US5730678A - Multi-range, hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles - Google Patents

Multi-range, hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
US5730678A
US5730678A US08/608,389 US60838996A US5730678A US 5730678 A US5730678 A US 5730678A US 60838996 A US60838996 A US 60838996A US 5730678 A US5730678 A US 5730678A
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United States
Prior art keywords
gear
transmission
range
output
speed
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US08/608,389
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English (en)
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Robert Francis Larkin
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L3 Technologies Inc
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General Dynamics Defense Systems Inc
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Assigned to LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION reassignment LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LARKIN, ROBERT F.
Priority to US08/608,389 priority Critical patent/US5730678A/en
Priority to PCT/US1996/012702 priority patent/WO1997032145A1/en
Priority to AU67651/96A priority patent/AU6765196A/en
Priority to CN96180257A priority patent/CN1217050A/zh
Priority to CA002246331A priority patent/CA2246331A1/en
Priority to DE69610717T priority patent/DE69610717T2/de
Priority to JP51920697A priority patent/JP3833257B2/ja
Priority to BR9612543A priority patent/BR9612543A/pt
Priority to KR10-1998-0706729A priority patent/KR100512829B1/ko
Priority to EP96928050A priority patent/EP0883760B1/de
Priority to TW085109695A priority patent/TW333504B/zh
Assigned to GENERAL DYNAMICS DEFENSE SYSTEMS, INC. reassignment GENERAL DYNAMICS DEFENSE SYSTEMS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION
Publication of US5730678A publication Critical patent/US5730678A/en
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Priority to MX9807001A priority patent/MX9807001A/es
Assigned to GENERAL DYNAMICS LAND SYSTEMS, INC. reassignment GENERAL DYNAMICS LAND SYSTEMS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GENERAL DYNAMICS DEFENSE SYSTEMS, INC.
Assigned to L-3 COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION reassignment L-3 COMMUNICATIONS CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GENERAL DYNAMICS LAND SYSTEMS INC.
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H47/00—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing
    • F16H47/02—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing the fluid gearing being of the volumetric type
    • F16H47/04—Combinations of mechanical gearing with fluid clutches or fluid gearing the fluid gearing being of the volumetric type the mechanical gearing being of the type with members having orbital motion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H37/00—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/0833—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths
    • F16H37/084—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths at least one power path being a continuously variable transmission, i.e. CVT
    • F16H2037/088—Power split variators with summing differentials, with the input of the CVT connected or connectable to the input shaft
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H37/00—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/0833—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths
    • F16H37/084—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths at least one power path being a continuously variable transmission, i.e. CVT
    • F16H2037/088—Power split variators with summing differentials, with the input of the CVT connected or connectable to the input shaft
    • F16H2037/0886—Power split variators with summing differentials, with the input of the CVT connected or connectable to the input shaft with switching means, e.g. to change ranges
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H37/00—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/10—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
    • F16H2037/105—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing
    • F16H2037/108—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing with switching means to provide four or more variator modes or ranges

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to hydromechanical transmissions and particularly to multi-range hydromechanical transmissions applicable for inclusion in drivetrains for on-road vehicles.
  • hydromechanical transmissions have been utilized in drivetrains for large off-road construction and military vehicles.
  • Such transmissions are typically of a split power input type, wherein a hydrostatic power unit and a mechanical power unit are driven in parallel by the vehicle engine.
  • the hydrostatic power unit converts its split mechanical input power from the engine into hydrostatic output power that can be infinitely varied in speed and torque over a particular hydrostatic stroke range.
  • This hydrostatic output power is combined in the mechanical power unit with its split mechanical input power from the engine to produce hydromechanical output power in multiple power ranges.
  • the speed and torque in each of the power ranges initially set by gear ratios of the mechanical power unit can be infinitely varied by varying the stroke of the hydrostatic power unit.
  • a properly designed hydromechanical transmission can advantageously provide synchronous range shifting that affords smooth and uninterrupted power flow from engine to driving wheel(s), as the vehicle is accelerated from rest to maximum speed.
  • An additional benefit is that the engine may be operated at or near its peak efficiency output speed, regardless of transmission output speed.
  • the mechanical power unit has traditionally required far too many geartrains, such as spur and pinion gear sets and planetary gear sets.
  • geartrains such as spur and pinion gear sets and planetary gear sets.
  • the objective of the invention is to overcome the drawbacks of known hydraulic transmissions, including those noted above, by providing a vehicular multi-range hydromechanical transmission that includes a transmission controller for receiving operator speed commands, and a hydrostatic power unit having a first mechanical input for driving connection to a prime mover and a unidirectional hydrostatic output.
  • the hydrostatic power unit is operatively connected for control by the transmission controller to provide an infinitely variable transmission ratio between a speed of the first mechanical input and a speed of the hydrostatic output over a continuous range of 1:0 to 1:1.
  • a mechanical power unit, having a second mechanical input for driving connection to the prime mover and a transmission output for connection to a load, is also included.
  • the mechanical power unit includes a first planetary gear set having a first gear element connected to the second mechanical input at a first gear ratio, and second and third gear elements; a combining gear mechanism including second and third interconnected planetary gear sets having a fourth gear element connected to the third gear element of the first planetary get set, a fifth gear element connected to the hydrostatic output, a sixth gear element connectable to the second mechanical input at a second gear ratio, and a seventh gear element connected as the transmission output.
  • the hydromechanical transmission of the invention further includes range shifting means actuated by the transmission controller in response to the operator input speed command for braking and/or clutching selected gear elements of the first, second, and third planetary gear sets to produce an infinitely variable output speed at the transmission output within each of at least one reverse range and at least first, second, and third forward ranges.
  • FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a hydromechanical transmission structured in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 1B and 1C are Lever Analogy diagrams representing the three planetary gear sets in the transmission embodiment of FIG. 1A;
  • FIGS. 2A-2G are Lever Analogy diagrams providing graphic analyses of the operations of the three planetary gear sets in the transmission embodiment of FIG. 1A in each of the multiple transmission ranges;
  • FIG. 3 is a table indicating which of the multiple brakes and clutches in the transmission embodiment of FIG. 1A are engaged in each of the transmission ranges, together with exemplary operating parameters for each transmission range;
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a transmission controller that may be utilized to operate the transmission embodiment of FIG. 1A through its multiple transmission ranges;
  • FIG. 5 is a generalized side view of a hydrostatic power unit that may be utilized in the transmission embodiment of FIG. 1A;
  • FIGS. 6A, 6B, 7A and 7B are schematic diagrams of alternative hydromechanical transmission embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 are schematic diagrams of additional hydromechanical transmission embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a table indicating which of the multiple brakes and clutches in the transmission embodiments of FIGS. 8 and 9 are engaged in each of the transmission ranges, together with exemplary operating parameters for each transmission range.
  • a multi-range hydromechanical transmission in accordance with the present invention includes a split input for dividing the power output of a prime mover between a hydrostatic power unit and a mechanical power unit.
  • the hydrostatic power unit is operable to convert split input power to hydrostatic output power over a continuously variable speed ratio ranging from 1:0 to 1:1.
  • the mechanical power unit combines split input power with the hydrostatic output power from the hydrostatic power unit to provide hydromechanical output power for application to a load, such as one or more driving wheels of a vehicle.
  • the mechanical power unit of the invention is capable of shifting the split input power between multiple power flow paths that include unique combinations of mechanical gear sets for a corresponding multiple of mechanical power outputs at different ratios of torque and speed.
  • the mechanical power unit then individually combines each of the mechanical outputs with the hydrostatic power unit output to produce hydromechanical output power at multiple ranges of speed and torque. Within each range, an infinitely variable power ratio is achieved by varying the hydrostatic power unit ratio between 1:0 and 1:1.
  • a multi-range hydromechanical transmission includes an input shaft 22 for receiving input power from a prime mover, such as a internal combustion engine 6.
  • a prime mover such as a internal combustion engine 6.
  • This input power is split between a hydrostatic power unit 4 and a countershaft 26, included in a mechanical power unit, generally indicated at 8.
  • hydrostatic power unit 4 receives its split input from engine 6 directly from input shaft 22, while mechanical power unit 8 receives its split input via a spur gear 24 driven by input shaft 22, which meshes with a spur gear 25 fixed on the left end of countershaft 26.
  • gears 28, 30, 32, and 34 are driven off this countershaft.
  • Spur gear 28 meshes with a spur gear 29 carried by a sleeve shaft 36, which is connected to drive a sun gear S1 of an input planetary gear set 14.
  • Spur gear 30 meshes with a spur gear 31 carried on a sleeve shaft 38, which is selectively coupled by a clutch CL2 to a sleeve shaft 40 connected to ring gear R1 of input planetary gear set 14.
  • a brake B2 is provided to connect sleeve shaft 40 to the transmission housing, indicated at 41, and thus brake this sleeve shaft and ring gear R1 against rotary motion.
  • ring gear R1 is said to be "grounded".
  • countershaft spur gear 32 meshes with spur gear 33 carried on a sleeve shaft 42, which is selectively coupled to a sleeve shaft 44 by a clutch CL1.
  • the split power input of the engine on countershaft 26 is also applied to spur gear 34, which meshes with a spur gear 35 carried on a sleeve shaft 46.
  • a clutch CL3 selectively couples sleeve shaft 46 to sleeve shaft 44, that is connected to ring gear R3 of planetary gear set 18.
  • a brake B1 selectively arrests rotary motion of sleeve shaft 44 to ground ring gear R3.
  • the infinitely variable speed hydrostatic output of hydrostatic power unit 4 on output shaft 20 is applied jointly to a sun gear S2 of planetary gear set 16 and to sun gear S3 of planetary gear set 18.
  • planetary gear carriers C1 and C2 of planetary gear sets 14 and 16 are interconnected by a sleeve shaft 48, which is selectively braked by a brake B3 to ground carriers C1 and C2 to transmission housing 41.
  • Ring gear R2 of planetary gear set 16 is connected to a planetary gear carrier C3 of planetary gear set 18 by a sleeve shaft 50 that is also connected to a transmission output shaft 10.
  • the split power input of engine 6, ratioed by spur gears 24 and 25, is tapped from the countershaft 26 at various magnitudes of speed and torque determined by the ratios of the meshing spur gear sets 28-29, 30-31, 32-33, and 34-35 to establish five forward ranges and one reverse range of operation for transmission 2, depending upon selective engagements of the various brakes and clutches. More specifically, in all ranges, the split mechanical input power on countershaft 26 is applied through meshing spur gears 28, 29 to sun gear S1 of planetary gear set 14. However, only in second and fourth forward ranges is this power input involved in a power flow path through mechanical power unit 8 to output shaft 10.
  • first forward range is purely a hydrostatic range, and thus transmission output power is supplied solely by hydrostatic power unit 4 at infinitely variable torque and speed.
  • the infinitely variable hydrostatic output power supplied by hydrostatic power unit 4 is combined with the mechanical input power tapped from countershaft 26 and flowing in the above-noted paths to achieve infinitely variable output power (speed and torque) in each of the second through fifth ranges.
  • transmission 2 also has the capability of operating in an infinitely variable speed reverse range comparable in power to the first forward range, with input power supplied solely by hydrostatic power unit 4.
  • a planetary gear set at rest, can be analogized by a vertical line (lever), with its sun gear, ring gear, and planet gear carrier represented as points on this line, that are relatively positioned in accordance with the numbers of sun gear and ring gear teeth, i.e., gear ratio.
  • FIG. 1B is a graphical representation of the three planetary gear sets 14, 16, and 18 of FIG. 1A as three vertical levers 14', 16', and 18', respectively, in accordance with this Lever Analogy technique. Also represented in FIG. 1B are the interconnections between gear elements of the planetary gear sets 14, 16, and 18 provided by sleeve shafts 48 and 50, as well as the various countershaft power inputs on sleeve shafts 36, 40, 44, the hydrostatic input on shaft 20, and the output on transmission output shaft 10.
  • FIG. 1B is a graphical representation of the three planetary gear sets 14, 16, and 18 of FIG. 1A as three vertical levers 14', 16', and 18', respectively, in accordance with this Lever Analogy technique. Also represented in FIG. 1B are the interconnections between gear elements of the planetary gear sets 14, 16, and 18 provided by sleeve shafts 48 and 50, as well as the various countershaft power inputs on sleeve shafts 36, 40, 44, the hydrostatic
  • 1B illustrates that, according to this Lever Analogy, the interconnections between planetary gear sets 14, 16, and 18 permit the graphical representation of these three planetary gear sets to be simplified by combining planetary gear sets 16 and 18, such that they may be represented by a single lever 16, 18'.
  • brake B1 is the only one of the various brakes and clutches that is engaged to shift transmission 2 into the first forward range. From FIG. 1A, it is seen that actuation of brake B1 grounds ring gear R3 of planetary gear set 18.
  • the inputs to the planetary gear sets are thus the mechanical input on countershaft 26 applied to sun gear S1 at a speed determined by the ratio of spur gears 28, 29 and the hydrostatic output from hydrostatic power unit 4 applied to sun gears S2 and S3 via shaft 20.
  • FIG. 2A is a graphical representation according to the Lever Analogy of transmission 2 in FIG. 1 while hydrostatic power unit 4 is at zero (0%) stroke, i.e., 1:0 ratio (neutral), and thus its hydrostatic output applied to sun gears S2,S3 is zero.
  • brake B1 fixes the position of point R3' representing ring gear R3
  • lever 16,18' can be considered as fixed in a vertical orientation.
  • point C1' representing carrier C1 on level 14', is also fixed in position. Consequently, lever 14' simply pivots counterclockwise about point C1' in response to the mechanical input on sun gear S1.
  • Vector V1 (pointing rightward) represents that sun gear S1 is driven in the forward direction in response to this input at a speed equal to engine speed ratioed by the spur gear sets 24-25 and 28-29.
  • Vector V2 (pointing leftward) represents that ring gear R1 simply spins in a reverse direction at a speed relative to the sun gear S1 speed determined by the gear ratio of planetary gear set 14. No power is transferred from planetary gear set 14 to the combining planetary gear sets 16 and 18, and thus no output appears on transmission output shaft 10, as is graphically illustrated in FIG. 2A.
  • this transmission neutral condition (no transmission output regardless of engine input power) is achieved only because the hydrostatic power unit 4 is at 0% stroke (1:0 ratio) and thus produces no output power on shift 20.
  • a "true neutral" in the automotive sense is not achieved since transmission output shaft 10 is not free to rotate.
  • the neutral condition illustrated in FIG. 2A corresponds to a conventional automotive automatic transmission with the shift selector in a drive position and the engine at idle speed with the vehicle brake applied.
  • the hydrostatic transmission unit may be depressurized, such as disclosed in applicant's copending application Ser. No. 08/543,545, such that its output shaft 20 is free to turn, or a disconnect clutch may be installed between engine 6 and transmission input shaft 22 to be disengaged along with brake B1, so as to allow the transmission output shaft to freely turn.
  • FIG. 2B is a graphical representation according to the Lever Analogy of transmission operation in the first forward speed range. Since brake B1 is engaged, the position of the ring gear R3 representation point R3' is fixed, and thus the combined lever 16,18' representation of planetary gear sets 16 and 18 must swing about this point in response to a hydrostatic output on shaft 20 produced by stroking hydrostatic power unit 4 upwardly from 0% stroke (from 1:0 toward 1:1). This lever swinging motion about the R3' point is from its phantom line position (corresponding to its solid line position in FIG. 1A) toward its solid line position in FIG. 2B.
  • Vectors V3, V4, and V5 represent forward speeds of sun gears S2, S3, planet gear carrier C2, and ring gear R2-planet gear carrier C3--output shaft 10, respectively. Since planet gear carrier C1 is tied to planet gear carrier C2, it is rotating at the same forward speed (Vector V6) as carrier C2 (Vector V4), and Lever 14', representing planetary gear set 14, simply swings about sun gear point S1', allowing carrier C1 to follow the increasing forward speed of carrier C2.
  • the reverse speed (Vector V7) of ring gear R1 which is free to spin and thus exerts no reaction force, progressively decreases as lever 14' swings from its phantom line position (corresponding to its solid line position in FIG. 2A) toward its solid line position in FIG. 2B. However, in process, no mechanical input is applied through planetary gear set 14 to planetary gear set 16.
  • first forward range is a pure hydrostatic drive range and is infinitely variable in speed in accordance with the stroking of hydrostatic power unit 4.
  • FIG. 2B graphically illustrates in solid line the lever orientations and the vectors indicate directions and speeds of the elements of planetary gear sets 14, 16, and 18 at a predetermined maximum stroke of the hydrostatic power unit upon achieving the upper end of first forward range.
  • FIG. 2C graphically illustrates, by Lever Analogy, the actions of the planetary gear set elements in response to second range hydrostatic and mechanical input drives. It is seen that, with brake B2 engaged, ring gear R1 is grounded, thus fixing the position of R1' point on lever 14'. The orientation of lever 14' (and position of carrier point C') is then established by the forward speed of sun gear S1 (Vector V1) determined by the gear-ratioed input power applied thereto from the engine 6 via countershaft 26.
  • lever 14' in FIG. 2C is the same as its orientation at the top end of first forward range, illustrated in solid line in FIG. 2B.
  • Lever 16,18' is illustrated in phantom line in FIG. 2C in the same orientation (illustrated in solid line in FIG. 2B) it achieved at the top end of first forward range.
  • the hydrostatic power unit 4 is downstroked in speed (Vector V8) from its maximum stroke at the first range-second range shift point toward a minimum stroke at the top end of second range
  • lever 16,18' is pivoted about carrier point C2' in the clockwise direction toward its solid line lever position at the top end of second range (FIG. 2C).
  • the forward speed of the R2,C3' point is seen to increase in infinitely variable fashion, as represented by vector V9.
  • FIG. 2D represents the actions of the planetary gear elements in third range.
  • the phantom line positions of levers 14' and 16,18' in FIG. 2D represent their Lever Analogy positions at the upper end of the second range (see FIG. 2C).
  • Vector V10 also represents the forward speed of ring gear R3, which corresponds to speed vector V10 gear R3 in FIG. 2C at the upper end of the second range.
  • the engine-ratioed speed on ring gear R3 establishes a pivot point R3' about which level 16,18' is swung in a counterclockwise direction from its phantom line position toward its solid line position, as the hydrostatic input speed (Vector V11) on sun gears S2, S3 is increased by upstroking hydrostatic power unit 4.
  • the engine-ratioed speed on sun gear S1, represented by vector V1 establishes a pivot point S1' about which lever 14' may pivot (since brake B2 is disengaged) to accommodate the increasing speed of the interconnected carriers C1 and C2 (point C1,C2') as the hydrostatic power unit is upstroked through third range.
  • planetary gear levers 14' and 16,18' swing about their respective pivot points from their respective phantom line positions at the lower end of third range to their solid line positions at the upper end of third range (FIG. 2D) as hydrostatic power unit stroke is increased.
  • Vector V12 represents the higher output shaft forward speed on ring gear R2, carrier C3 (point R2,C3') at the upper end of third range.
  • Vector V13 represents the forward speed of ring gear R1 at the upper end of third range.
  • shifting from third to fourth range involves disengaging clutch CL1 and engaging clutch CL2.
  • Ring gear R1 of planetary gear set 14 is now driven by the mechanical input of countershaft 26 at engine speed ratioed by the spur gear sets 24-25 and 30-31 (Vector V14).
  • sun gear S1 continues to be driven off countershaft 26 (Vector V1)
  • carrier C1 is driven at a forward speed, represented by vector V15, as is the interconnected carrier C2 of planetary gear set 16.
  • Carrier point C2' can thus serve as a pivot point for lever 16,18'.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates that, to shift from fourth range to fifth range, clutch CL2 is disengaged as clutch C3 is engaged.
  • ring gear R3 of planetary gear set 18 is now driven by the mechanical input on countershaft 26 at engine speed ratioed by spur gear sets 24-25 and 34-35.
  • FIG. 2F graphically depicts the actions of the planetary gear elements in fifth range.
  • the phantom lines illustrate the orientations of levers 14' and 16,18' at the shift point between fourth and fifth ranges.
  • FIG. 2G graphically illustrates operation of the transmission in a reverse range.
  • shifting into reverse range from a first range neutral condition imposed by setting a 0% stroke in hydrostatic power unit 4 is achieved by disengaging brake B1 and engaging brake B3.
  • brake B3 grounds carriers C1 and C2 of planetary gear sets 14 and 16.
  • the orientation of lever 14' is the same for both first range neutral and reverse range, and the phantom line orientation of lever 16,18' in FIG. 2G, corresponds to its orientation in FIG. 2A at first range neutral.
  • carrier C2 provides a pivot point C2' (rather than pivot point R3' in first forward range) about which lever 16,18' pivots from its phantom line to its solid line position as hydrostatic power unit 4 is upstroked through reverse range. Since this lever motion is in the counterclockwise direction, it is seen that speed vector V22 for the interconnected ring gear R2-carrier C3 is now in the left (reverse) direction, which is opposite to the forward vector directions indicated in FIGS. 2B-2F for forward range operations. Thus output shaft 10 is driven in the reverse direction at infinitely variable speeds determined by the stroke setting of hydrostatic power unit 4.
  • An exemplary maximum stroke at this first-second range shift point may be 95%, as indicated in FIG. 3. It is preferable to pick this maximum stroke at less than 100% stroke to account for losses (such as fluid leakage), loading, performance characteristics, etc., that result in the actual hydrostatic output speed at a particular stroke setting being less than the theoretical output speed at that setting.
  • a synchronous shift point between second and third ranges occurs when the forward speed of ring gear R3, represented by vector V10, is equal to the forward speed of the mechanical input coupled into ring gear R3 by the engagement of clutch CL1.
  • the ratio of spur gear set 32-33 may be readily selected, such that the forward speed of ring gear R3 at a desired second range maximum speed equals the mechanical input speed that is to be coupled into ring gear R3 by clutch CL1 to provide a synchronous shift point into third range.
  • this mechanical input speed is a ratio of engine speed, as is the hydrostatic output speed on shaft 20, a stroke setting of the hydrostatic transmission unit can be readily determined that will yield this forward speed equality between ring gear R3 and the mechanical input from countershaft 26 ratioed by spur gear set 32-33.
  • this predetermined stroke setting (actually a low stroke setting, e.g., 9% stroke) is reached at the upper end of second range, clutch C1 is engaged as brake B2 is disengaged to achieve synchronous shifting from second range to third range.
  • a synchronous shift from third range to fourth range can be achieved by selecting a ratio of spur gear set 30-31, such that the forward speed of this mechanical input equals the forward speed of ring gear R1 (Vector V13 equals vector V14) at a desired maximum stroke approximately 100%, e.g., 95% stroke (FIG. 3).
  • Clutch CL2 is then engaged as clutch CL1 is disengaged to achieve a synchronous shift from third to fourth ranges.
  • Synchronous shift from fourth range, illustrated in FIG. 2E, to fifth range, illustrated in FIG. 2F, is achieved by selecting the ratio of spur gear set 34-35 such that the forward speed of this mechanical input from countershaft 26 is matched by the forward speed of ring gear R3 (Vector V17 equals vector V19) at an appropriate minimum stroke setting, e.g. 9% (FIG. 3), of the hydrostatic power unit at the upper end of fourth range. Then, clutch CL3 is engaged, while clutch CL2 is disengaged, to synchronously shift from fourth range into fifth range. Accelerating through fifth range is achieved by upstroking power transmission unit 4 to a maximum transmission output speed at 100% stroke (1:1 ratio).
  • carrier C1 is stationary when brake B3 is engaged as brake B1 is disengaged to permit a synchronous shift from first range neutral to the reverse range.
  • Acceleration through the reverse range by upstroking hydrostatic power unit 4 is indicated by vector 22.
  • ring gear R3 is stationary at the lower end the reverse range at 0% hydrostatic power unit stroke, and thus brake B1 can be engaged as brake B3 is disengaged to synchronously shift back into first range neutral from reverse range.
  • the table of FIG. 3, referred to above, identifies which one of the brakes and clutches is engaged in each of the five forward transmission ranges and the single reverse range. Also indicated in this table are representative stroke ranges of the hydrostatic power (HSP) unit 4 to accelerate through each of the ranges, the direction of stroke, and the stroke setting at the range shift points. This table also indicates representative ranges of speed ratios of engine speed (Vin) on input shaft 22 and transmission output speed (Vout) on shaft 10 in each range. Note that transmission 2 goes into overdrive at the upper end of fourth range, and that fifth range is a full overdrive range.
  • HSP hydrostatic power
  • fourth and fifth range vehicle operations will unlikely be utilized at high engine speed. This is mainly because the vehicle will be power limited, unless engine power is significantly increased.
  • the primary value of fourth and fifth ranges is to maximize fuel economy and to reduce noise, vibration and harshness under steady state conditions.
  • a vehicle equipped with the transmission 2 of FIG. 1 may be able to cruise at 60 mph with an engine speed of as low as 1200 RPM, yet provide immediate and smooth acceleration for passing by reducing transmission ratio as engine power is increased.
  • the Lever Analogy technique can also be utilized to determine power balance on each of the planetary gear sets 14,16 and 18 in transmission 2 of FIG. 1. Since one skilled in the art will understand from a study of the Benford et al. paper how to conduct a Lever Analogy analysis for power balance with respect to a multi-range hydromechanical transmission structured in accordance with the present invention, such an analysis here will not be undertaken here for the sake of brevity.
  • an important consideration in selecting the planetary gear ratios is to maintain a nearly constant torque on the hydrostatic transmission unit during these power flow reversal. To do so is to minimize hydraulic pressure changes in the hydrostatic transmission unit that would alter efficiency and require a stroke offset to adjust to an abrupt change in power magnitude. In practice, some stroke offset may be needed to increase hydrostatic pressure so as to compensate for mechanical losses. It will appreciated that the better the "power match" at the range shift points, the smoother the power flow through the transmission. Power match considerations are most important at the lower range shift points (first range to second range) when hydrostatic pressure in hydrostatic power unit 4 is highest.
  • the ratios of planetary gear sets 14 and 16 are identical, such that regenerative power will transfer equally to planetary gear set 18. Theoretically, a perfect power match is achieved when the identical ratio of planetary gear sets 14 and 16 is greater than the ratio of planetary gear set 18 by +1.
  • a transmission controller 70 illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • This transmission controller receives operator speed input commands in terms of accelerator pedal position signals and range selection signals in terms of the position of a shift selection lever being in either of drive (D), neutral (N), or reverse (R) positions.
  • the transmission controller 70 also receives engine speed sensor signals indicating the RPMs of transmission input shaft 22 and output speed sensor signals indicating the RPMs of transmission output shaft 10.
  • transmission controller 70 outputs signals to actuate selected ones of the brakes B1-B3 and clutches CL1-CL3.
  • the transmission controller also outputs ratio control signals to a ratio controller, illustrated schematically in FIG.
  • radio control signals may be in the form of pulse width modulated (PWM) signals, such as disclosed in applicant's copending applications, Ser. Nos. 08/380,269 and 08/423,069.
  • PWM pulse width modulated
  • transmission controller 70 outputs a signal for establishing a "true neutral" condition in hydromechanical transmission 2. This signal may be used by ratio controller RC in FIG. 5, if this ratio controller and hydrostatic power unit 4 are equipped with the decompression feature disclosed in the above-cited U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/543,545. Alternatively, this neutral signal may be applied to disengage an input clutch (not shown) included in the drive train between engine 6 and transmission input shaft 20.
  • transmission controller 70 may be implemented with analog or fluidic circuitry, digital implementation is preferred. Thus, all of the input signals to the transmission controller 70 are digitized by analog-to-digital converters and then processed by a microprocessor.
  • transmission controller 70 Two major functions of transmission controller 70 are to engage the clutches and brakes at the proper times to achieve synchronous range shifting and to effectively match engine power to output load by stroke control of hydrostatic power unit 4. Matching engine power to output power requires a predetermination of engine output power and fuel efficiency at various engine speeds. Having done this, it is possible to determine the optimum engine power/fuel economy operating point at every pedal position (speed command). This relationship, termed “schedule curve”, may be stored as an algorithm in a memory associated with the transmission controller microprocessor.
  • the microprocessor continuously compares the operator speed commands to engine speed and adjusts the transmission ratio (hydrostatic power unit stroke) to match the schedule curve. Should the vehicle encounter a grade, output load increases and engine speed decreases. However, if the operator maintains pedal position (Constant speed command), transmission controller 70 strokes the hydrostatic power unit to reduce transmission ratio until the schedule curve is again matched. At this point, engine speed and power have recovered, but vehicle speed has decreased. If the operator repositions the accelerator pedal to maintain vehicle speed on the grade, engine speed is increased to match the higher output load. Every engine has a unique, optimum schedule curve that can readily be programmed into the transmission controller microprocessor to adapt transmission 2 to any particular vehicle engine.
  • hydrostatic power unit 4 includes a hydraulic pump unit, generally indicated as 72, driven by an input shaft 74 that may correspond to transmission input shaft 22 in FIG. 1.
  • An output shaft 76 which may correspond to output shaft 20 in FIG. 1, extends through a central opening in a hydraulic motor unit, generally indicated at 78, that is grounded to a unit housing, as indicated at 79.
  • a cylinder block 80 of the driven pump unit 72 and a cylinder block 82 of the grounded motor unit 78 are respectively pivotally mounted so as to assume interfacial contacts with a wedge-shaped swashplate 84 that is torque-coupled to output shaft 76 by a pivotal connection, indicated at 86.
  • pumped exchanges of pressurized hydraulic fluid between the hydraulic pump 72 and motor 78 units through swashplate ports 84a produce a resultant torque on the swashplate 84 that is coupled to the output shaft 76 by coupling 86 as output hydrostatic torque.
  • ratio controller RC is connected, as indicated at 87, to pivot swashplate 84 about an axis of coupling 86 that intersects the axis 76a of output shaft 76.
  • the hydrostatic power unit of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,183 has a torque multiplying capability of approximately 5:1 at low speed ratios (low stroke settings), which is more than ample torque to accelerate a vehicle from a standing start in the hydrostatic first forward and reverse ranges of transmission 2.
  • Other unique and beneficial characteristics of this type of hydrostatic power unit that lend to application in the hydromechanical transmission of the present invention are set forth in the cited Folsom patent.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates in schematic diagram an alternative embodiment of the invention, which differs from the embodiment of FIG. 1 in that the combining gear mechanism, comprised of planetary gear sets 16 and 18, are arranged in a "simple-compound" configuration, whereas planetary gear sets 16 and 18 in FIG. 1A are arranged in a simple "Simpson" configuration.
  • FIGS. 6B illustrates an appropriate Lever Analogy diagram with planetary gear sets 16 and 18 combined as a single lever 16,18'.
  • FIG. 7A illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the combining planetary gear sets 16 and 18 are arranged in a "Ravigneaux" configuration. Note that, in this configuration, carriers C2 and C3 are in the form of a compound carrier with intermeshing planet gears, and thus ring gear R2 is eliminated.
  • FIGS. 7B provides a Lever Analogy diagram for analysis of the planetary gear sets in FIG. 7A, with planetary gear sets 16 and 18 again combined as a single lever 16,18'.
  • FIGS. 6A and 7A have been simplified by omitting the lower symmetrical halves of the planetary gear elements and sleeve shafts.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention directed to a multi-range hydromechanical transmission 90 having particular application in construction vehicles, such as wheel loader-type construction vehicles. Since such vehicles are typically propelled as often in the forward direction as in the reverse direction, transmission 90 of this embodiment of the invention provides three forward ranges and three reverse ranges.
  • a reversing compound planetary gear set generally indicated at 100
  • an input planetary gear set generally indicated at 102
  • a pair of interconnected, combining planetary gear sets generally indicated at 104 and 106.
  • transmission input shaft 22 drives a hydrostatic power unit 4.
  • a countershaft 92 is driven off the transmission input shaft via spur gears 93 and 94.
  • sun gear S4 of the reversing planetary gear set 100 is driven off countershaft 92 via spur gears 95 and 96.
  • the compound planet gear carrier C4 of planetary gear set 100 is connected via spur gear set 97-98 to a second countershaft 99.
  • This second countershaft is also connected to drive a sun gear S3 of planetary gear set 106 via a clutch CL4 drive and spur gear set 107-108.
  • Ring gear R4 of planetary gear set 100 is selectively grounded by a brake B4 and is also selectively coupled to carrier C4 via a clutch CL5.
  • Compound carrier C4 is also connected to sun gear S1 of planetary gear set 102.
  • Brake B5 selectively grounds ring gear R1 of this planetary gear set, while the carrier C1 is connected both to carrier C2 of planetary gear set 104 and to ring gear R3 of planetary gear set 106.
  • Brake B6 selectively grounds the interconnection of carriers C1, C2 and ring gear R3.
  • Ring gear R2 of planetary gear set 102 is connected in common with carrier C3 of planetary gear set 106 and transmission output shaft 10.
  • Brake B7 selectively grounds sun gear S3 of planetary gear set 106.
  • FIG. 10 provides a table indicating the various brakes and clutches that are engaged to operate transmission 90 in each of its three forward ranges and three reverse ranges, together with representative of strokings of hydrostatic power unit 4 for accelerating through each of the transmission ranges and corresponding speed ratio ranges in each of the transmission ranges.
  • Lever Analogy analysis diagrams such as provided for transmission 2 FIG. 1A, are omitted, since those skilled in the art will be able to perform this analysis for transmission 90 in the manner illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2G above.
  • sun gear S4 of reversing planetary gear set 100 is continuously driven in a forward direction via countershaft 92 and spur gear set 95-96.
  • clutch CL5 and brake B7 are engaged to shift transmission 90 to its first forward range.
  • Clutch CL5 is seen to interconnect carrier C4 and ring gear R4 of reversing planetary gear set 100, and thus these two gear elements are driven by sun gear S4 at the same forward speed.
  • This forward speed drive is applied via spur gear set 97-98 to drive secondary countershaft 99.
  • clutch CL4 since clutch CL4 is disengaged, no mechanical input is applied to sun gear S3 of planetary gear set 106. Rather, this sun gear is grounded by break B7 in the first forward range.
  • sun gear S1 of planetary gear set 102 is also connected to carrier C4 of reversing planetary gear set 100, these two gear elements are driven at the same forward speed.
  • Sun gear S2 of planetary gear set 104 is driven by the output of hydrostatic power unit 4 and, in turn, drives carriers C1,C2 and ring gear R3 of planetary gear set' 106 at an increasing forward speed as the hydrostatic power unit is upstroked.
  • sun gear S3 of planetary gear set 106 is grounded by brake B7, this gear element serves as a pivot about which the combined lever (not shown), representing planetary gear sets 104 and 106, is swung in response to increasing speed of the hydrostatic power unit output.
  • the commonly connected ring gear R2, carrier C3, and output shaft 10 increase in forward speed as the hydrostatic power unit is stroked from zero percent toward a representative maximum stroke of 95% (FIG. 10) to accelerated through the first forward range.
  • Shifting into third gear involves disengaging brake B5 and engaging clutch CL4 (FIG. 10). It now seen that the forward drive applied to countershaft 99 via clutch CL5, which was also engaged during the first and second forward ranges, is now applied as a mechanical input to sun gear S3 via the engaged clutch CL4. Sun gear S3 is thus driven at a forward speed effective to establish a pivot point for the combined lever representing planetary gear sets 104 and 106. Consequently, when the stroke of hydrostatic power unit 4 is increased from 0% towards the maximum stroke, e.g., 100%, this combined lever is swung about this established pivot point in a direction to further increase the forward speed of ring gear R2 and carrier C3, and thus output shaft 10 accelerates the vehicle through third forward range.
  • brake B4 is engaged to ground ring gear R4 of the reversing planetary gear set 100.
  • brake B6 is engaged concurrently with brake B4 to ground the commonly connected carriers C1, C2, and ring gear R3.
  • sun gear S4 of the reversing planetary set 100 continues to be driven in the forward direction by the mechanical input applied from countershaft 92.
  • this forward drive on sun gear S4 drives carrier C4 in the reverse direction, and this reverse direction drive is applied to countershaft 99 via spur gear set 97-98.
  • Compound carrier C4 also drives sun gear S1 of planetary gear set 102 in the reverse direction.
  • Grounding of the commonly connected carriers C1,C2 and ring gear R3 by brake B6 establishes the point representing carrier C2 and ring gear R3 on the combined lever representing planetary gear sets 104 and 106 is established as a fulcrum.
  • this combined lever is rocked about this fulcrum in a direction to produce driving rotation of the commonly connected carrier C3 and ring gear R2 in the reversed direction, and thus output shaft 10 is driven in the reverse direction at the infinitely variable speeds determined by stroking the hydrostatic power unit 4.
  • this description corresponds to the description of the single reverse range operation of transmission 4 in FIG. 1A and the lever diagram of FIG. 2G.
  • Second reverse range of transmission 90 is established by disengaging brake B6 and engaging clutch CL4, while brake B4 remains engaged. This is seen in FIG. 8 to apply the reverse direction mechanical drive on countershaft 99 to sun gear S3. This establishes sun gear S3 as a pivot point on the combined lever representing planetary gear sets 104 and 106, about which this lever is swung in a direction to increase the reverse speed of the commonly connecting gear R2, carrier C3, and output shaft 10, as hydrostatic power unit 4 is stroked downwardly toward 0% stroke.
  • brake B5 is engaged concurrently with the brake B4.
  • brake B5 grounds ring gear R1.
  • sun gear S1 continues to be driven in the reverse direction while ring gear R1 is grounded, carrier C1 establishes the combined lever point representing carrier C2 and ring gear R3 as a pivot.
  • hydrostatic power unit 4 is stroked upwardly to increase the speed of its forward drive on sun gear S2, and the combined planetary gear set 104, 106 lever is pivoted about this point in a direction to increase the speed of the reverse direction drive produced on ring gear R2, carrier C3, and hence output shaft 10, thus to accelerate through the third reverse range.
  • the transmission schematic of FIG. 9 corresponds to transmission 90 of FIG. 8, and except that the transmission of FIG. 9 is reconfigured to eliminate the short countershaft 92 used to deliver mechanical input power to sun gear S4 of the reversing planetary gear set 100.
  • the alternative embodiment of FIG. 9 is conditioned to its three forward and three reverse speed ranges in the same manner as described for the transmission 90 of FIG. 8.
  • the present invention provides a continuously variable, multi-range, synchronous shift transmission capable of propelling a motor vehicle in a most efficient manner by changing transmission ratio to precisely match engine power to output load.
  • engine power may be held at the engine's point of peak operating efficiency as the vehicle is accelerated from rest to maximum speed.
  • the transmission embodiments of the invention offer a smooth, stepless, power flow across the entire operating range without cycling and shock loading to the vehicle drive system.
  • the present invention affords the capability to precisely match engine power to varying output loads to achieve optimum fuel economy as well as acceleration and overall vehicle performance.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structure Of Transmissions (AREA)
  • Control Of Transmission Device (AREA)
US08/608,389 1996-02-28 1996-02-28 Multi-range, hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles Expired - Lifetime US5730678A (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/608,389 US5730678A (en) 1996-02-28 1996-02-28 Multi-range, hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles
KR10-1998-0706729A KR100512829B1 (ko) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 자동차용다중단유체기계식변속기
AU67651/96A AU6765196A (en) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 Multi-range hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles
CN96180257A CN1217050A (zh) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 汽车用多工作范围液力机械式传动装置
CA002246331A CA2246331A1 (en) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 Multi-range hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles
DE69610717T DE69610717T2 (de) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 Mehrstufiges hydromechanisches getriebe für kraftfahrzeuge
JP51920697A JP3833257B2 (ja) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 自動車用マルチレンジ流体力学的トランスミッション
BR9612543A BR9612543A (pt) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 Transmissão hidromecânica de multivelocidades para automóveis
PCT/US1996/012702 WO1997032145A1 (en) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 Multi-range hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles
EP96928050A EP0883760B1 (de) 1996-02-28 1996-08-05 Mehrstufiges hydromechanisches getriebe für kraftfahrzeuge
TW085109695A TW333504B (en) 1996-02-28 1996-08-09 Multi-range, hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles
MX9807001A MX9807001A (es) 1996-02-28 1998-08-27 Transmision hidromecanica de multiples velocidades para vehiculos de motor.

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US08/608,389 US5730678A (en) 1996-02-28 1996-02-28 Multi-range, hydromechanical transmission for motor vehicles

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EP (1) EP0883760B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3833257B2 (de)
KR (1) KR100512829B1 (de)
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AU (1) AU6765196A (de)
BR (1) BR9612543A (de)
CA (1) CA2246331A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69610717T2 (de)
MX (1) MX9807001A (de)
TW (1) TW333504B (de)
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AU6765196A (en) 1997-09-16
TW333504B (en) 1998-06-11
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BR9612543A (pt) 1999-07-20
DE69610717T2 (de) 2001-05-10
EP0883760A1 (de) 1998-12-16
DE69610717D1 (de) 2000-11-23
MX9807001A (es) 1998-12-31
CA2246331A1 (en) 1997-09-04
EP0883760B1 (de) 2000-10-18
KR100512829B1 (ko) 2005-11-01

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