC 9 max and ⁇ VC 10 max of the batteries 9 and 10 was about 0.08V.
  • Each of the maximum-difference charge amounts QC 9 and QC 10 was 4.5 Ah.
  • each of the used secondary batteries 1 to 10 was compared with the initial reference secondary battery by comparing battery voltages at the same charge amount every 0.1 Ah in a range of 0 Ah to 6 Ah between the curve D and the reference curve DS to obtain battery voltage differences ⁇ VD 1 to ⁇ VD 10 during discharging. Largest ones of the differences are defined as maximum battery voltage differences ⁇ VD 1 max to ⁇ VD 10 max during discharging, and charge amounts corresponding to these ⁇ VD 1 max to ⁇ VD 10 max are defined as maximum-difference charge amounts QD 1 to QD 10 during discharging (see FIG. 4 ).
  • each of ⁇ VD 1 max to ⁇ VD 4 max was about 0.04V and each of QD 1 to QD 4 was about 1.0 Ah.
  • Each of ⁇ VD 5 max to ⁇ VD 8 max was about 0.05V and each of QD 5 to QD 8 was about 1.1 Ah.
  • Each of ⁇ VD 9 max and ⁇ VD 10 max was about 0.14V and each of QD 9 and QD 10 was about 1.9 Ah.
  • the batteries having similar curves C and similar curves D are selected to the number (five batteries in the first embodiment) required to constitute the battery pack 20 .
  • the batteries having similar voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and similar voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging to each other are selected from the batteries 1 to 10 .
  • the batteries having the curves C similarly different from the curve CS and the curves D similarly different from the curve DS were selected.
  • the batteries having voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging similarly different from that of the initial reference secondary battery and voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging similarly different from that of the initial reference secondary battery were selected.
  • the batteries 1 to 4 and the battery 5 could be selected (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the batteries 1 to 5 that are less different in maximum-difference charge amount QC during charging and less different in maximum-difference charge amount QD, the batteries that are similar in battery voltage behavior in use (during charging and during discharging) can be selected appropriately.
  • the thus selected batteries 1 to 5 constitute the battery pack 20 , the battery voltage difference between the used secondary batteries in use of the battery pack 20 can be reduced appropriately.
  • the batteries 1 to 5 are selected so that a difference in ⁇ VC max (hereinafter, also referred to as a largest difference in ⁇ VC max ) between the battery 5 with a largest ⁇ VC max and the batteries 1 to 4 with a smallest ⁇ VC max among the selected batteries 1 to 5 falls within 50% of ⁇ VC 5 max of the battery 5 having the largest ⁇ VC max .
  • the batteries 1 to 5 are selected so that a difference in ⁇ VD max (hereinafter, also referred to as a largest difference in ⁇ VD max ) between the battery 5 with a highest ⁇ VD max and the batteries 1 to 4 with a lowest ⁇ VD max among the selected batteries 1 to 5 falls within 50% of ⁇ VD 5 max of the battery 5 having the highest ⁇ VD max .
  • the batteries 1 to 5 that are less different in QC and QD and also less different in ⁇ VC max and in ⁇ VD max , the batteries that are similar in battery voltage behavior in use (during charging and during discharging) can be selected more appropriately.
  • the battery voltage difference between the used secondary batteries in use of the battery pack 20 can be more reduced. This makes it possible to sufficiently exhibit the performance of each secondary battery constituting the battery pack 20 .
  • this step S 2 corresponds to the selecting process.
  • connection members 11 having electric conductivity. Specifically, the connections were respectively established by means of the connection members 11 between a negative electrode terminal 1 c of the battery 1 and a positive electrode terminal 2 b of the battery 2 ; between a negative electrode terminal 2 c of the battery 2 and a positive electrode terminal 3 b of the battery 3 ; between a negative electrode terminal 3 c of the battery 3 and a positive electrode terminal 4 b of the battery 4 ; and between a negative electrode terminal 4 c of the battery 4 and a positive electrode terminal 5 b of the battery 5 .
  • the battery pack 20 of the first embodiment was produced.
  • the step S 3 corresponds to the assembling process.
  • This battery pack 20 was combined with the battery controller 30 to produce the controller-equipped battery pack 50 (see FIG. 1 ).
  • a battery pack 320 (see FIG. 2 ) was produced by combining the batteries 6 to 10 .
  • the largest difference in ⁇ VC max between the selected batteries 6 to 10 exceeds 50% of ⁇ VC 9 max of the battery 9 having the largest ⁇ VC max .
  • the largest difference in ⁇ VD max between the selected batteries 6 to 10 exceeds 50% of ⁇ VC 9 max of the battery 9 having the maximum ⁇ VD max .
  • Such battery pack 320 was combined with the battery controller 30 to produce a controller-equipped battery pack of the first comparative example.
  • the control reference of each battery 1 to 5 is a state with a charge amount of about 3.2 Ah. At that time, battery voltages V 1 to V 5 of the batteries 1 to 5 are equal to each other (see FIG. 5 ).
  • the control reference of each battery 6 to 10 is a state with a charge amount of about 3.2 Ah. At that time, battery voltages V 6 to V 10 are equal to each other (see FIG. 5 ).
  • each of used secondary battery 1 to 10 is indicated by the length of a rectangular bar, and each charge amount or each estimated SOC is shown by hatching.
  • the battery controller 30 detects, at predetermined time intervals, the battery voltages V 1 to V 5 of the batteries 1 to 5 constituting the battery pack 20 as shown in FIG. 1 . It is then determined whether or not the largest difference ⁇ VE 1 between a lowest battery voltage and a highest battery voltage of the battery voltages V 1 to V 5 exceeds a permissible range (0.1V).
  • a permissible range 0.1V
  • the battery pack 20 of the first embodiment as shown by the charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging in FIG. 5 , the largest difference ⁇ VE 1 does not exceed the permissible range (0.1V) at any charge amount (Ah) during discharging. Thus, an abnormality in battery voltage is not detected.
  • the largest difference ⁇ VF 1 does not exceed the permissible range (0.1V) at any charge amount (Ah) during charging. Thus, an abnormality in battery voltage is not detected.
  • any abnormality in battery voltage is not detected during use of the battery pack 20 (during charging and during discharging) and hence the battery pack 20 can be charged/discharged appropriately.
  • the performance of each secondary battery constituting the battery pack 20 can be sufficiently exhibited.
  • the battery controller 30 detects an abnormality in battery voltage and forcibly stops discharging of the battery pack 20 .
  • a battery pack equipped with a controller (“controller-equipped battery pack”) 150 in a second embodiment is similar to the controller-equipped battery pack 50 in the first embodiment, except that a battery controller 130 is provided instead of the battery controller 30 .
  • the battery controller 30 and the battery controller 130 are different in only respective processing programs (not shown) installed in the battery controllers.
  • the battery controller 130 of the second embodiment is configured to detect battery voltages V 1 to V 5 , battery temperatures T 1 to T 5 , current values I, and others of the batteries 1 to 5 constituting the battery pack 20 . Based on those values, the SOC (State of Charge) of each of the batteries 1 to 5 is estimated.
  • the battery controller 130 was combined with the battery pack 320 of the first comparative example 1 to produce a controller-equipped battery pack.
  • each battery 1 to 5 is a state with an estimated SOC of 50% (see FIG. 7 ). At that time, each battery 1 to 5 is in a charged state with a charge amount of about 3.2 Ah as shown in FIG. 6 . The same applies to the second comparative example.
  • the battery controller 130 estimates the SOCs of the batteries 1 to 5 and determines whether or not the SOC of any of the batteries 1 to 5 comes down to 10%.
  • the battery controller 130 calculates respective estimated SOCs based on the battery voltages of the batteries 1 to 5 . Accordingly, even when real charge amounts of the batteries constituting the battery pack are made equal, the estimated SOCs will vary from battery to battery if the battery voltages of the batteries are different. During discharging, for example, if a used secondary battery whose battery voltage is likely to extremely decrease as compared with other batteries is included, an available electric quantity of the battery pack is liable to be largely restricted by the battery with small battery voltage.
  • the discharging is forcibly stopped at the time when the estimated SOC of the battery having a lowest estimated SOC comes down to 10%. At that time, the electric power stored in the battery pack cannot be used any more.
  • the battery pack 20 is constituted by the used secondary batteries 1 to 5 having similar charge amount-voltage curves D during discharging as mentioned above (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the batteries are selected so that the largest difference in QC is within 10% (specifically, about 3%) of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery and the largest difference in QD is within 10% (specifically, about 2%) of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery.
  • the largest difference in ⁇ VC max is within 50% (concretely, about 33%) of ⁇ VC 5 max of the battery 5 having the largest ⁇ VC max and the largest difference in ⁇ VD max is within 50% (concretely, about 20%) of ⁇ VD 5 max of the battery 5 having the largest ⁇ VC max .
  • Those batteries 1 to 5 of the battery pack 20 will be similar in battery voltage behavior during discharging. Accordingly, in the second embodiment, the difference in battery voltage between the batteries 1 to 5 of the battery pack 20 during discharging can be reduced.
  • the battery voltage difference ⁇ VE 1 between the battery 5 and the other batteries 1 to 4 during discharging is slight as shown by the curves D in FIG. 5 , and a difference in estimated SOC is also slight.
  • the estimated SOC of the battery 5 comes down to 10%, accordingly, the estimated SOC of each battery 1 to 4 also comes close to 10% as shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the charge amounts of the batteries 1 to 5 at that time fall to about 0.7 Ah as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • an electric quantity of about 2.5 Ah could be used from the charged state (a charge amount of each battery 1 to 5 is about 3.2 Ah) shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the battery pack 320 of the second comparative example is discharged from the charged state (a charge amount of each battery 6 to 10 is about 3.2 Ah) shown in FIG. 6 . Then, even though the estimated SOC of each battery 6 to 8 is widely larger than 10% (the estimated SOC: about 30%), the estimated SOC of each battery 9 and 10 comes down to 10%, and the discharging of the battery pack 320 is forcibly stopped as shown in FIG. 13 . At that time, a charge amount of as much as about 2.0 Ah still remains in each battery 6 to 10 as shown in FIG. 12 . Thus, only an electric quantity of about 1.2 Ah could not be used from the charged state (a charge amount of each battery 1 to 5 is about 3.2 Ah) shown in FIG. 6 . In the second comparative example, as above, available electric quantity of the battery pack is liable to be largely restricted as compared with the embodiment 2.
  • the charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging of each battery 9 and 10 is largely different from the charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging of each battery 6 to 8 (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the largest difference in QC between the batteries 6 to 10 exceeds 10% (concretely, about 12%) of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery and the largest difference in QD also exceeds 10% (concretely, about 12%) of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery.
  • ⁇ VC max exceeds 50% (specifically, about 63%) of ⁇ VC 9 max of the battery 9 having the largest ⁇ VC max and the largest difference in ⁇ VD max also exceeds 50% (specifically, about 64%) of ⁇ VD 9 max of the battery 9 having the largest ⁇ VD max .
  • the battery voltages V 1 to V 5 of the batteries 1 to 5 constituting the battery pack 20 increase respectively as shown by the curves C in FIG. 5 .
  • the battery voltage V 5 of the battery 5 becomes slightly higher than the battery voltages V 1 to V 4 of the other batteries 1 to 4 .
  • the estimated SOC of the battery 5 reaches 90% earlier than the estimated SOCs of the other batteries 1 to 4 , and thus the charging of the battery pack 20 is forcibly stopped.
  • the battery voltage difference ⁇ VF 1 between the battery 5 and the other batteries 1 to 4 during charging is slight as shown by the curves C in FIG. 5 , and a difference in estimated SOC is also slight.
  • the estimated SOC of the battery 5 reaches 90%, accordingly, the estimated SOC of each battery 1 to 4 also approaches 90% as shown in FIG. 11 .
  • the charge amounts of the batteries 1 to 5 at that time rise to about 5.8 Ah as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • an electric quantity of about 2.6 Ah could be charged from the charged state (a charge amount of each battery 1 to 5 is about 3.2 Ah) shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the battery pack 320 of the second comparative example is charged from the charged state (a charge amount of each battery 6 to 10 is about 3.2 Ah) shown in FIG. 6 . Then, even though the estimated SOC of each battery 6 to 8 is widely smaller than 90% (the estimated SOC: about 70%), as shown in FIG. 15 , the estimated SOC of each battery 9 and 10 reaches 90%, and the charging of the battery pack 320 is forcibly stopped. At that time, a charge amount of each battery 6 to 10 is as small as about 4.5 Ah as shown in FIG. 14 . Thus, only an electric quantity of about 1.3 Ah could not be charged from the charged state (a charge amount of each battery 1 to 5 is about 3.2 Ah) shown in FIG. 6 . In the second comparative example, an available electric quantity of the battery pack is liable to be decreased as compared with the second embodiment.
  • the battery pack 20 of the second embodiment can be said to be a battery pack capable of sufficiently exhibiting the performance of each used secondary battery constituting the battery pack.
  • the battery pack 20 is constituted by the used secondary batteries 1 to 5 having similar charge amount-voltage curves D during discharging as mentioned above (see FIG. 4 ).
  • the batteries are selected so that the largest difference in QC is within 10% (specifically, about 3%) of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery and the largest difference in QD is within 10% (specifically, about 2%) of the full charge capacity of the initial reference secondary battery.
  • the largest difference in ⁇ VC max is within 50% (concretely, about 33%) of ⁇ VC 5 max of the battery 5 that is largest in ⁇ VC max among the batteries 1 to 5 and the largest difference in ⁇ VD max is within 50% (concretely, about 20%) of ⁇ VD 5 max of the battery 5 largest in ⁇ VC max .
  • the battery pack 20 in the first and second embodiments includes five used secondary batteries (the used secondary batteries 1 to 5 ).
  • the used secondary batteries constituting the battery pack are not limited in number if only it is more than one.
  • the used secondary batteries 1 to 10 respective voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging are obtained. Based on them, the charge amount-voltage curve C during charging is created. Further, respective voltages corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging are obtained and based on them the charge amount-voltage curve D during discharging is created.
  • the used secondary batteries for constituting the battery pack 20 may be selected based on the voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during charging and the voltage corresponding to a predetermined charge amount during discharging of each battery.
  • the used secondary batteries 1 to 5 are electrically connected in series to constitute the battery pack 20 .
  • the present invention may also be applied to a battery pack constituted by a plurality of used secondary batteries electrically connected in parallel.
  • the used secondary batteries 1 to 5 are arranged in a row to form the battery pack.
  • the used secondary batteries constituting the battery pack may be arranged in any pattern.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
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