US7176312B2 - Kinase inhibitor scaffolds and methods for their preparation - Google Patents

Kinase inhibitor scaffolds and methods for their preparation Download PDF

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US7176312B2
US7176312B2 US10/270,030 US27003002A US7176312B2 US 7176312 B2 US7176312 B2 US 7176312B2 US 27003002 A US27003002 A US 27003002A US 7176312 B2 US7176312 B2 US 7176312B2
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aryl
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heterocyclyl
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US20030191312A1 (en
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Sheng Ding
Qiang Ding
Nathanael S. Gray
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IRM LLC
Scripps Research Institute
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D239/32—One oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom
    • C07D239/42—One nitrogen atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/70—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D239/72—Quinazolines; Hydrogenated quinazolines
    • C07D239/86—Quinazolines; Hydrogenated quinazolines with hetero atoms directly attached in position 4
    • C07D239/94—Nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D241/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D241/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D241/20—Nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D241/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D241/40—Benzopyrazines
    • C07D241/44—Benzopyrazines with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
    • C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
    • C07D473/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
    • C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
    • C07D473/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 one oxygen and one nitrogen atom, e.g. guanine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
    • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
    • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
    • C07D473/34—Nitrogen atom attached in position 6, e.g. adenine

Definitions

  • the purine ring is a prime example of one of these planar heteroaryls.
  • Guanosine and adenosine two of the most common purines, serve as key recognition and anchoring elements in a variety of cofactors and signaling molecules (e.g., ATP, GTP, cAMP, cGMP, adoMet, adenosine and NADH).
  • cofactors and signaling molecules e.g., ATP, GTP, cAMP, cGMP, adoMet, adenosine and NADH.
  • an enormous number of proteins have evolved to recognize the purine motif including reductases, polymerases, G-proteins, methyltransferases, and protein kinases. Despite the abundance of protein kinases (Venter, J. C.
  • the present invention provides, inter alia, methods for the preparation of heteroaryls using both solution phase and solid phase chemistry.
  • the methods of the present invention are useful for the preparation of a wide array of kinase inhibitor scaffolds and kinase inhibitors.
  • Both the solution and solid phase synthesis methodologies of the present method provides scaffolds and inhibitors, which are synthesized rapidly and which are substantially free of side products.
  • the methods of the present invention are useful for preparing kinase-directed heteroaryl libraries using a combinatorial scaffold approach.
  • the present invention provides kinase inhibitor scaffolds and kinase inhibitors and, in particular, arrays or libraries of kinase inhibitors that are based on diverse planar heteroarylalkyl and heteroaryl core molecules having pendant substituents.
  • Representative core molecules include, but are not limited to, both substituted and unsubstituted purines, pyrimidines, quinazolines, pyrazines, pyridazines, quinoxalines, phthalazines and thiadiazoles.
  • Other appropriate planar heteroaryl scaffold components will be both apparent, and readily accessible to those of skill in the art.
  • the scaffolds and inhibitors of the invention are prepared by an unexpectedly efficient process for adding elements of diversity to a scaffold element using solution phase as well as solid phase synthetic methodologies.
  • FIG. 1 displays diverse kinase inhibitor scaffolds.
  • FIG. 2 displays examples of diverse heteroaryls constructed by combinatorial scaffold approach of the invention.
  • the term “leaving group” refers to a portion of a substrate that is cleaved from the substrate in a reaction.
  • Protecting group refers to a portion of a substrate that is substantially stable under a particular reaction condition, but which is cleaved from the substrate under a different reaction condition.
  • a protecting group can also be selected such that it participates in the direct oxidation of the aromatic ring component of the compounds of the invention.
  • useful protecting groups see, for example, Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C 1 –C 10 means one to ten carbons).
  • saturated hydrocarbon radicals include groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl and alkynyl refer to unsaturated hydrocarbon groups having one or more double bonds or triple bonds, respectively.
  • suitable unsaturated hydrocarbon groups include vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon radical, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C 1 –C 10 means one to ten carbons). Examples of suitable cycloalkyls include cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl and the like.
  • alkoxy alkylamino and “alkylthio” (or thioalkoxy) are used in their conventional sense, and refer to those alkyl groups attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, an amino group, or a sulfur atom, respectively.
  • heteroalkyl by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group.
  • the heteroatom Si may be placed at any position of the heteroalkyl group, including the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
  • Examples include —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—CH 3 , —CH 2 —S—CH 2 —CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 ,—S(O)—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —CH 3 , —CH ⁇ CH—O—CH 3 , —Si(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 —CH ⁇ N—OCH 3 , and —CH ⁇ CH—N(CH 3 )—CH 3 .
  • heteroalkylene by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified by —CH 2 —CH 2 —S—CH 2 CH 2 — and —CH 2 —S—CH 2 —CH 2 —NH—CH 2 —.
  • heteroalkylene groups heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied.
  • cycloalkyl and “heterocycloalkyl”, by themselves or in combination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl”, respectively. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl examples include 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.
  • halo or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl,” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl.
  • halo(C 1 –C 4 )alkyl is mean to include trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.
  • a particular halogen e.g., chloro
  • one of skill in the art could substitute a different halogen for the one exemplified.
  • aryl means, unless otherwise stated an aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (up to three rings), which are fused together or linked covalently.
  • heteroaryl refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom.
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1 -iso
  • aryl when used in combination with other terms (e.g., aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) includes both aryl and heteroaryl rings as defined above.
  • arylalkyl is meant to include those radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like) including those alkyl groups in which a carbon atom (e.g., a methylene group) has been replaced by, for example, an oxygen atom (e.g., phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridyloxymethyl, 3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like).
  • alkyl group e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like
  • an oxygen atom e.g., phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridyloxymethyl, 3-(1-naph
  • alkyl e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl” and “heteroaryl” are meant to include both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical.
  • Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.
  • alkyl e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl” and “heteroaryl” is meant to include both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical.
  • Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.
  • Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to: —OR′, ⁇ O, ⁇ NR′, ⁇ N—OR′, —NR′R′′, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R′′R′′′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO 2 R′, —CONR′R′′, —OC(O)NR′R′′, —NR′′C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR′′R′′′, —NR′′C(O) 2 R′, —NR—C(NR′R′′R′′′) ⁇ NR′′′′, —NR—C(NR′R′′R′′′) ⁇ NR′′′′,
  • R′, R′′, R′′′ and R′′′′ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., aryl substituted with 1–3 halogens, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups.
  • each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R′′, R′′′ and R′′′′ groups when more than one of these groups is present.
  • R′ and R′′ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
  • —NR′R′′ is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.
  • alkyl is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF 3 and —CH 2 CF 3 ) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , —C(O)CF 3 , —C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like).
  • haloalkyl e.g., —CF 3 and —CH 2 CF 3
  • acyl e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , —C(O)CF 3 , —C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like.
  • substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: halogen, —OR′, ⁇ O, ⁇ NR′, ⁇ N—OR′, —NR′R′′, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R′′R′′′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO 2 R′, —CONR′R′′, —OC(O)NR′R′′, —NR′′C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR′′R′′′, —NR′′C(O) 2 R′, —NR—C(NR′R′′) ⁇ NR′′′, —S(O)R′, —S(O) 2 R′, —S(O) 2 NR′R′′, —NRSO 2 R′, —CN and —NO 2 , —R′, —N 3 , —CH(P
  • Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —T—C(O)—(CRR′) q —U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′— or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3.
  • two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —A—(CH 2 ) r —B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 NR′— or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4.
  • One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond.
  • two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —(CRR′) s —X—(CR′′R′′′) d —, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or —S(O) 2 NR′—.
  • the substituents R, R′, R′′ and R′′′ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 –C 6 )alkyl.
  • heterocycle refers to both heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl groups.
  • heteroatom is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and silicon (Si).
  • salts are meant to include salts of the active compounds which are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein.
  • base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt.
  • acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like.
  • inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and
  • salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 1–19 (1977)).
  • Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.
  • the neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner.
  • the parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides compounds, which are in a prodrug form.
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention.
  • prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds.
  • the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( 3 H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a compound having a structure selected from the following:
  • R 0 is a functional group including, but not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl and acyl groups.
  • R 1 is a functional group including, but not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl.
  • R 2 is a functional group including, but not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted planar heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety.
  • R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are independently selected and are functional groups including, but not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, halogens, and alkoxy groups.
  • the present invention provides a compound having the following formula:
  • R is a functional group including, but not limited to, a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl and a 9- or 10-membered 6,5- or 6,6-fused heteroaryl, containing from 1–4 nitrogen atoms, optionally substituted with 1–2 functional groups that are independently selected and include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl, C 1-6 alkylaryl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkylhydroxy, C 1-6 alkoxy and NR 4 R 4 .
  • R is a 6-membered aromatic ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms.
  • R is a 6,5-fused aromatic ring containing from 1–4 nitrogen atoms.
  • R is a 6,6-fused aromatic ring containing from 1–4 nitrogen atoms.
  • R is a functional group including, but not limited to, the following:
  • R is a functional group including, but not limited to, the following:
  • R is a functional group including, but not limited to, the following:
  • the present invention provides a compound wherein R is the following structure:
  • the present invention provides a compound wherein R is a 2,6,9-substituted purine, substituted with a functional group including, but not limited to, the following:
  • R 1 is a functional group including, but not limited to, phenyl and benzyl, substituted on the aromatic ring with from 1–4 substituents that are independently selected and that include, but are not limited to, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 alkylhydroxy, C 1-6 alkylamine, C 1-6 aminoalkyl, halo and heterocycle.
  • R 1 is a phenyl substituted with a morpholino group.
  • L in Formula XV, is a functional group including, but not limited to, —O—, —NR 2 — and a bond. In a presently preferred embodiment, L is —O—.
  • each R 2 is independently selected and is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 2 is hydrogen or methyl.
  • R 3 in Formula XV, is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, halogen and alkoxy groups.
  • R 2 and R 3 can be taken together to form a 3–8 membered heterocyclic ring containing from 1–2 heteroatoms that are independently selected from N and O, and that are optionally substituted with 1–2 substitutents that are independently selected and include, but are not limited to C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkylhydroxy, C 1-4 alkoxy and C 1-4 alkylamine.
  • R 4 if present in Formula XV, is a functional group including, but not limited to, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl and acyl groups.
  • the present invention provides a compound wherein R is a 2,6,9-substituted purine, substituted with a member selected from the group consisting of:
  • Illustrative compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following:
  • the present invention provides the following compounds:
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist as geometric isomers, most notably when olefins (carbon-carbon double bonds) are incorporated.
  • the invention includes the individual geometric isomers as well as mixtures of isomers.
  • an asymmetric center is incorporated in a compound of the present invention, it can exist as a pair of optical isomers.
  • the invention includes the individual optical isomers as well as mixtures thereof.
  • a compound of the present invention contains multiple asymmetric centers, multiple centers of geometric isomerism, one or more centers of geometric isomerism in addition to one or more asymmetric centers, the invention includes all combinations of geometric and optical isomers.
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist as neutral compounds or as acid addition salts.
  • the invention includes both the neutral and salt forms. It specifically contemplates pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, including salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and salts formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, and the like.
  • the invention encompasses hydrated forms and solvated forms of the compounds of the present invention and of their acid addition salts.
  • the compounds of the present invention can exist as neutral compounds or as salts, where the carboxylate anion in paired with an organic or inorganic counterion.
  • the counterion can be an external cationic species, or it can be an ammonium group present within the compounds of the present invention, in which case the molecule is zwitterionic.
  • the invention includes the neutral and salt forms, including zwitterionic forms.
  • salts formed with inorganic counterions such as lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and the like
  • salts formed with organic counterions such as alkylammonium, dialkylammonium, trialkylammonium, tetralkylammonium, trialkylsulfonium, tetraalkyl or tetraaryl phosphonium counterions and the like.
  • the invention encompasses hydrated forms and solvated forms of the compounds of the present invention and of their carboxylate salts when a carboxylic acid group is present.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be readily screened for their kinase inhibitory activity, i.e., their ability to inhibit kinases, using in vitro and in vivo assays known to those of skill in the art.
  • purine analogs having protein kinase inhibitory activity can be screened for using the CDK2/CYCLIN A microtiter-based solution-phase protein kinase assay described by Buxbaum, J. D., et a.l, Anal. Biochem,. 169:209–215 (1988), the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the present invention provides, inter alia, methods for the solution phase and solid phase synthesis of substituted heteroaryls and, in particular, substituted purines.
  • the present invention provides methods for the solution phase synthesis of substituted heteroaryls (such as substituted purines) as well as methods for the solid phase synthesis of substituted heteroaryl scaffold moieties (such as substituted purine moieties).
  • the present invention further provide methods for the preparation of a chemical library or array of substituted heteroaryl scaffold moieties through the application of solid-support media.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a C2-substituted purine compound, the method comprising: reacting a C2-halogenated purine compound with a compound of Formula I: A—X I in the presence of a solvent, a base, a carbene or phosphine ligand and a palladium catalyst to provide the C2-substituted purine compound.
  • A is a functional group including, but not limited to, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl; and X is a functional group including, but not limited to, —B(OH) 2 , —OH, and —NHR 1 , wherein R 1 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl.
  • the C2-substituted purine compound is a compound of Formula II:
  • R 2 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl;
  • X′ in Formula II, is a functional group including, but not limited to, a bond, NR 1 and O, wherein R 1 is as defined above.
  • X′′ in Formula II, is a functional group including, but not limited to, a bond, O and NR 3 , wherein R 3 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl, with the provisos that when X′′ is NR 3 , Y is R 4 or A′, and that when X′ is O or a direct bond, Y is A′.
  • A is as defined above, whereas A′ is a functional group including, but not limited to, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 4 is a functional group including, but not limited to, alkyl or substituted alkyl.
  • the C2-halogenated purine is a compound having the structure of Formula III:
  • W is a halogen, i.e., a halo group, including, but not limited to cholor, fluoro, bromo and iodo. In a presently preferred embodiment, W is a chloro or fluoro group.
  • X′′, Y and R 2 are as defined above. In a presently preferred embodiment, W is chloro; R 2 is isopropyl; X′′ is NR 3 , wherein R 3 is hydrogen; and A′ is methoxybenzyl.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a C2-substituted purine compound of Formula II:
  • W, X, X′ X′′, A, A′, Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are as defined above.
  • carbene or phosphine ligands can be used.
  • ligands suitable for use in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following carbene and phosphine ligands:
  • the ligand is a carbene ligand including, but not limited to, the following:
  • bases can be used in carrying out the methods of the present invention.
  • bases suitable for use in the above method include, but are not limited to, cesium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, cesium bicarbonate, potassium fluoride, potassium phosphate, potassium tert-butyloxide, sodium tert-butyloxide, and triethylamine.
  • solvents suitable for use in the above method include, but are not limited to, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethylformamide (DMF), benzene and toluene.
  • a number of palladium catalysts can be used in carrying out the methods of the present invention.
  • the oxidation state of the palladium in the catalyst is (0) or (II).
  • Examples of palladium catalysts suitable for use in carrying out the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , Pd(O), PdCl 2 (dppf) and PdCl 2 .
  • Such catalysts are known to and used by those of skill in the art and, thus, their structures are known.
  • the palladium catalyst is Pd 2 (dba) 3 .
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a compound of Formula III, the method comprising: reacting a dihalopurine, such as the compound of Formula IV:
  • W and W′ are both halogen;
  • X′′′ is a functional group including, but not limited to, —B(OH) 2 , —OH and NHR 3 , wherein R 3 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl.
  • W and W′ are both chloro or both fluoro.
  • the present invention provides a chemical library comprising a plurality of 2-substituted purine compounds prepared by the methods described above.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a C6-substituted purine compound, the method comprising: reacting a C6-halogenated purine with a compound of Formula I: A—X I, in the presence of a solvent, a base, a carbene or phosphine ligand and a palladium catalyst to provide the C6-substituted purine compound.
  • A is a functional group including, but not limited to, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl; and X is a functional group including, but not limited to, —B(OH) 2 , —OH, and —NHR 1 , wherein R 1 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl.
  • the C6-substituted purine compound is a compound of of Formula VI or Formula VII:
  • R 2 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl.
  • X′, in Formula VI is a functional group including, but not limited to, a bond, NR 1 and O, wherein R 1 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl.
  • X′′, in Formula VI is a functional group including, but not limited to, a bond, O and NR 3 , wherein R 3 is a functional group including, but not limited to, hydrogen, alkyl and substituted alkyl, with the proviso that when X′′ is NR 3 , Y is R 4 or A′, and when X is O or a direct bond, Y is A′.
  • A is a functional group including, but not limited to, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl
  • A′ is a functional group including, but not limited to, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl;
  • R 4 in Formula VI, is a functional group including, but not limited to, alkyl or substituted alkyl.
  • the C6-halogenated purine is a compound of Formula VII:
  • W is a halogen or halo group (e.g., chloro, fluoro, bromo or iodo), whereas X′ and Y are as defined above.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a C6-substituted purine compound of Formula VI:
  • the present invention provides a chemical library comprising a plurality of 6-substituted purine compounds prepared by the methods described above.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a 9-aryl substituted purine compound, the method comprising: reacting a 2,6-dihalogenated purine with a compound of Formula X: Ar—B(OH) 2 X, in the presence of a solvent and a catalyst, to provide the 9-aryl substituted purine compound.
  • Ar is a functional group including, but not limited to, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl.
  • the 9-aryl substituted purine compound is a compound of Formula IX:
  • Ar is a functional group including, but not limited to, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl.
  • W and W′, in Formula IX are each independently selected and include, but are not limited to, fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • the catalyst is a copper catalyst.
  • Suitable copper catalysts for use in the present invention will be known to and used by those of skill in the art.
  • the copper of the copper catalyst is in an oxidation state of (0), (I) or (II).
  • Examples of copper catalysts suitable for use in the method of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Cu(OAc) 2 , [Cu(OH).TMEDA] 2 Cl 2 and CuI.
  • the catalyst is cupric acetate.
  • solvents suitable for use in the above method include, but are not limited to, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethylformamide (DMF), benzene and toluene.
  • the present invention provides a chemical library comprising a plurality of 9-aryl substituted purine compounds prepared by the methods described above.
  • the present invention provides a method for synthesizing a substituted heteroaryl, the method comprising: (a) providing a dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moiety; and (b) capturing the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moiety on a resin by nucleophilic substitution of a first halogen by a resin-bound amine nucleophile to afford a substituted heteroaryl, e.g, a resin-bound amine substituted monohaloheteroaryl.
  • Suitable resins useful for the present invention include, but are not limited to, PAL resin, Wang resin, and polystyrene resin. Other suitable resins would be clear to a person of skill in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the PAL resin is utilized.
  • the two halogens, i.e., halo groups, of the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moiety are independently selected and include, but are not limited to, chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo. In a presently preferred emodiments, the two halogens are chloro or fluoro groups.
  • the method further comprises substitution of the second halogen of the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moiety by nucleophilic displacement or, alternatively, by a coupling reaction.
  • a coupling reaction is employed to carry out the substitution of the second halogen of the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moiety.
  • the coupling reaction is preferably a palladium-mediated coupling reaction.
  • Suitable functional groups include, but are not limited to, anilines, phenols, amines and boronic acids (see, Table 1).
  • the functional group includes, but is not limited to, aryl boronic acids, anilines and phenols.
  • the method further comprises performing an initial substitution prior to substitution of the first halogen of the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moiety.
  • the initial substitution is carried out using a reaction including, but not limited to, alkylation reactions, acylation reactions and coupling reactions.
  • dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties can be used in the methods of the present invention.
  • suitable dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties include, but not limited to, purines, pyrimidines, quinazolines, pyrazines, phthalazines, pyradazines and quinoxalines.
  • the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction typically involves reacting the dihaloheteroaryl or the resin-bound amine substituted monohaloheteroaryl with a coupling agent in the presence of a solvent, a palladium catalyst, a base and a carbene or phosphine ligand.
  • Suitable coupling agents include, but are not limited to, boronic acids, amines and alcohols.
  • suitable coupling agents include, but are not limited to, aryl boronic acids, anilines and phenols. It is noted that the foregiong discussions relating to the carbene or phophine ligands, bases, solvents, palladium catalysts and copper catalysts set forth in connection with the methods for preparing a C-2 substituted purine compound or a 9-aryl substituted purine compound are fully applicable to the method for preparing a substituted heteroaryl compound and, thus, they will not be repeated here.
  • the foregoing methods further comprise cleaving the compound from the solid support.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be readily cleaved from the solid support using standard methods known to and used by those of skill in the art. Cleavage of a resin-bound compound nd liberation of the desired compound from the resin is typically carried in the presence of an acid.
  • Suitable acids include, but are not limited to, an organic acid such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like, and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride, etc., or the like.
  • the reaction is usually carried out in a solvent such as water, an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, 1,4, dioxane, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, a mixture thereof or any other solvent which does not adversely influence the reaction.
  • a solvent such as water, an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, 1,4, dioxane, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, a mixture thereof or any other solvent which does not adversely influence the reaction.
  • the foregoing method is adapted to prepare a library (or an array) of heteroaryl scaffold moieties.
  • the library of substituted scaffold moieties is prepared using a plurality of dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties.
  • the present invention provides a method for synthesizing a combinatorial library of substituted heteroaryls (e.g., heterocycles), the method comprising: providing a plurality of dihaloheterocyclic scaffold moieties; and capturing the dichloroheterocyclic scaffold moieties on a resin by nucleophilic substitution of a first chlorine by a resin-bound amine nucleophile).
  • the two halogens, i.e., halo groups, present in the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties are independently selected and include, but are not limited to, chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo.
  • the two halogens of the dihaloheteroary scaffold moieites are chloro groups.
  • the method further comprises substitution of the second halogen of the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties by nucleophilic displacement or, alternatively, by a coupling reaction.
  • a coupling reaction is employed to carry out the substitution of the second halogen of the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties.
  • the coupling reaction is preferably a palladium-mediated coupling reaction.
  • Suitable functional groups include, but are not limited to, anilines, phenols, amines and boronic acids (see, Table I).
  • the functional groups include, but are not limited to, aryl boronic acids, anilines and phenols.
  • the method further comprises performing initial substitutions prior to substitution of the first halogens of the dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties.
  • the initial substitution is carried out using a reaction including, but not limited to, alkylation reactions, acylation reactions and coupling reactions.
  • dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties can be used in the methods of the present invention.
  • suitable dihaloheteroaryl scaffold moieties include, but not limited to, purines, pyrimidines, quinazolines, pyrazines, phthalazines, pyradazines and quinoxalines.
  • the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction typically involves reacting the dihaloheteroaryl or the resin-bound amine substituted monohaloheteroaryl with a coupling agent in the presence of a solvent, a palladium catalyst, a base and a carbene or phosphine ligand.
  • Suitable coupling agents include, but are not limited to, boronic acids, amines and alcohols.
  • suitable coupling agents include, but are not limited to, aryl boronic acids, anilines and phenols. It is noted that the foregiong discussions relating to the carbene or phophine ligands, bases, solvents, palladium catalysts and copper catalysts set forth in connection with the methods for preparing a C-2 substituted purine compound or a 9-aryl substituted purine compound are fully applicable to the methods for preparing a combinatorial library or array of substituted heteroaryl compound and, thus, they will not be repeated here.
  • An exemplary strategy for preparing the scaffolds and inhibitors of the present invention relies on the capture of a dichloroheterocyclic scaffold (including substituted purines S 1 , pyrimidines S 2 , quinazolines S 3 , pyrazines S 4 , pyridazines S 5 , quinoxalines S 6 , phthalazines S 7 and thiadiazoles S 8 ) with a resin-bound amine nucleophile where one chloro group is susceptible to nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
  • an initial alkylation, acylation or coupling reaction can be performed prior to the capture step to introduce one diversity element. The remaining chloro substituent is then available for nucleophilic displacement or a palladium-mediated coupling reaction with anilines, phenols, and boronic acids.
  • the scaffolds and inhibitors of the invention are assembled using the procedure outlined in Scheme 1.
  • the heterocycle capture strategy uses 2,6-dichloropurine because the 6-chloro can be selectively displaced by amines and the 2-chloro has been demonstrated to function in palladium-mediated coupling reactions in solution (see, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/328,763, entitled “Expanding the Diversity of Purine Libraries,” which was filed Oct. 12, 2001).
  • Suitable resins useful for the present invention would be clear to a person of skill in the art.
  • a resin-bound nucleophilic amino group can be obtained through the coupling of primary amines to a (4-formyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl-polystyrene resin (PAL-resin) by reductive amination using sodium triacetoxyborohydride with 1% acetic acid to afford the PAL-amine resin) (see, Albericio et al., J. Org. Chem., 55, 3730 (1990); Boojamra et al., J. Org. Chem., 62, 1240 (1997); and Jin et al., J. Comb.
  • PAL-resin (4-formyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl-polystyrene resin
  • the PAL linkage offers the advantage that functionalized amines can readily be installed and cleavage results in an NH group that serves as a key hydrogen bond donor to many kinase active sites.
  • a representative sequence starts by loading 2,6-dichloropurine onto the PAL-amine at the more reactive C6 position in butanol at 80° C. with exclusive regioselectivity. Modification of the N9 position of purine can be achieved by either Mitsunobu alkylation of N9 on a solid support (Path B) or by capturing the product of a solution phase Mitsunobu alkylation of 2,6-dichloropurine (Path A, Scheme 2).
  • a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling step can be performed as, for example, a final derivatization process, as illustrated in Scheme 2.
  • a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction is performed as the final derivatization step.
  • An exemplary embodiment utilizes approximately five equivalents of the coupling partner (arylboronic acids, anilines or phenols), 7 mol % of Pd 2 (dba) 3 , 14 mol % of the corresponding ligand and six equivalents of the base.
  • the resulting mixture is maintained for 12 hours at 80° C. with 1,4-dioxane for C—C and C—N bond formation or toluene for C—O bond formation as solvent.
  • reaction time and the amount of coupling reagents can be optimized for each type of reaction and substrate, the general coupling protocol described above is generally useful for achieving quantitative conversion of the starting material (the chloro-group at the C2 position of purine) with different substrates on the solid support.
  • the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction can also be used to prepare heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl moieties having an array of substituents appended thereto.
  • resin-bound purine 3 (X ⁇ Cl, Y ⁇ H, Scheme 2) can be reacted with a variety of arylboronic acids, anilines/amines, and phenols. See, Table 1. Analysis of the products following TFA mediated cleavage by LC-MS revealed greater that 95% conversion with a variety of electron rich or poor aromatic ring systems.
  • the amination reaction proved to be the most versatile with diverse substrates ranging from primary and secondary anilines to a sterically hindered primary amine (2-amino-3-methyl-butanol) and cyclic/acyclic secondary amines (see Table 1). While all three types of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions on solid support were preferentially carried out in concentrated form (>0.2M), the amination reaction is preferably performed with at least 0.2 M aniline otherwise a significant amount of t-butoxide substituted product can be observed.
  • the palladium catalyzed C2-couplings on solid support can be extended to the reaction to C-8 halo-substituted purines (e.g., C-8 bromo or chloro-substituted purines).
  • C-8 halo-substituted purines e.g., C-8 bromo or chloro-substituted purines.
  • the C-8 bromo/chloro substituted purines are prepared by lithiation of the C8 position of 6-chloro-9-tetrahydropyranyl or 2,6-dichloro-9-tetrahydropyranyl purine with LDA followed by quenching with appropriate halogen donors.
  • the tetrahydropyranyl protecting group can be removed by treatment with 10% acetic acid in methanol.
  • the support-bound purines can be modified at C8 or C2 and C8 simultaneously using palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions as described above (see, Scheme 2).
  • This chemistry provides access to known adenosine-P1 receptor antagonists as well as generic 6–5–6 triaryl systems that represent a large class of bioactive pharmacophores.
  • the heterocycle resin-capture strategy of the present invention has broad general applicability.
  • a collection of dichloroheterocycles can be coupled to PAL-amine resin.
  • the general resin capture condition involves reacting 2 equivalents of dichloroheterocycles with PAL-amine in the presence of 3 equivalents of diisopropylethylamine at 90° C. in butanol for 24 hours. Because the resin-capture presumably proceeds through a nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanism, electron poor dichloroheterocycles are loaded on solid support quantitatively using the reaction condition described above. These include all the heterocycles shown in Scheme 1.
  • heterocycles such as 2,4-dichloropyrimidine are captured at room temperature with high efficiency.
  • the capture of other heterocycles is possible using the methods set forth herein.
  • Different scaffolds can require different conditions for efficient capture to occur. For example, S4 to S6 require more forcing conditions (90° C., n-butanol, 24 hrs., quantitative loading) than 2,4-dichloropyrimidine. Determining suitable capture conditions for a particular heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group is well within the abilities of those of skill in the art.
  • 2,4-dichloropyrimidine resulted in a regioisomeric mixture with some resin-bound amines, e.g., PAL-resin-bound primary amines capture 2,4-dichloropyrimidine exclusively at C4 position.
  • the palladium-catalyzed amination conditions provided herein can be used to carry out resin-capture of less electron poor dichloroheterocycles with moderate loading.
  • the remaining chloro substituent is generally replaced by another group.
  • the chloro group is replaced in a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction.
  • R 1 was fixed as p-methoxybenzylamine and the remaining chloro group of the resin-captured heterocyclic scaffolds was subjected to a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction as the final derivatization step.
  • the reaction conditions are essentially the same as described for the purines.
  • resin-bound amino alcohol such as ethanolamine derivatives
  • the chloro group is replaced using nucleophilic aromatic substitution conditions.
  • the less reactive C2-chloro group of pyrimidine (S 2 ), quinazoline (S 3 ) and C3-chloro of thiadiazole (S 8 ) reacts with various amines quantitatively.
  • Preferred conditions include high concentration (>2M) amine and reactions times of about 12 hours at 100° C.
  • anilines react with the C2 chloro group of pyrimidine scaffold.
  • Preferred conditions are 0.2M of the aniline at 80° C.
  • the C6-chloro group of pyrimidine and the second chloro group of scaffolds S4 through S7 can react quantitatively with anilines in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of potassium t-butoxide as the base.
  • the invention provides a general method for the solid phase synthesis of various substituted heterocycles.
  • Alkylated purines halogenated at the 2,6, 6,8 or 2,6,8 positions and various dihaloheterocycles can be captured onto solid support and further elaborated by aromatic substitution with amines at elevated temperature or by anilines, boronic acids, and phenols via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
  • the combinatorial scaffold approach described herein can be used in conjunction with one or more of the methods for making substituted heterocycles (including purines) that are described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/328,763, which is entitled “Expanding the Diversity of Purine Libraries,” and was filed on Oct. 12, 2001.
  • the approach is also suitable for use with the methods for making substituted heterocycles described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/328,741, which is entitled “A Concise and Traceless Linker Strategy Toward Combinatorial Libraries of 2,6,9-Substituted Purines,” and was filed on Oct. 12, 2001, and in U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/346,552 and 60/347,037, entitled “Methods For the Synthesis of Substituted Purine Libraries,” which were filed on Jan. 7 and 8, 2002.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, inhalation, transdermal, oral, rectal, transmucosal, intestinal and parenteral administration, including intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous injections.
  • the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or hydrates thereof, can be administered singly, in combination with other compounds of the invention, and/or in cocktails combined with other therapeutic agents.
  • therapeutic agents that can be co-administered with the compounds of the invention will depend, in part, on the condition being treated.
  • the compounds when administered to a patient undergoing cancer treatment, can be administered in cocktails containing anti-cancer agents and/or supplementary potentiating agents.
  • the compounds can also be administered in cocktails containing agents that treat the side-effects of radiation therapy, such as anti-emetics, radiation protectants, etc.
  • Supplementary potentiating agents that can be co-administered with the compounds of the invention include, e.g., tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, trimipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, protriptyline, amoxapine and maprotiline); non-tricyclic and anti-depressant drugs (e.g., sertraline, trazodone and citalopram); Ca +2 antagonists (e.g., verapamil, nifedipine, nitrendipine and caroverine); amphotericin; triparanol analogues (e.g., tamoxifen); antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., quinidine); antihypertensive drugs (e.g., reserpine); thiol depleters (e.g., buthionine and
  • the active compound(s) of the invention are administered per se or in the form of a pharmaceutical composition wherein the active compound(s) is in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention are typically formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which, can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • the agents of the invention can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compound(s) with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
  • Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxyniethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • disintegrating agents can be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings can be used, which can optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions which can be used orally, include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers can be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances, which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents, which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly, concentrated solutions.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or transcutaneous delivery (e.g., subcutaneously or intramuscularly), intramuscular injection or a transdermal patch.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g., as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients.
  • suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
  • the Schlenk flask was evacuated and backfilled with argon and charged with anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL).
  • the reaction was stirred under argon at 80° C. and monitored by TLC.
  • the solvent was removed in vacuo and the reaction crude was purified by flash column chromatography (3% methanol in dichloromethane) to afford desired 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-(4-methoxybenzylamino)-9-isopropylpurine (207 mg, 96%).
  • Phenol coupling A 10 mL flame-dried Schlenk flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with 2-chloro-6-(4-methoxybenzylamino)-9-isopropylpurine (0.193 g, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 4-methylphenol (0.081 g, 0.75 mmol, 1.5 equiv), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (0.0069 g, 0.0075 mmol, 0.015 equiv.), ligand 1 (0.0051 g, 0.015 mmol, 0.03 equiv.) and KO t Bu (0.112 g, 1.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv.).
  • the reaction was heated to 80° C. under argon. After 12 hours, the resin was washed by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate solution (0.05M in DMF, 1 mL ⁇ 4), dichloromethane (1 mL ⁇ 4) and methanol (1 mL ⁇ 4) and dried under vacuum.
  • the derivatized resin was subsequently cleaved in CH 2 Cl 2 :TFA:Me 2 S:H 2 O/45:45:5:5/v:v:v:v (0.5 mL) for two hours. The solution was collected and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford desired final product (P 1 ).
  • the Schlenk flask was evacuated and backfilled with argon and charged with anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (1.0 mL). The reaction was heated to 80° C. under argon. After 12 hours, the resin was washed by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate solution (0.05M in DMF, 1 mL ⁇ 4), dichloromethane (1 mL ⁇ 4) and methanol (1 mL ⁇ 4) and dried under vacuum. The derivatized resin was subsequently cleaved in CH 2 Cl 2 :TFA:Me 2 S:H 2 O/45:45:5:5/v:v:v:v (0.5 mL) for two hours. The solution was collected and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford desired final product (P 2 ).
  • the reaction was heated to 80° C. under argon. After 12 hours, the derivatized resin was washed by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate solution (0.05M in DMF, 1 mL ⁇ 4), dichloromethane (1 mL ⁇ 4) and methanol (1 mL ⁇ 4) and dried under vacuum. The resin was subsequently cleaved in CH 2 Cl 2 :TFA:Me 2 S:H 2 O/45:45:5:5/v:v:v:v (0.5 mL) for two hours. The solution was collected and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford desired final product (P 3 ).

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