US6008868A - Luminance weighted discrete level display - Google Patents

Luminance weighted discrete level display Download PDF

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US6008868A
US6008868A US08/402,505 US40250595A US6008868A US 6008868 A US6008868 A US 6008868A US 40250595 A US40250595 A US 40250595A US 6008868 A US6008868 A US 6008868A
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Kia Silverbrook
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Canon Inc
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    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
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    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a color display apparatus such as color computer displays and color printers, and, in particular, to the display of color images on a raster color display apparatus.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a conventional single pixel of a CRT type display.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a single pixel 1 of a normal Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) type display device.
  • Each pixel is made up of a Red 2, Green 3 and Blue 4 phosphor dot or pixel elements. These dots are so small that when grouped together with a large number of other pixels, the light emanating from the individual dots is perceived by the viewer as a mixture of the corresponding three colors. A wide range of different colors can thus be produced by a pixel element by variation of the strength with which each phosphor dot is excited.
  • the display of color images in these devices is normally achieved by storing an associated value for each pixel of the display and sending this value to an intensity conversion means with the display at the requisite time.
  • the number of different possible values stored for each pixel element of a pixel corresponds with the number of different colors which may be displayed by the display device and hence the resolution with which the device can display a given picture.
  • a similar procedure is adopted of sending a pixel value to the screen corresponding to a required illumination of each particular pixel. Such procedures are well known by those skilled in the art.
  • a 24 bits per pixel color display system divided into 8 bits for each of the three colors red, green and blue will be assumed. This corresponds to 2 8 or 256 separate intensity levels of each red, green and blue respectively, giving 2 24 different color values.
  • a color display capable of displaying this many colors can approximate a continuous tone image to such a degree that for all practical purposes the display can be considered to be a continuous tone display.
  • RGB red, green, blue
  • CTR color raster display devices
  • RGB red, green, blue
  • Other color display models include cyan, magenta, yellow (CMY) often used in color-printing devices.
  • RGB model is the NTSC picture display standard in common use with computer displays.
  • the optical center of the illumination from the phosphor dot is the centre of that dot regardless of the light intensity produced. Additionally, when multiple primary pixel elements are used to display a given color, the perceived optical center of the illumination remains substantially in the same place. Effectively, the position of a pixel is at its optical centre of illumination and, as such, all images displayed on a workstation CRT assume that the optical centers of pixel are in a regular rectangular grid.
  • a black and white raster image display can only display 2 colors, namely black and white and is known as a bi-level device.
  • Other color display devices can only display a finite number of discrete intensity levels for each color unit.
  • a color bi-level device such as a bilevel ferro-electric liquid crystal display (FLCD)
  • FLCD bilevel ferro-electric liquid crystal display
  • the display device receives an input which has been generated on the basis that each pixel is able to display a larger number of intensity levels than can actually be displayed, then there will be an error in the color displayed, being the difference between the exact pixel value required to be displayed and the approximated value actually displayed.
  • a method for determining a pixel layout pattern for a display having a plurality of pixels, each said pixel having a plurality of independently illuminable areas, each said area being assigned to one of a plurality of primary color components said method comprising at least the step of allocating said independently illuminated areas to said primary color components in a ratio such that the condition of the illuminated areas to one color component is different from that of the illuminated areas to the other color component.
  • a method for determining the number of drive lines allocated to each primary color of a discrete level color display said display having a plurality of pixels, each said pixel having a plurality of independently illuminable area , each said area being assigned to one of a plurality of primary color components, said method comprising at least the step of allocating said drive lines to said primary color in a ratio such that the condition of the illuminated areas to one color component is different from that of the illuminated areas to the other color component.
  • a color display apparatus having a plurality of independently illuminable areas each of which is assigned to one of a plurality of primary color components, wherein said independently illuminated areas are allocated to said primary color components in a ratio such that the condition of the illuminated areas to one color component is different from that of the illuminated areas to the other color component.
  • a color display apparatus having a first plurality of independently illuminable areas connected to second plurality of data drive lines, each of said illuminable areas being assigned to one of a plurality of primary color components, wherein said data drive lines are allocated to said primary color components in a ratio such that the condition of the illuminated areas to one color component is different from that of the illuminated areas to the other color component.
  • the present invention is applicable to many different types of discrete level displays including plasma displays, electro-luminescent displays and ferro-electric displays.
  • the present invention is further applicable to displays having a number of discrete illumination areas with each area being capable of being illuminated to one or more levels.
  • each pixel is made up of a number of areas which can be independently illuminated
  • constraints or trade-offs must be enforced.
  • Further constraints include a general need to limit the number of opaque drive lines available for driving the areas of a pixel which can be independently illuminated, and the need to faithfully reproduce the desired image with as little distortion as possible.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a graph of the relative sensitivity of the eye
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a graph of the relative responses of the eye to the red, green and blue primary colors
  • FIG. 4 is a simplified plan view of a pixel arrangement not having the attributes of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the levels of the primary colors of a display such as that shown in FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the discrete threshold error of a primary color of the display as shown in FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the discrete threshold error comparison for the primary color of a display having an increased number of drive lines
  • FIG. 8 is a plan view of the pixel configuration employing the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the levels of the primary colors of the pixel configuration as shown in FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the basic operation of a ferro-electric liquid crystal display device
  • FIG. 11 is a cross section taken through the line A--A of FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 12 is a cross section, similar to FIG. 11, but illustrating the construction of the data metal layer of a pixel
  • FIG. 13 illustrates the data metal mask utilized in construction of the data metal layer of FIG. 12
  • FIG. 14 is a cross section, illustrating the construction of the data level transparent layer of the preferred embodiment
  • FIG. 15 illustrates the pixel mask utilizing the construction of the transparent layer of FIG. 14;
  • FIG. 16 is a cross section illustrating the construction of a surface layer of the top substrate
  • FIG. 17 is a cross section illustrating the formation of the common level metal layer on a bottom substrate
  • FIG. 18 illustrates the pixel mask utilized in the construction of the common metal layer of FIG. 17;
  • FIG. 19 is a cross section illustrating the construction of the common level transparent layer on the bottom substrate
  • FIG. 20 illustrates the pixel mask utilized in construction of the common level transparent layer of FIG. 19
  • FIG. 21 is a cross section illustrating the formation of the common level surface layer on the bottom substrate
  • FIG. 22 is a cross section of a pixel of a display taken through the line A--A of FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 23 illustrates, partly in section, the layout of a number of pixels of a liquid crystal type display, in accordance with the preferred embodiment.
  • a method for determining the number of drive lines allocated to each primary color of a discrete level color display said display having a plurality of pixels, each pixel having a plurality of independently illuminable areas, each area being assigned to one of a plurality of primary color components, each primary color component having a corresponding human eye response function, said method comprising allocating said drive lines to said primary colors in a ratio substantially in accordance with the logarithmic ratio of said corresponding human eye response functions.
  • a color display having a plurality of independently illuminable areas each of which is assigned to one of a plurality of primary color components, each of said primary color components having a corresponding human eye response function, wherein said independently illuminated areas are allocated to said primary color components in a ratio substantially in accordance with the ratio of said corresponding human eye response function.
  • a color display having a first plurality of independently illuminable areas connected to second plurality of data drive lines, each of said illuminable areas being assigned to one of a plurality of primary color components, each of said primary color components having a corresponding human eye response function, wherein said data drive lines are allocated to said primary color components in a ratio substantially in accordance with the logarithmic ratio of said corresponding human eye response function.
  • the human eye is not uniformly sensitive over the visible spectrum and as such the eye is more sensitive to some displayed colors than to other displayed colors. This can be seen in FIG. 2 which shows the relative average response of the human eye to light of constant luminance projected at various wavelengths throughout the spectrum. The sensitivity curve peaks in the yellow-green region 8 indicating that the eye is a lot more sensitive to yellow-green than any other colors.
  • FIG. 4 there is shown a pixel design for an arrangement in a first form of conventional display 29.
  • the number of areas or pixel sub-elements that can be independently illuminated eg., 9, 10, 11
  • the number of drive lines allocated to each of the three primary colors red, green and blue are treated equally in a conventional fashion.
  • there are six sub-elements per pixel and two binary weighted sub-elements are assigned to each primary color thus achieving four possible levels of output for each primary color as shown in FIG. 5.
  • arrangement 29 of FIG. 4 by treating each primary color equally, does not take into account the weighted response of the human eye to each color's illumination.
  • FIG. 6 there is illustrated an example of the error 15 which can be produced when displaying an image on a discrete level display with four possible levels.
  • This error comprises the difference between an arbitrary level 13 which is desired to be displayed and the closest corresponding displayable level 14.
  • the error 15 increases significantly when there are only a limited number of intensity levels which can be displayed by the pixel.
  • the number of individual possible displayable levels can be made to increase exponentially with the number of available drive lines.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the situation where the number of drive lines devoted to each primary color is increased to Three. In this case the number of possible intensity levels will be increased to eight when the illumination of each displayable area of a primary color forms a binary relationship. In this case, the maximum error 16 is substantially reduced.
  • the preferred embodiment of the present invention minimizes the maximum error as seen by the eye, by applying the weighted response of the eye to the amount of levels allocated to each primary color and hence to the number of drive lines allocated to each primary color.
  • FIG. 8 there is shown the preferred embodiment of the present invention for a pixel layout for a display having six drive lines, divided into two red drive lines 18, 19, three green drive lines 20, 21, 22 and one blue drive line 23.
  • the pixel layout is suitable for utilisation with many different types of displays including FLCD displays.
  • the green color in the preferred embodiment has more subpixels and, as such, will have more discrete levels per pixel. This has the effect of reducing the threshold error for green. As seen before, FIG. 7 illustrates this concept where 16 is the maximum error. However, to increase the number of levels of green, the number of levels of blue were decreased thus the error for blue is increased. It has surprisingly been found that a decrease in the number of blue levels does not have a very significant effect on the overall appearance of the displayed image as the eye is not as sensitive to blue as it is to green.
  • a more quantitative measure of assignment can be obtained by examining the luminance weighted threshold error and deriving a formula for halftoning distortion as a function of the distribution of bits between the different colors in a pixel.
  • the weights w colour can be naively chosen as the contribution of each color to luminance or alternatively a description of the color-dependent low-pass characteristic of the eye can be used.
  • the following luminance equation expresses the approximate weightings of the three color television primaries used in the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) standard, which are necessary to produce one lumen of white light:
  • the next step is to derive an expression for ⁇ 2 as a function of pixel parameters.
  • ⁇ color 2 (1) is the average for all intensities of the halftoning noise for each intensity. ie: ##EQU4##
  • Equation 9 Substituting Equation 9 into Equation 7 yields ##EQU7##
  • Equation 10 Substituting Equation 10 and Equation 5 into Equation 6 yields ##EQU8##
  • discrete level displays such as a display utilizing a chiral smectic liquid crystal or a FLCD display can take many different forms depending on the manufacturing technologies used.
  • a ferro-electric liquid crystal display device FLCD 40 which comprises a pair of electrode plates 41, 42, normally comprising glass substrates coated with a transparent form of electrodes, associated electrical supply rails and color filters.
  • a layer of liquid crystal having molecular layers 43 is disposed between and perpendicular or approximately perpendicular to the electrode plates.
  • the liquid crystal assumes a chiral smectic C phase or an H phase and is disposed in a thickness thin enough (eg: 0.5-5 microns) to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase
  • liquid crystal molecules 43 are oriented in accordance with the electric field.
  • a liquid crystal molecule has an elongated shape and shows a refractive anisotropy between the long axis and the short axis. Therefore if the ferro-electric liquid crystal device 40 is sandwiched between a pair of crossed polarizers (not shown) mounted on the glass substrates 41, 42, there will be provided a liquid crystal light modulation device.
  • the liquid crystal molecules 43 When an electric field 44 exceeding a certain threshold is applied, the liquid crystal molecules 43 are oriented to a first polarization orientation state 45. Further, when a reverse electric field (-E) is applied, the liquid crystal molecules 43 are oriented to a second polarization orientation state 46. These orientation states are further retained as long as the electric field which is applied, does not exceed a certain threshold in the reverse direction.
  • VLSI Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit Devices
  • the construction of a FLCD display begins with the two glass substrates. Referring initially to FIG. 11, an example of the construction of the top glass substrate 42 will now be described.
  • an aluminium chelate coupling agent (not shown) can be applied to ensure the proper adhesion to the glass of subsequent layers to the glass substrate.
  • a spin coating process is then used to apply a 1.5 ⁇ m layer of photosensitive polyamide containing a primary color die, which in the first case will be red.
  • the polyamide is pre-baked for approximately 10 minutes at 80° C.
  • the photosensitive polyamide is then exposed using a pixel mask corresponding to the area of the red color filter 51 to be exposed.
  • the polyamide layer is then developed leaving the red color filter portions 51 of each pixel on the substrate 42.
  • This first color filter portion 51 is then post baked to form a stable structure before the process is repeated for the green filter 52 and blue filter 53.
  • the green filter 52 is of a larger magnitude than the blue filter 53 as is in accordance with the cross section of FIG. 11 which is taken through the line A--A in FIG. 8.
  • a shielding member such as opaque metal member (not shown) may be disposed between neighboring color filter portions in order to shield light passing therethrough.
  • the next portion of the display device constructed is preferably the data level metal layer including drive lines 18-23 and encircling portions 30-33.
  • the deposition of this metal layer occurs directly over the color filters.
  • Molybdenum Mo
  • Molybdenum is preferred due to its superior patterning properties and planarization properties.
  • Aluminum is also a possible candidate for use in patterning of the metal layer.
  • the resistivity of aluminum is 0.027 ⁇ m at 25° C.
  • the resistivity of molybdenum is 0.0547 ⁇ m at 25° C.
  • a metal conductive layer made of aluminum is almost twice as conductive as one made of molybdenum.
  • hillock or spike formation in aluminum as a result of stress release during differential thermal expansion of aluminum in comparison with other substances used in the creation of the display, creates a serious problem with prior forms of displays which currently prevents the use of aluminum.
  • a Aluminum and 0.5% Copper (AlCu) alloy is first sputtered onto the surface of the substrate.
  • the aluminum is planarised to a 0.09 ⁇ m surface height difference.
  • the sputtered aluminum layer is then primed for photoresist adhesion by spin coating a monolayer of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS).
  • HMDS hexamethyldisilazane
  • a 1 ⁇ m layer of positive photoresist such as AZ1370 is then spin coated on top of the priming layer.
  • the photoresist is then pre-baked for 3 minutes at 90° C. using an infra-red oven.
  • the photoresist is then exposed using the pixel mask shown in FIG. 13, which comprises simple vertical stripes 18-23 corresponding to the various areas of the data metal layer and encircling portions cg. 30-33.
  • the photoresist is exposed to the metal mask at 35 mJ/cm 2 .
  • the photoresist can then be developed for 50 seconds at 23° C. in 25% aqueous solution AZ-351 and 40% aqueous solution AZ-311. A development inspection can then take place before the resist is stripped and any out of tolerance panels are either discarded or reworked.
  • the photoresist can then be post-baked at 150° C. before the sputtered aluminum is wet etched in an agitated solution of 80% phosphoric acid, 5% nitric acid, 5% acetic acid and 10% water at 40° C. for 2 minutes.
  • the next layer deposited is the data level transparent electrode layer including portions 60-63. with portion 60 forming a red transparent electrode, portions 61, 62 forming binary weighted green transparent electrodes, and portion 63 forming a blue transparent electrode.
  • This layer is formed by applying a transparent electrode such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) on the substrate 42.
  • a transparent electrode such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)
  • the process of formation of the data level dielectric layer includes the sputtering of indium and tin in an oxygenated atmosphere to initially form a 0.07 ⁇ m layer of ITO.
  • This layer of ITO is then primed, again by spin coating a monolayer of HMDS.
  • On top of this layer is spin coated a 1 ⁇ m layer of positive photoresist such as AZ1370.
  • the photoresist can then be pre-baked, to remove solvents, for approximately 3 minutes at 90° C. using an infra-red oven.
  • the photoresist is then exposed to the data level electrode mask 65 as shown in FIG. 15 at an energy of approximately 35 mJ/cm 2 .
  • the photoresist is developed for 50 seconds at 23° C. in a 25% aqueous solution AZ-351 and a 40% aqueous solution AZ311.
  • the photoresist is then post baked at 120° C.
  • the ITO is then wet etched and the remaining photoresist is stripped using a low phenol organic stripper such as Shipley ⁇ Remover 1112A ⁇ leaving the data transparent electrode layer connected to the data metal layer.
  • the surface layer includes the sputtering of 0.1 ⁇ m of a tantalum pentoxide insulator, the application of 0.1 ⁇ m of silicon titanium oxide, the spin coating of 0.02 ⁇ m of polyamide which is then post baked and the surface subjected to uniaxial alignment treatment such as rubbing for the proper liquid crystal molecule alignment.
  • the second substrate 41 (FIG. 10) is laid out substantially in the same manner as the first substrate but for different masks being used.
  • the common level metal layer 24 is formed first on the bottom substrate 41 utilising the same techniques as those discussed in relation to the data level metal layer of FIG. 12.
  • the pixel mask utilized in the construction of common metal layer 24 is as shown in FIG. 18.
  • the common level transparent layer 25 comprising indium tin oxide (ITO) or the like, laid down in accordance with the procedure outlined above with reference to FIG. 12.
  • the mask utilized in forming the common level transparent layer 25 is as shown in FIG. 20.
  • a common level surface layer 68 is formed on the common substrate using the techniques outlined above with reference to FIG. 16.
  • the display device 40 which includes the top substrate 42 and bottom substrate 41 each of which has its surface covered with a polarizing sheet 70, 71, which, depending on the desired driving requirement, may have their polarizing axes at right angles to or parallel to each other.
  • the two substrates 41, 42 are kept apart in a stable equilibrium by 1.5 ⁇ m glass spheres 73 which are sprayed on at a density of approximately 100 spheres per square millimeter.
  • the substrates are further held together by adhesive drops 74.
  • the adhesive droplets 74 and spheres 73 act to maintain the display panel 40 in a static equilibrium with the thickness of the layer between the two substrates 41, 42 being of the order of 1.5 ⁇ m, being a diameter of the spheres 73.
  • the liquid crystal (not shown) is placed between the two substrates so as to form a ferro-electric liquid crystal device.
  • Each column of pixels eg. 76 includes four associated drive lines, and the first drive line 18 being utilized to drive a four unit area red electrode, the second drive line 19 is utilized to drive a two unit area red electrode area.
  • the drive line 20 is utilized to drive a four unit area green electrode, the drive unit 21 drives a two unit area green electrode, and the drive unit 22 drives a one unit area green electrode.
  • drive line 23 is utilized to drive a eight unit blue electrode area.
  • the common electrodes are formed in rows and a pixel is addressed in the normal manner.

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DE69528300D1 (de) 2002-10-31
DE69528300T2 (de) 2003-07-31
CN1111361A (zh) 1995-11-08
JPH0850288A (ja) 1996-02-20
CN1068438C (zh) 2001-07-11
EP0671650A2 (fr) 1995-09-13
CA2144479C (fr) 2001-11-27
EP0671650B1 (fr) 2002-09-25
KR950034041A (ko) 1995-12-26
CA2144479A1 (fr) 1995-09-12
AUPM440994A0 (en) 1994-04-14
JP3136070B2 (ja) 2001-02-19
EP0671650A3 (fr) 1996-01-10
KR100231125B1 (ko) 1999-11-15

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