US5630906A - Process for the delignifcation and bleaching of a lignocellulose material - Google Patents

Process for the delignifcation and bleaching of a lignocellulose material Download PDF

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US5630906A
US5630906A US08/356,283 US35628395A US5630906A US 5630906 A US5630906 A US 5630906A US 35628395 A US35628395 A US 35628395A US 5630906 A US5630906 A US 5630906A
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process according
oxidizing agent
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pulp
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Jean-François Boe
Jean-Jacques Girerd
Claude Guignard
Jean-Louis Seris
Jean-Baptiste Verlhac
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Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine Production SA
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Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine Production SA
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/1078—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with Mn-containing compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
    • B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
    • B01J31/1815—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
    • D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
    • D21C9/1026—Other features in bleaching processes
    • D21C9/1036—Use of compounds accelerating or improving the efficiency of the processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/70—Complexes comprising metals of Group VII (VIIB) as the central metal
    • B01J2531/72—Manganese

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the delignification and bleaching of a lignocellulose material by an aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent and of an oxidation-reduction catalyst.
  • the invention therefore relates to the technical field of wood and of paper pulp and also to that of natural or synthetic oxidation-reduction catalysts.
  • basidiomycetes known under the name of "Phanerochaete chryosporium" and leading to white rot of wood, was particularly studied as regards the biochemical mechanisms which are involved in delignification.
  • Ligninases capture an electron from the aromatic rings of lignin and thus form radical cation species which progress non-enzymatically and which lead to depolymerization of lignin.
  • Manganese peroxidases oxidize Mn 2+ cations to Mn 3+ cations.
  • the Mn 3+ cations diffuse into the structures of wood and capture an electron to restore Mn 2+ .
  • the above writers treated wood shavings or paper pulp with a number of natural or synthetic iron porphyrins in the presence of an oxidizing agent chosen from hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH), in an aqueous medium.
  • an oxidizing agent chosen from hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH), in an aqueous medium.
  • this porphyrin comprises 16 chlorine atoms substituting the phenyl and pyrrole rings and 4 sulphonato groups and that its synthesis is very expensive. Replacement of iron by manganese in this porphyrin structure does not substantially change the results.
  • the 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) complex of formula [(bpy) 2 MnO] 2 3+ and its 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) analogue are known. These complexes have been isolated in the form of stable solids in the Mn(III)/Mn(IV) oxidation state and have been studied in solution in their Mn(IV)/Mn(IV) complete oxidation state.
  • the phen complex has been isolated as a solid in the Mn(IV)/Mn(IV) state and its structure characterized by M. Stebler et al., Inorg. Chem., 25, 4743 (1986).
  • TPA is a tetradentate ligand consisting of tris(pyridyl-2-methyl)amine.
  • the complex (I) is obtained by mixing TPA and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O in water and then adding hydrogen peroxide.
  • the salt [(TpA)MnO] 2 ⁇ (S 2 O 6 ) 3/2 ⁇ 7H 2 O crystallizes and its structure is determined by X-ray crystallography.
  • Patent Application EP 0,458,398 (Unilever NV and plc) relates to a bleaching medium comprising a peroxy bleaching agent and a manganese coordination complex (or a precursor of the latter) for use in washing and bleaching substrates, especially for textile whitening or washing dishes.
  • the latter coordination complex has the general formula (A):
  • Mn manganese in the IV oxidation state
  • n and m independently have the value of integers from 2 to 8,
  • X can represent a coordinating or bridging group such as H 2 O, OH - , O 2 2- , HO 2 - , SH - , S 2- , -SO-, NR 2 - , RCOO - , NR 3 , Cl - , N 3 - , SCN - or N 3- , or a combination thereof, with R representing H, alkyl or aryl (optionally substituted),
  • Y is a counterion whose type depends on the charge z of the complex; if z is positive, then Y represents an anion such as Cl - , Br - , I - , NO 3 - , ClO 4 - , NCS - , PF 6 - , RSO 3 - , RSO 4 - , CF 3 SO 3 - , BPh 4 - 0 or OAc - ; if z is negative, then Y is a cation of an alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal or alternatively an (alkyl)ammonium cation,
  • z is a negative or positive integer
  • L is a ligand which is an organic molecule containing a certain number of heteroatoms (N, P, O and S), some of which are coordinated to the manganese atoms.
  • a preferred class of ligands L which correspond to the formula (C) are tridentate ligands which coordinate each manganese(IV) centre with 3 nitrogen N atoms.
  • Bis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)amine appears among 19 of the latter (containing 3 nitrogen atoms).
  • the peroxy bleaching agents used comprise hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), compounds which release or generate H 2 O 2 , especially sodium perborate, and peroxy acids and their salts.
  • Oxygen for example, has little selectivity and also severely degrades the cellulose in NaOH medium and, to a lesser degree, in the presence of magnesium salts.
  • Chlorine is a relatively selective delignifying agent. Under the acidic conditions used, it causes oxidation but also electrophilic substitution of the aromatic rings of the lignin, producing dicarboxylic acids and chlorinated fragments of the lignin. The latter represent a potential danger to the environment.
  • Hydrogen peroxide is used essentially in basic medium. This basic medium leads to a certain depolymerization of the cellulose.
  • the aim of the present invention is the development of a new means for delignifying and bleaching lignocellulose material in suspension in an aqueous medium.
  • Another, more specific, aim is to avoid the nucleophilicity of chlorine in bleaching paper pulp in order to eliminate potential environmental problems related to TOX ("total organically bound halogens").
  • a third aim is to use oxygen-containing oxidizing agents such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide or their mixtures in a delignification and a bleaching in acidic or neutral aqueous medium, by adjusting the oxidation potential of this medium to a chosen value.
  • oxygen-containing oxidizing agents such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide or their mixtures in a delignification and a bleaching in acidic or neutral aqueous medium
  • the present invention is a process for the delignification and bleaching of a lignocellulose material in suspension in an aqueous medium containing an oxidizing agent and an oxidation-reduction catalyst chosen from a family of ligand-containing manganese complexes, some of which have already been described, especially by D. J. Hodgson et al.
  • the present invention is a process for the delignification and bleaching of a lignocellulose material in which an aqueous solution of a redox catalyst and of an oxidizing agent is reacted with the said material, characterized in that the said catalyst contains an organometallic cation of general formula (VII):
  • Mn represents manganese in a Ill or IV oxidation state, it being possible for the two Mn atoms of this cation to form an pair in the III-III or III-IV or IV-IV oxidation state,
  • n has the value 2, 3 or 4,
  • L represents a ligand of general formula (VIII): ##STR3## in which either R 1 represents the radical: ##STR4## R 2 then representing the radical: ##STR5## R 3 , R' 3 and R" 3 each representing, independently of one another, a group chosen from hydrogen, C 1 to C 4 lower alkyl, C 1 to C 4 lower alkoxy or halogen,
  • R 1 represents the radical: ##STR6## R 2 and R' 2 then being identical and representing a group chosen from hydrogen or C 1 to C 4 lower alkyl,
  • R 3 representing a group chosen from hydrogen, C 1 to C 4 lower alkyl, C 1 to C 4 lower alkoxy or halogen.
  • the counteranion is not represented but it can have, for example, the same meaning as that of Y of the above formulae (A) or (C).
  • This process has the advantage that the organometallic cation (VII) is very stable with respect to the oxidizing power of the medium and that the solution containing it can, after reaction, be recovered and reacted again with a new batch of lignocellulose material to which the oxidizing agent has been added.
  • the pH of the aqueous solution is advantageously less than 7 and preferably between 2 and 5.
  • the latter in order to remove, by extraction, the oxidation products of the lignocellulose material, the latter, after the oxidation reaction ((VII)+oxidizing agent), is treated with a basic aqueous solution.
  • This basic treatment can be preceded by a washing with water and/or a pressing of the lignocellulose material.
  • the oxidizing agent is preferably chosen from ozone, hydrogen peroxide, an alkyl hydroperoxide, hypochlorous acid, chlorine, chlorine dioxide or their mixtures.
  • the criterion in selecting these oxidizing agents consists in determining their ability to give the cation of general formula (VII), the two manganese atoms of which are in the III-III or III-IV or IV-IV oxidation states.
  • III-III state is not always isolated for all the complexes.
  • L is TPA
  • the oxidation state obtained in the synthesis of this complex where hydrogen peroxide is involved is III-IV.
  • L is (6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl) (2-pyridylmethyl)amine (L 3 )
  • the cation (VII) obtained by the action of hydrogen peroxide is III-IV.
  • Chemical oxidation of this complex with NaOCl placed in acidic medium gives the IV-IV oxidation state.
  • the preferred combinations of the redox cations of general formula (VII) with the oxidizing agents are those which lead to an III-IV and/or IV/IV oxidation state.
  • the oxidizing agent is preferably added little by little to the solution of the redox catalyst (VII) in the presence of the pulp, so that there is no excess of oxidizing agent which can react directly with the lignocellulose material.
  • the oxidation potential is then, as it were, buffered to that of the redox catalyst (VII) in its III-IV state or, according to the situation, its IV-IV state, it being known that the oxidation potential of the oxidizing agent is, in principle, always greater than that of the redox catalyst.
  • the lignocellulose material reacted is advantageously wood fragments or paper pulp containing lignin.
  • each group R 3 , R' 3 and R" 3 is in the para position with respect to the doublet of the pyridine nitrogen.
  • each group R 3 , R' 3 and R" 3 is chosen from lower alkyl or lower alkoxy.
  • the ratio by weight of the redox catalyst to the lignocellulose material is between 0.1 and 10%.
  • the temperature of the said aqueous solution of oxidizing agent and of catalyst is between 80° C. and 100° C.
  • the catalyst/oxidizing agent molar ratio is preferably between 0.1 and 4%.
  • the ratio by weight of the lignocellulose material to the oxidizing agent is between 2 and 100.
  • the ligands of general formula (VIII) are generally synthesized from the pyridine compounds of the general formula (IX): ##STR7## in which: R represents a group chosen from H, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or halogen,
  • R is in the 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-position on the pyridine ring and preferably in the 4-position
  • X represents a group chosen from -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 Cl, -CHO, -CH ⁇ N-OH, -COCH 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 R' with R' representing a lower alkyl, -CN or -CH 2 NH 2 .
  • the various groups X above can be obtained by known reactions, from one to another, by functionalizations, reductions or oxidations.
  • the catalysts (VII) in which n has the value 2 or 3 are obtained by mixing a salt containing the Mn 2+ cation, especially contributed by MnSO 4 or MnCl 2 , with a ligand L (VIII) in water in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, according to the processes described by D. J. Hodgson (see above).
  • the complexes (VII) in which n has the value 4 are obtained by oxidizing the corresponding complexes in which n has the value 2 or 3 with more powerful oxidizing agents than hydrogen peroxide, for example hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), chlorine or ozone.
  • oxidizing agents for example hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ), chlorine or ozone.
  • the qualities of the paper pulp kappa number (K) of the pulp and degree of polymerization of the cellulose (DP), are determined as specified below.
  • the lignin is oxidized with KMnO 4 in weakly acidic medium.
  • the kappa number is defined (according to Standard NF/150-302) as the number of millilitres of a 0.02M KMnO 4 solution necessary to oxidize completely one gram (dry weight) of paper pulp.
  • One kappa point therefore represents: 10 -3 ⁇ (0.02 ⁇ 5) ⁇ e - , i.e. 0.1 electronic milliequivalent/g of pulp.
  • the method for measuring the degree of polymerization consists in measuring the specific viscosity of a pulp solution in cupriethylene diamine and in deducing the mean degree of polymerization (DP) therefrom, according to French Standard NF T 12 005 (March 1953).
  • the pulps are washed beforehand with water (90° C., 20 min) and dried in an oven (50° C., under vacuum) and then form the subject of a first determination of the kappa number and of the DP.
  • the two pulps used then have the following characteristics collated in Table 3.
  • N,N'-Dimethylethylenediamine is commercially available.
  • the other diamines are obtained according to the publication Helvetica Chim. Acta, 57, 1974, p. 1036.
  • the die/nine (10 mmol) is dissolved in water (5 ml) and then picolyl chloride (20 mmol), which may or may not be substituted, is added. 5N sodium hydroxide solution is then added so as to maintain the pH from 9 to 9.5. If the reaction medium contains too much insoluble compounds, ethanol (5 ml) is added.
  • basification is carried out to a pH greater than 12 and extraction is carried out either with ether or with dichloromethane.
  • the organic phase is either distilled or chromatographed on basic alumina, the eluent being dichloromethane.
  • the diamines can be converted to their hydrochlorides by bubbling HCl gas into their ether solutions.
  • Hydrogen peroxide in solution in water is then added in a single step at the beginning of the reaction or else progressively over time, with stirring of the heterogeneous medium,
  • the tests are carried out at different temperatures (60° C., 80° C., 90° C. and 98° C.) for a predetermined time.
  • the preceding oxidation reaction is stopped by washing the pulp with 0.1M pyrophosphate buffer with a pH of 6.0.
  • the pulp is placed for 1 hour in a 0.25M sodium hydroxide solution at 60° C.
  • the aim of this operation is to extract, from the pulp, the fragmented compounds, phenols and carboxylates, which are soluble in the hot alkaline solution.
  • the pulp thus treated is copiously washed with water in order to remove all traces of base, filtered off and dried in an oven (50° C.) under vacuum.
  • a new determination of the kappa number and also optionally of the DP is then carried out.
  • Table 4 collates the H 2 O 2 contents and the kappa numbers obtained with or without manganese, at a temperature of 90° C., for a duration of oxidation of 3 hours and at a pH of 3.5.
  • the reaction medium After a first treatment, the reaction medium is separated from the paper pulp by filtration. The kappa number is determined on the treated pulp. The reaction medium is brought into contact with a new batch of pulp. A new hydrogen peroxide solution is introduced continuously. It is estimated that from 40 to 50% of the catalyst is recovered after each cycle.
  • An unbleached hardwood pulp which has a kappa number equal to 13 is subjected to the same stages as Example 1 but with ligands of the Bispicen type.
  • Table 13 below shows the role of the substituents on the kappa number obtained.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
  • Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
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US08/356,283 1992-06-22 1993-06-21 Process for the delignifcation and bleaching of a lignocellulose material Expired - Fee Related US5630906A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9207577 1992-06-22
FR9207577A FR2692499B1 (fr) 1992-06-22 1992-06-22 Procédé de délignification et de blanchiment d'une matière lignocellulosique.
PCT/FR1993/000613 WO1994000234A1 (fr) 1992-06-22 1993-06-21 Procede de delignification et de blanchiment d'une matiere lignocellulosique

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US (1) US5630906A (de)
EP (1) EP0647158B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH08500856A (de)
AT (1) ATE157024T1 (de)
AU (1) AU671284B2 (de)
BR (1) BR9306591A (de)
CA (1) CA2138797A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69313284D1 (de)
FI (1) FI945990A (de)
FR (1) FR2692499B1 (de)
NZ (1) NZ253184A (de)
WO (1) WO1994000234A1 (de)

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US6136041A (en) * 1996-04-13 2000-10-24 Jaschinski; Thomas Method for bleaching lignocellulosic fibers
US6140294A (en) * 1998-11-10 2000-10-31 Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa, Division Of Conopco, Inc. Bleach and oxidation catalyst
US6165963A (en) * 1998-11-10 2000-12-26 Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa, Division Of Conopco, Inc. Detergent bleaching composition comprising pentadentate ligand derivatives
EP1101860A1 (de) * 1999-11-19 2001-05-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Verfahren zum Bleichen von Pulpe mittels aktivem Ozon
KR100555040B1 (ko) * 1998-12-29 2006-05-16 주식회사 엘지생활건강 트리스(2-피리딜메틸)아민 망간 착화합물과 이를 함유한 표백제및 표백세제 조성물
US20100159521A1 (en) * 2008-12-19 2010-06-24 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Ozone treatment of biomass to enhance enzymatic saccharification
US20100159522A1 (en) * 2008-12-19 2010-06-24 E.I. De Pont De Nemours And Company Organosolv and ozone treatment of biomass to enhance enzymatic saccharification
US20100159519A1 (en) * 2008-12-19 2010-06-24 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Organic solvent pretreatment of biomass to enhance enzymatic saccharification
US20100159515A1 (en) * 2008-12-19 2010-06-24 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Oxidative pretreatment of biomass to enhance enzymatic saccharification
WO2013123513A1 (en) * 2012-02-17 2013-08-22 PHARMA, Thinq Use of metalloporphyrins and salen complexes for the catalytic oxidation of organic compounds
US20130248128A1 (en) * 2012-03-21 2013-09-26 Los Alamos National Security, Llc Process for decomposing lignin in biomass
US8778136B2 (en) 2009-05-28 2014-07-15 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Modified cellulose from chemical kraft fiber and methods of making and using the same
WO2013126745A3 (en) * 2012-02-23 2015-06-18 Carnegie Mellon University Ligands designed to provide highly active catalyst complexes
US9512563B2 (en) 2009-05-28 2016-12-06 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Surface treated modified cellulose from chemical kraft fiber and methods of making and using same
US9512237B2 (en) 2009-05-28 2016-12-06 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Method for inhibiting the growth of microbes with a modified cellulose fiber
US9511167B2 (en) 2009-05-28 2016-12-06 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Modified cellulose from chemical kraft fiber and methods of making and using the same
US9617686B2 (en) 2012-04-18 2017-04-11 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Use of surfactant to treat pulp and improve the incorporation of kraft pulp into fiber for the production of viscose and other secondary fiber products
US9644042B2 (en) 2010-12-17 2017-05-09 Carnegie Mellon University Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization
US9719208B2 (en) 2011-05-23 2017-08-01 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Low viscosity kraft fiber having reduced yellowing properties and methods of making and using the same
US9951470B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2018-04-24 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Low viscosity kraft fiber having an enhanced carboxyl content and methods of making and using the same
US9982070B2 (en) 2015-01-12 2018-05-29 Carnegie Mellon University Aqueous ATRP in the presence of an activator regenerator
US10000890B2 (en) 2012-01-12 2018-06-19 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Low viscosity kraft fiber having reduced yellowing properties and methods of making and using the same
US20180186634A1 (en) * 2015-06-10 2018-07-05 Catexel Technologies Limited Oxidative method
US10072042B2 (en) 2011-08-22 2018-09-11 Carnegie Mellon University Atom transfer radical polymerization under biologically compatible conditions
US10138598B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2018-11-27 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Method of making a highly functional, low viscosity kraft fiber using an acidic bleaching sequence and a fiber made by the process
US10151064B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2018-12-11 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Softwood kraft fiber having an improved α-cellulose content and its use in the production of chemical cellulose products
US10815616B2 (en) * 2015-06-10 2020-10-27 Catexel Technologies Limited Oxidative method
US10865519B2 (en) 2016-11-16 2020-12-15 Gp Cellulose Gmbh Modified cellulose from chemical fiber and methods of making and using the same
US11174325B2 (en) 2017-01-12 2021-11-16 Carnegie Mellon University Surfactant assisted formation of a catalyst complex for emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization processes

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WO1997048787A1 (en) * 1996-06-19 1997-12-24 Unilever N.V. Bleach activation
CA2248476A1 (en) * 1997-10-01 1999-04-01 Unilever Plc Bleach activation
FR2813896A1 (fr) * 2000-09-14 2002-03-15 Atofina Procede de delignification et blanchiment par un oxydant et un catalyseur d'oxydoreduction
CA2839348A1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2013-01-03 Nano-Green Biorefineries Inc. Catalytic biomass conversion
US11168151B2 (en) 2016-01-28 2021-11-09 Nano-Green Biorefineries Inc. Production of crystalline cellulose

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US5244594A (en) * 1990-05-21 1993-09-14 Lever Brothers Company, Division Of Conopco, Inc. Bleach activation multinuclear manganese-based coordination complexes

Cited By (52)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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ATE157024T1 (de) 1997-09-15
CA2138797A1 (fr) 1994-01-06
AU4333393A (en) 1994-01-24
NZ253184A (en) 1995-09-26
WO1994000234A1 (fr) 1994-01-06
EP0647158A1 (de) 1995-04-12
AU671284B2 (en) 1996-08-22
FR2692499B1 (fr) 1994-08-26
EP0647158B1 (de) 1997-08-20
FR2692499A1 (fr) 1993-12-24
DE69313284D1 (de) 1997-09-25
FI945990A (fi) 1995-02-21
FI945990A0 (fi) 1994-12-21

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