US5315596A - Digital multiplexer with logically allocatable channels and bit rates - Google Patents

Digital multiplexer with logically allocatable channels and bit rates Download PDF

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US5315596A
US5315596A US07/870,456 US87045692A US5315596A US 5315596 A US5315596 A US 5315596A US 87045692 A US87045692 A US 87045692A US 5315596 A US5315596 A US 5315596A
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data
channels
sdm
sub
channel
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Townes T. H. Lee
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Canadian Institute for Broadband and Information Network Technologies Inc CIBINT
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Canadian Institute for Broadband and Information Network Technologies Inc CIBINT
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Priority to CA002073476A priority patent/CA2073476C/en
Priority to CN93106114A priority patent/CN1037565C/zh
Priority to KR1019930006559A priority patent/KR100299920B1/ko
Priority to JP5091658A priority patent/JP2644959B2/ja
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
    • H04J3/16—Time-division multiplex systems in which the time allocation to individual channels within a transmission cycle is variable, e.g. to accommodate varying complexity of signals, to vary number of channels transmitted
    • H04J3/1605—Fixed allocated frame structures
    • H04J3/1623—Plesiochronous digital hierarchy [PDH]
    • H04J3/1641—Hierarchical systems

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  • This invention relates to digital multiplexer-demultiplexer systems having logically allocable data channels and bit rates.
  • bit rates must be supported by a network in such installations because they interconnect the equipment that provides intelligence to the facility.
  • a multiplexer-demultiplexer system is typically used in a network carrying data, which network must be able to support a wide range of bit rates, and to reconfigure quickly, and with minimum cost to accommodate such changes.
  • the multiplexer of a multiplexer-demultiplexer system is designed to combine a number of data signals present at the input channels by multiplex sampling the data signals and transmitting them as a serial bit stream.
  • the demultiplexer extracts the samples from the bit stream and places them into the output channels that correspond to the input channels. The original data signals are then reconstructed and provided as the output signals.
  • the input data signals to a synchronous multiplexer-demultiplexer system usually have the same bit rate and they are arranged to be all in phase at the input of the multiplexer. For this purpose, a single clock frequency supplied by the multiplexer-demultiplexer system is used to generate the data signals.
  • the data signals are then multiplex sampled sequentially and the sampled bits transmitted as a serial bit stream which is the TDM (Time Division Multiplex) signal.
  • TDM Time Division Multiplex
  • the demultiplexer reverses the multiplex sampling operation by separating out each data sample, and delivering a reconstructed data to the output channel that corresponds to the input channel at the multiplexer.
  • the bit rate of an input data signal to the multiplexer is usually slightly lower than the specified operational bit rate of the input channel of a synchronous multiplexer-demultiplexer system.
  • the bit rate of the data signal is adjusted to the specified operational bit rate by a bit-stuffing operation which inserts a sufficient number of dummy bits to bring the data signal bit rate into agreement with the specified operational bit rate.
  • the data signal clock frequency and electronic circuits including a bit-stuffing circuit and a stuff-bit indicator circuit are used to realize this agreement of bit rates.
  • a clock recovery circuit is used to reproduce the frequency.
  • means for identifying the stuff-bits are transmitted to the demultiplexer as part of the TDM bit stream.
  • the synchronously transmitted data signal samples including the stuff-bits are demultiplexed into the output channels corresponding to the input channels.
  • the stuff-bits are removed and the reconstructed data signals are supplied to the output channels at the original bit rate.
  • a tracking clock generator is used to provide the clock frequency necessary to reproduce the original bit rate.
  • Asynchronous high speed over-sampling multiplexer-demultiplexer systems operate on the principle of a high speed commutator and decommutator.
  • the data signals are multiplex sampled by an electronic commutator at a rate 10 times or more higher than the highest bit rate of the data signals.
  • An electronic decommutator is synchronized to the commutator to allow one-to-one correspondence between the multiplexed data channels and demultiplexed data channels.
  • a data channel in a synchronous multiplexer-demultiplexer system can be used as an asynchronous high speed over-sampling channel provided the bit rate of the data signal is approximately 1/10 or lower than the specified operational bit rate of the data channel.
  • Reconfiguring a synchronous multiplexer-demultiplexer system to accommodate a change in the operational bit rate of a data channel and/or the number of data channels involves a major modification in the system, or, in most cases, a complete replacement of the system. The cost of such reconfigurations are prohibitive.
  • Asynchronous high speed over-sampling multiplexer-demultiplexer systems cannot have many high bit rate data channels because the operational bit rate will readily exceed 100 Mb/s. Such bit rates require high cost ECL and GaAs integrated circuits, and cost effectiveness of the system is significantly diminished.
  • a multiplexer-demultiplexer system for a facility such as an intelligent building should support bit rates ranging from DC contact closures to above 10 Mb/s for LANs (Local Area Networks) such as the Ethernet.
  • LANs Local Area Networks
  • the present invention is a multiplexer-demultiplexer system with a multiplexer and corresponding demultiplexer that can multiplex transmit a plurality of data signals with a wide range of differing bit rates; can be utilized synchronously and/or asynchronously and/or in an asynchronous high speed over-sampling manner.
  • SDM Space Division Multiplex
  • TDM Time Division Multiplex
  • One or more SDM data channels can carry signals from a plurality of data signal sources through suitable allocation of TDM sub-channels to the data signal sources.
  • the bit rates of the data signals need not be the same.
  • Signals from a single data source can also be multiplex transmitted on one or more SDM data channels.
  • Interface cards are used to provide the connections between the data signal sources and the SDM data channels to facilitate the multiplexed transmission of a wide range of data signals with differing bit rates.
  • the present invention offers the flexibility of choosing, according to the transmission bit rate required by a given signal source, one or more SDM data channels by connection at the interface card socket, or by connections through wiring, or by suitable manual or processor operated switches on the interface card.
  • the present invention also provides the flexibility of choosing, according to the transmission bit rate required by a given signal source, one or more TDM sub-channels that are either on the same SDM data channel, or are spread among a multiplicity of SDM data channels, by a set of electronic logic signals applied by connections through wiring, or through suitable manual or processor operated switches on the interface card.
  • connections and switches noted above can be used to select SDM and/or TDM sub-channels in a fixed manner, or manually, or electronically. Remote electronic selection by a processor is also possible as in the case where two sets of multiplexer-demultiplexer systems are used to establish a fully bidirectional transmission system.
  • a unique electronic identifier code can be provided on the interface card by using electronic memories.
  • the transmission bit rate of the data signal source or data receiver that is connected to the interface card can be accommodated automatically.
  • An electronic identifier code for the position (i.e. socket number) of the interface card socket can also be provided to the electronic memory for the purpose of managing a network formed by a collection of multiplexer-demultiplexers systems.
  • the unique identifier code of the interface card and the socket number code can be transmitted to a remote processor that controls the SDM data channel and TDM sub-channel selections, through one of the TDM sub-channels in a fully bidirectional transmission system consisting of two sets of multiplexer-demultiplexer systems.
  • a data multiplexer-demultiplexer system is comprised of a space division multiplexer and demultiplexer each having a plurality of input SDM and output SDM data channels, each SDM data channel being adapted to carry a first number of TDM sub-channels at a first clock rate; and the following apparatus at the multiplexer; apparatus for multiplex sampling on to SDM data channels data signals from external sources, in synchronism with the first clock rate; Apparatus for generating a series of second clock rates derived from the first clock rate; apparatus for selecting one or more TDM sub-channels; apparatus for multiplex sampling into one or more selected TDM sub-channels data signals from external sources, in synchronism with one of the series of second clock rates; apparatus for applying the multiplex sampled data signals to one or more of the SDM data channels; and the following apparatus at the demultiplexer; apparatus to recover and regenerate the first clock rate; apparatus to generate a second series of clock rates from the regenerated first clock rate;
  • the present invention can be used as a synchronous multiplexer-demultiplexer system.
  • data signals that have bit rates corresponding to the first clock rate, or, one or more of the series of second clock rates can be multiplex transmitted synchronously through the system.
  • the present invention can also be used as an asynchronous multiplexer-demultiplexer system by using well known electronic methods such as bit-stuffing.
  • the present invention can also be used as an asynchronous high speed over-sampling multiplexer-demultiplexer system as well.
  • FIG. 1 is a block schematic illustrating the SDM data channels at the multiplexer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a block schematic illustrating the sub-multiplexing TDM sub-channels at the multiplexer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the SDM data channels and synchronization scheme at the demultiplexer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6A and 6B are circuit diagrams that can be used to bring the TDM sub-channels at the demultiplexer into one-to-one correspondence with those at the multiplexer;
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating the TDM sub-channels at the demultiplexer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for sub-multiplexing a 1.25 Mb/s data signal synchronously
  • FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of a multiplex sampling circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment, of FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the 1.25 Mb/s data signal
  • FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of a demultiplex sampling circuit and data signal reconstruction circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for sub-multiplexing a 2.50 Mb/s data signal synchronously;
  • FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of a multiplex sampling circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the 2.50 Mb/s data signal
  • FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram of a demultiplex sampling circuit and data signal reconstruction circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 14;
  • FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for sub-multiplexing a 5.00 Mb/s data signal synchronously
  • FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram of a multiplex sampling circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 16;
  • FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the 5.00 Mb/s data signal
  • FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram of a demultiplex sampling circuit and data signal reconstruction circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 18;
  • FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for sub-multiplexing a 4-bit parallel 1.25 Mb/s data signal synchronously;
  • FIG. 21 is a circuit diagram of a multiplex sampling circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 20;
  • FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the 4-bit parallel 1.25 Mb/s data signal
  • FIG. 23 is a circuit diagram of a demultiplex sampling circuit and data signal reconstruction circuit that can be used to form part of the embodiment of FIG. 22;
  • FIG. 24 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for sub-multiplexing a 10 Mb/s data signal synchronously
  • FIG. 25 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the 10 Mb/s data signal
  • FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the 1.00 Mb/s data signal
  • FIG. 28 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for sub-multiplexing a DC to 125 kb/s data signal by asynchronous high speed over-sampling
  • FIG. 29 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the DC to 125 kb/s data signal
  • FIG. 30 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for sub-multiplexing a 20 Mb/s data signal synchronously by first deserializing the data signal;
  • FIG. 31 is a block diagram illustrating an interface card for demultiplexing the 20 Mb/s data signal by reconstruction through serialization
  • FIG. 32 is a block diagram illustrating a multiplexer using a set of switches to allocate the SDM data channel in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 23 is a block diagram illustrating a demultiplexer using a set of switches to allocate the SDM data channel in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 34 is a block diagram illustrating the manner in which SDM data channels and TDM sub-channels may be allocated automatically from a remote location by identifying the interface card type, and at the same time register the socket number of the interface card socket.
  • FIGS. 34A and 34B are enlarged sections of FIG. 34.
  • an example of an embodiment of the invention to be described herein is a digital multiplexer-demultiplexer system offering 10 SDM (Spatial Division Multiplex) data channels, with each channel providing 8 TDM (Time Division Multiplex) sub-channels.
  • SDM Spatial Division Multiplex
  • TDM Time Division Multiplex
  • the number of SDM data channels and TDM sub-channels 10 and 8 respectively, are chosen here for illustrative purposes only, and do not mean to restrict the scope of the invention.
  • each of the SDM data channels is assumed to accept a data signal with a bit rate of 10 Mb/s, synchronously. Therefore, each of the 8 TDM sub-channels accepts data signals with a bit rate of
  • An SDM data channel can be shared by up to 8 data signal sources because 8 TDM sub-channels are available on an SDM data channel. Also, a single data signal source can select a number of TDM sub-channels according to the required signal bit rate of the data signal source, and these TDM sub-channels may be located on the same SDM data channel, or spread among many SDM data channels.
  • TDM sub-channels By selecting one or more TDM sub-channels by means of electronic logic addressing, many data signal sources with a wide range of different bit rates can be multiplexed on to a single transmission line as part of the 100 Mb/s bit stream.
  • the multiplexer-demultiplexer system can accept a wide range of data bit rates from many data signal sources and transmit them through a single transmission line to be reproduced by the demultiplexer.
  • TDM digital multiplexer integrated circuits A number of high speed TDM digital multiplexer integrated circuits are on the market today.
  • the AMD Advanced Micro Devices Inc.
  • TAXIChip Transparent Asynchronous Xmitter-receiver Interface Chip
  • Model AM7968 is one such example.
  • the AM7968 has 10 input data channels and each channel can accept a data bit rate ranging from 3.2 Mb/s to 10 Mb/s.
  • the maximum aggregate data bit rate is 100 Mb/s.
  • the housekeeping and information for demultiplexing adds 25 Mb/s, giving a maximum operational bit rate of 125 Mb/s.
  • Synchronous multiplexing here means that the data signal input to a multiplexer data channel must be presented at the same clock rate (e.g. 10 MHz) at which the data is being multiplex sampled. In addition, the data signal must be in phase with the multiplex sampling signal.
  • clock rate e.g. 10 MHz
  • the present invention uses a synchronous multiplexer-demultiplexer system that provides parallel input and output data channels.
  • the data signals at the input data channels of the multiplexer are multiplex sampled synchronously and transmitted to the demultiplexer where they are demultiplexed into the corresponding output data channels.
  • Such a system can be found in integrated circuits such as the AM7968 and AM7969 pair.
  • NRZ Non-Return to Zero
  • the 10 data channels can be viewed as 10 channels that are present in physical space and available to external data sources. In other words, they are in fact SDM (Space Division Multiplex) channels each operating at a 10 Mb/s bit rate.
  • SDM Space Division Multiplex
  • each of the 10 SDM data channels are connected in common to PC (Printed Circuit) board sockets 100A to 100N and in turn to an SDM multiplexer 102.
  • the SDM multiplexer 102 has an output channel 104 for carrying the multiplexed data signal.
  • a 10 MHz clock 106 is connected to the SDM multiplexer 102 to serve as the reference clock which synchronously operates each of the 10 SDM data channels at 10 Mb/s.
  • an SDM data channel may be shared by a number of interface cards because each SDM data channel has a number of TDM (Time Division Multiplex) sub-channels available.
  • TDM Time Division Multiplex
  • the 10 MHz clock 106 is also connected to a synchronous counter 108 which synchronously divides the 10 MHz clock signal and generates the series of clock signals:
  • clock signals are digital bit streams of RZ (Return to Zero) signals at the specified frequencies. They, together with the 10 MHz clock signal, are supplied to the sockets 100A to 100N through the circuit lines referenced with circled numbers 11 to 14.
  • the TDM sub-channels are established on each SDM data channel by using the series of clock signals generated by the synchronous counter 108.
  • an example of 8 TDM sub-channels i.e. time-slots
  • the multiplexer-demultiplexer system Since there are 10 SDM data channels each with 8 TDM sub-channels (i.e. time-slots), the multiplexer-demultiplexer system has 80 TDM sub-channels available.
  • a TDM sub-channel operates at 1.25 Mb/s and a multiple of this bit rate can be transmitted by choosing a suitable combination of TDM sub-channels.
  • the highest combined bit rate is set by the aggregate SDM data channel capacity which is 100 Mb/s.
  • Housekeeping signals such as those for synchronizing the SDM multiplexer 102 and SDM demultiplexer are added to this 100 Mb/s bit stream and the final bit rate is 125 Mb/s.
  • the aggregate bit rate is considered to be 100 Mb/s.
  • the time-slot arrangement for TDM sub-channels (i.e. time-slots) is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the 8 TDM subchannel time-slots can be identified by a 3-bit binary code.
  • the lowest, middle and highest order digit in the address code are set by the logic levels of the clock signals C 5 , C 2 .5 and C l .25, respectively.
  • the lowest clock rate C 1 .25 is divided in half by divider 200 to provide a clock C 0 .625 at 0.625 MHz, the application of which will be described later.
  • the sequence of addresses is repeated continuously to establish the TDM scheme.
  • Selection of a single TDM sub-channel time-slot out of the 8 that are available is achieved by supplying a 3-bit binary code that specifies a TDM sub-channel time slot, to a 3-bit binary comparator which compares the code to the logic levels of the clock signals C 5 , C 2 .5 and C 1 .25. When a match is found, an enable pulse is produced synchronously With the clock signal C10 and supplied to a latching circuit which multiplex samples the data signal.
  • the multiplexer system has ten 10 Mb/s SDM data channels that are multiplexed into a 100 Mb/s data bit stream.
  • the 8 TDM sub-channel time-slots of each SDM data channel are identified by a 3-bit binary code which provides 8 TDM sub-channel time-slot addresses. This means that a 10 Mb/s SDM data channel is sub-multiplexed into eight 1.25 Mb/s TDM sub-channels.
  • the TDM sub-channel time-slots are repeated continuously.
  • One or more specific TDM sub-channel time-slots can be used by an interface card to sub-multiplex a data signal on to a particular SDM data channel.
  • a 3-bit binary code comparator and latching circuit are used to sub-multiplex a data signal into one or more specific TDM sub-channel time-slots.
  • FIG. 3 shows a block schematic illustrating the generation of this synchronization signal
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing key elements of FIG. 3.
  • the comparator 300 compares the 000 address with the C 5 , C 2 .5 and C 1 .25 clock signals. When the logic levels of the three clock signals match the logic levels of the address 000, an enable pulse is generated in synchronization with the C10 clock signal and provided to the latching circuit 302.
  • the two inputs C 1 .25 and C 0 .625, and the enable pulse from the comparator 300 combine to produce a 1.25 Mb/s NRZ (None Return to Zero) TDM sub-channel time-slot synchronization signal that is alternating between logic levels 0 and 1 because, in effect the C 0 .625 clock signal is being sampled by the C 1 .25 clock signal.
  • This synchronization signal is placed on to the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 1 by a wire connection.
  • FIGS. 5 and 7 show block diagrams of the SDM demultiplexer.
  • FIG. 7 is a reproduction of FIG. 5 but modified to illustrate the various clock signals and TDM sub-channel time-slots.
  • the 100 Mb/s multiplexed data signal is connected to the input of the SDM demultiplexer 502 which is the counterpart of the SDM multiplexer 102.
  • the SDM demultiplexer 502 has 10 SDM data channels reference with circled numbers 1 to 10 as outputs, each with a 10 Mb/s bit rate.
  • the SDM data channels at the demultiplexer system are in one-to-one correspondence with those at the multiplexer system.
  • Each of the SDM data channels are connected in common to PC (Printed Circuit) board sockets 500A to 500N.
  • Interface cards in the form of PC boards that are the counterparts to interface cards plugged in at the multiplexer, are plugged into sockets 500A to 500N.
  • External data receivers are connected to the demultiplexer through these interface cards.
  • the PC board contacts, or jumper wires connected to the PC board contacts, or switches connected to the PC board contacts are physically connected to one or more SDM data channels that correspond to those that are used by the counterpart interface card at the multiplexer.
  • an SDM data channel may be shared by a number of interface cards because each SDM data channel has 8 TDM (Time Division Multiplex) sub-channels available.
  • the 10 MHz clock signal is also supplied to a synchronous counter 508 which produces the synchronous clock signals:
  • the synchronous counter 508 is controlled by a signal from a TDM sub-channel time-slot synchronization bit detector 510.
  • FIG. 6A shows the circuits for the synchronization bit detector 510 which detects whether the TDM sub-channel time-slots have achieved one-to-one correspondence with those at the multiplexer.
  • the bit in one of the TDM sub-channels time-slots in the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 1 is sampled and held for comparison with the 8th TDM sub-channel time-slot that follows.
  • This comparison is accomplished when the 3-bit binary code comparator 512 which compares the 000 address with the clock signals C 1 .25, C 2 .5 and C 5 and detects agreement of the logic levels. Then, in synchronization with the C10 clock signal, a logic pulse signal is sent to the TDM sub-channel time-slot synchronization bit detector circuit 510.
  • the sub-channel time-slot chosen above may not be the correct time slot that is being sought.
  • the TDM sub-channel time-slot synchronization bit detector stores 2 consecutive logic levels of what is considered to be the TDM sub-channel time-slot 000 on SDM data channel referenced with circled number 1, into a shift-register formed by two D-type flip-flop circuits 514. If the stored logic levels are 0 and 0, or 1 and 1, a logic level 1 is sent to the synchronous counter 508, the circuit of which is shown in FIG. 6B. This logic level 1 is the synchronization Not-OK signal.
  • An exclusive NOR gate 516 is used for the purpose of transmitting the synchronization Not-OK signal.
  • a logic level 0 is sent to the synchronous counter 508 as a synchronization OK signal, through the exclusive NOR gate 516.
  • the count cycle of the synchronous counter is set at 16 instead of 8 because two consecutive bits in the 000 address must be compared.
  • Table 3 on the following page illustrates the progress towards achieving synchronization through this process of shifting the TDM sub-channel time-slot address by 1 bit at a time with respect to the 10 MHz clock signal.
  • the 1 bit shift is continued until the logic level from the synchronization detector 510 is 0, indicating that synchronization is OK.
  • the synchronous counter 508 the counter counts 16 bits from 0 to 15 and resets.
  • the 000 address detected by the 3-bit binary code comparator becomes the same as that established by the multiplexer.
  • the clock signals and TDM sub-channel time-slots at the demultiplexer achieve synchronization and one-to-one correspondence respectively, with those at the multiplexer in this manner, by using the TDM sub-channel time-slot 000 on SDM data channel referenced with circled number 1, as the reference point.
  • the synchronous counter 508 is set to produce and continuously repeat the pattern of clock signals that are shown in FIGS. 2 and 7.
  • the multiplexer system establishes 8 TDM sub-channel time-slots with addresses 000 to 111 inclusively.
  • the TDM sub-channel time-slot 000 on the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 1 is provided with a synchronization signal that is continuously alternating between 0 and 1 logic levels.
  • the repeated 0, 1 pattern is detected by the synchronization bit detector 510 and synchronization achieved. Until this happens, the search for the 0, 1 pattern is carried out by shifting the search address one by one, as shown in Table 3.
  • the 100 Mb/s multiplexed data stream is demultiplexed into 10 SDM data channels, each with a 10 Mb/s bit rate.
  • the TDM sub-channel time-slots of a 10 Mb/s SDM data channel are identified by a 3-bit binary code which provides 8 TDM sub-channel time-slot addresses. These addresses are repeated cyclically.
  • the data in a particular TDM sub-channel time-slot is extracted (i.e. demultiplexed) by a latching circuit where the enable signal is provided when the particular binary code of the address of a TDM sub-channel time-slot is detected by a 3-bit binary code comparator.
  • the multiplexer-demultiplexer system described here offers 10 SDM data channels and 8 TDM sub-channels for each SDM data channel. Therefore, a total of 80 TDM sub-channels are available.
  • Each of the TDM sub-channels accepts data signals synchronously at a bit rate of 1.25 Mb/s and/or each of the SDM data channels can accept data signals synchronously at a bit rate of 10 Mb/s.
  • Interface cards can be designed to select a number of TDM sub-channels and/or SDM data channels as the application demands.
  • the SDM data channels can be selected by connections to the contacts of the interface card PC board which plugs into one of the sockets 100A to 100N, or 500A to 500N.
  • the application requires a 10 Mb/s data channel such as the case of an Ethernet LAN (Local Area Network)
  • one of the SDM data channels can be dedicated to its use.
  • a single SDM data channel can be shared by a number of data signal sources because each SDM data channel has 8 TDM sub-channels which might be used by different data signal sources.
  • a data signal source can use a number of TDM sub-channels depending on the bit rate of the data signal source.
  • the TDM sub-channels may be chosen from one SDM data channel, or spread among a number of SDM data channels.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an interface card 800 that sub-multiplexes a 1.25 Mb/s data signal from an external data source 802 on to the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 2 and FIG. 9 shows the circuit diagram corresponding to key portions of the block diagram.
  • switches 804 such as DIP (Dual In-line Package) switches or from an electronic source such as a microcontroller.
  • an enable pulse is sent to a latching circuit 806 in synchronization with the clock signal C 10 . Then the incoming 1.25 Mb/s data signal from the data signal source 802 is sampled for multiplexing and placed on to SDM data channel referenced with circled number 2.
  • the multiplex sampled signal has a pulse width equal to that of the width of an NRZ 10 Mb/s signal. The same can be said of all multiplex sampled signals discussed in the following application examples.
  • the C 1 .25 clock signal is supplied to the data signal source 802 as a reference.
  • FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of an interface card 1000 that sub-demultiplexes the 1.25 Mb/s data signal and FIG. 11 shows the circuit diagram corresponding to key portions of the block diagram.
  • a 3-bit binary comparator 1002 compares the 3-bit TDM sub-channel time-slot address code 010 with the clock signals C 5 , C 2 .5 and C 1 .25 derived as described with reference to FIGS. 5, 6A and 6B.
  • This address code can, of course, be provided through a set of mechanical switches 1004 such as DIP (Dual In-line Package) switches or from an electronic source such as a microcontroller.
  • an enable pulse is sent to a latching circuit 1004 in synchronization with the clock signal C10.
  • the latching circuit extracts the sample bit belonging to the original 1.25 Mb/s data signal, reconstructs the original data signal bit and provides it to the output line 1006. Repeated operations reproduce the original signal.
  • FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an interface card 1200 that sub-multiplexes a 2.50 Mb/s data signal from an external data source 1202 on to the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 3 and FIG. 13 shows the circuit diagram corresponding to key portions of the block diagram.
  • X is used to represent the highest order bit that is ignored.
  • the binary value of 11 occurs at time-slots 3 & 7.
  • the logic levels 11 for the TDM sub-channel time-slot addresses can be provided through a set of mechanical switches 1204 such as DIP switches or from an electronic source such as a microcontroller.
  • a 2-bit binary code comparator 1206 receives the logic address 11 and compares it to the logic levels of the clock signals C 5 and C 2 .5 from the synchronous counter 108.
  • an enable pulse is sent to a latching circuit 806 in synchronization with the clock signal C 10 . Then the incoming 2.50 Mb/s data signal from the data signal source 1202 is multiplex sampled and placed on to SDM data channel referenced with circled number 3.
  • the C 2 .5 clock signal is supplied to the data signal source 1202 as a reference.
  • FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of an interface card 1400 that sub-demultiplexes a 2.50 Mb/s data signal and FIG. 15 shows the circuit diagram corresponding to key portions of the block diagram.
  • a 2-bit binary comparator 1402 compares the 2-bit TDM sub-channel time-slot address code 11 with the clock signals C 5 and C 2 .5 from the synchronous counter 508.
  • the address code can, of course, be provided through a set of mechanical switches 1404 such as DIP switches or from an electronic source such as a microcontroller.
  • an enable pulse is sent to a latching circuit 1404 in synchronization with the clock signal C 10 .
  • the latching circuit extracts the sample bit belonging to the original 2.50 Mb/s data signal, reconstructs the original data signal bit and provides it to the output line 1406. Repeated operations reproduce the original signal.
  • FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an interface card 1600 that sub-multiplexes a 5.00 Mb/s data signal from an external data source 1602 on to the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 3 and FIG. 17 shows the circuit diagram corresponding to key portions of the block diagram.
  • the logic level 1 for the TDM sub-channel time-slot addresses can be provided through a set of mechanical switches 1604 such as DIP switches or from an electronic source such as a microcontroller.
  • a 1-bit binary code comparator 1606 receives the logic address 1 and compares it to the logic levels of the clock signals C 5 . When the bit pattern 1 is detected, an enable pulse is sent to a latching circuit 806 in synchronization with the clock signal C 10 . Then the incoming 5.00 Mb/s data signal from the data signal source 1602 is multiplex sampled and placed on to the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 3.
  • the C 5 clock signal is supplied to the data signal source 1602 as a reference.
  • FIG. 18 shows a block diagram of an interface card 1800 that sub-demultiplexes a 5.00 Mb/s data signal and FIG. 19 shows the circuit diagram corresponding to key portions of the block diagram.
  • a 1-bit binary comparator 1802 compares the 1-bit TDM sub-channel time-slot address code 1 with the clock signals C 5 from the synchronous counter 508.
  • This address code can, of course, be provided through a set of mechanical switches 1804 such as DIP switches or from an electronic source such as a microcontroller.
  • an enable pulse is sent to a latching circuit 1004 in synchronization with the clock signal C 10 .
  • the latching circuit extracts the sample bit belonging to the original 5.0 Mb/s data signal, reconstructs the original data signal bit and provides it to the output line 1806. Repeated operations reproduce the original signal.
  • Digital data signals are not always in the form of a serial bit stream. In many cases parallel digital data signals such as those for printers, are encountered in personal computers.
  • FIG. 20 shows the block diagram of an example of an interface card 2000 that sub-multiplexes a 1.25 Mb/s 4-bit parallel data signal from an external data source 2002.
  • FIG. 21 shows the circuit diagram of key portions of the block diagram.
  • FIG. 22 shows a block diagram of an interface card 2200 that sub-demultiplexes the 1.25 Mb/s 4-bit parallel data signal from the external data source 2002
  • FIG. 23 shows the circuit diagram corresponding to key portions of the block diagram. This card is the counterpart to the interface card 2000 described above.
  • FIG. 24 shows a block diagram of an interface card 2400 that synchronously multiplexes a 10 Mb/s data signal from an external data source 2402.
  • the latching circuit 2404 samples the 10 Mb/s data signal from the external data source 2402, in synchronization with the 10 Mb/s bit rate of the SDM data channel and places the multiplex sample on to the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 2.
  • the multiplex sampled data is transmitted as part of the 100 Mb/s bit stream on the output line 104 of the SDM multiplexer 102.
  • the C 10 clock signal is supplied to the data signal source 2402 as a reference.
  • FIG. 25 shows a block diagram of an interface card 2500 that demultiplexes the 10 Mb/s multiplexed data signal.
  • This card is the counterpart to the interface card 2400 described above. It recovers the 10 Mb/s data signal that was multiplexed on to the SDM data channel referenced with circled number 2.
  • the latching circuit 2504 extracts the original 10 Mb/s data signal, and provides it to the output 2506.
  • Data signals with asynchronous bit rates with respect to the clock rates such as 1.25 MHz, 2.50 MHz, 5.00 MHz and 10 MHz, of the multiplexer-demultiplexer system can still be multiplex transmitted synchronously if their bit rates are adjusted to match that of one of the clock rates that are available.
  • the multiplexed transmission of an asynchronous 1.00 Mb/s data signal is discussed below.
  • Well known combinations of electronic circuits 2607 that include circuits such as clock recovery, bit-stuffing and buffer circuits, are used to recover the clock frequency of 1.00 MHz from the 1.00 Mb/s data signal of an external data source 2602, and additional stuff-bits are added to the original 1.00 Mb/s data signal to adjust the data signal bit rate to 1.25 Mb/s.
  • FIG. 27 shows a block diagram of an interface card 2700 that sub-demultiplexes the 1.00 Mb/s data signal.
  • the latching circuit 2704 extracts the sample bits belonging to the 1.25 Mb/s data signal with stuff-bits, reconstructs a 1.25 Mb/s data signal and provides it to the electronic circuits 2707.
  • the latching circuit 2704 also extracts the 1.25 Mb/s stuff-bit indicator signal and provides it to the electronic circuits 2707.
  • the stuff-bits are identified by the stuff-bit indicator signals and removed from the 1.25 Mb/s which is converted back to the original 1.00 Mb/s data signal.
  • the tracking clock generator is used to recreate the original 1.00 MHz clock signal which is also provided as an output on the output line 2708.
  • the multiplexing is performed by high speed over-sampling at 1.25 Mb/s.
  • the design and operation of the circuits are identical to that of FIGS. 8 and 9 except that the clock signal C1.25 is not supplied to the data signal source.
  • FIG. 29 shows a block diagram of an interface card 2900 that sub-demultiplexes the DC to 125 kb/s data signal.
  • FIG. 30 shows a block diagram of an interface card 3000 that sub-multiplexes a 20 Mb/s data signal from an external data source 3002 on to the SDM data channels referenced with circled number 2 and 3 of the multiplexer.
  • the 20 Mb/s data signal is first deserialized into 2-parallel 10 Mb/s signals by a deserializer 3004.
  • a 20 MHz clock signal is provided by a frequency doubler circuit 3006 to the deserializer 3004 for this purpose.
  • the parallel 10 Mb/s signals are then placed on to SDM data channels referenced with circled number 2 and 3.
  • the sub-multiplexed parallel 10 Mb/s signals are then transmitted as part of the 100 Mb/s multiplexed data bit steam.
  • the 20 MHz clock signal is supplied to the data signal source 3002 as a reference.
  • FIG. 31 shows a block diagram of an interface card 3100 that sub-demultiplexes the 2 parallel 10 Mb/s data signals.
  • This card is the counterpart to the interface card 3000 described in FIG. 30. It recovers the 2 parallel 10 Mb/s data signals that were multiplexed on to the SDM data channels referenced with circled number 2 and 3, serializes them into the original 20 Mb/s data signal and places the recovered signal on to the output line 3006.
  • a 20 MHz clock signal is provided by a frequency doubler circuit 3106 to the serializer for this operation.
  • the selection of an SDM data channel in the multiplexer-demultiplexer system can be accomplished either at the PC board socket by a contact on the connector section of the interface card PC board, or by a wire connection to the contact, or by a connection through mechanical switches to the contact, or by a connection through an electronic circuit (i.e. spatial) switch to the contact.
  • FIGS. 32 and 33 show an arrangement for switch-selecting an SDM data channel in a multiplexer and a demultiplexer, respectively.
  • the example is for synchronously sub-multiplexing and sub-demultiplexing a 5.00 Mb/s data signal, similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 16 and 18.
  • SPST Single-Pole Single-Throw mechanical switches 3202 and 3302 such as DIP switches ca be used to provide flexibility in assigning the 10 SDM data channels.
  • a series of electrical relays might be used but more practically, an array of electronically controlled semiconductor switches contained in a single integrated circuit such as the model DG535 manufactured by Siliconix, Inc., can be used.
  • Electronic logic signals from a microcontroller, microprocessor or personal computer can be used to control these semiconductor switches.
  • the selection of a TDM sub-channel time-slot can be accomplished by simply wire-connecting the necessary logic levels of a binary code to the binary code comparator.
  • the selection of a TDM sub-channel time-slot can be achieved electronically through a set of semiconductor switches similar to the DG535.
  • the switches specifying TDM sub-channel time-slots such as those indicated in FIGS. 8, 10, 12, 14 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32 and 33 can be replaced by such semiconductor switches.
  • the logic address signals to the binary code comparator that produces the TDM sub-channel time-slot selection enable pulse can be supplied from a microcontroller, microprocessor or personal computer.
  • FIG. 34 shows a block diagram for the remote identification of an interface card and remote allocation of SDM data channels and TDM sub-channel time-slots in a fully bi-directional multiplexer-demultiplexer system made up by multiplexer-demultiplexer systems 3401 and 3404.
  • FIGS. 34A and 34B show block diagrams of the two systems 3401 and 3403, respectively.
  • One direction of multiplexed transmission is performed by the set of SDM multiplexer 3411 and SDM demultiplexer 3409, while the opposite direction of multiplexed transmission is performed by the set of SDM multiplexer 3410 and SDM demultiplexer 3412.
  • a personal computer 3408 with an RD-232C data line is used to monitor the interface card identifications and allocate the SDM data channels and TDM sub-channel time-slots.
  • An interface card 3400 with an RS-232C data line interface 3407 is used to establish a full duplex communication line between the microcontroller 3406 on the interface card 3402, and personal computer 3408.
  • the RS-232C data line interface and TDM sub-channel selection 3407 uses SDM data channels referenced with circled number 1, and a suitable TDM sub-channel time-slot on the SDM data channels as part of the full duplex communication line between the personal computer 3408 and microcontroller 3406.
  • the TDM sub-channel selectors 3404 and 3405 on the interface card 3402 complete the full duplex communication line between the personal computer 3408 and microcontroller 3406.
  • the PC board socket number identifier is provided by a set of 4-bit binary logic levels 3409, 3410, 3411 and 3412 at the socket contacts of socket 100A.
  • the logic levels are provided by wire connections to the appropriate logic levels.
  • the first socket i.e. 100A and 500A
  • the binary code 0000 is supplied to the microcontroller 3406 which communicates the code to the personal computer through the RS-232C data line. In this manner, whenever an interface card is installed, its location can be made known to the remote personal computer 3408.
  • the type of interface card, its SDM data channel and TDM sub-channel time-slot requirements stored in the microcontroller memory, can be communicated to the remote personal computer 3408.
  • the remote personal computer 3408 can transmit appropriate digital instruction to the microcontroller through the RS-232C data line, and provide binary code instructions 3413 and 3414 to electronically controlled semiconductor switches such as those illustrated in FIGS. 32 and 33 (i.e. switches 3202, 3302, 1604 and 1804) and complete the allocation of the SDM data channel and TDM sub-channel time-slots.
  • the embodiments described above offer a multiplexer-demultiplexer system that can multiplex transmit a wide range data signals with differing bit rates.
  • the option of further TDM sub-sub-multiplexing an already sub-multiplexed TDM sub-channel exists. By such sub-sub-multiplexing which can be repeated a number of times, a very wide range of low bit rate data signals can be multiplex transmitted.
  • the multiplex transmission can be performed synchronously, asynchronously and by asynchronous high speed over-sampling. Note that all 3 approaches can be used at the same time and that data signals with differing bit rates can also be multiplex transmitted at the same time as well.
  • the flexibility of the multiplexer-demultiplexer system describe herein arises from the availability of a number of SDM data channels and TDM sub-channel time-slots to every interface card, and from the freedom to allocate these channels as the need arises.
  • the possibility of allocating these channels by remote control further enhances the flexibility of this multiplexer-demultiplexer system.

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US07/870,456 1992-04-16 1992-04-17 Digital multiplexer with logically allocatable channels and bit rates Expired - Lifetime US5315596A (en)

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CA002073476A CA2073476C (en) 1992-04-17 1992-07-08 Digital multiplexer with logically allocatable channels and bit rates
CN93106114A CN1037565C (zh) 1992-04-17 1993-04-16 一种数据多路复用器－多路分解器系统
KR1019930006559A KR100299920B1 (ko) 1992-04-16 1993-04-17 데이타멀티플렉서-디멀티플렉서시스템
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JP5743055B2 (ja) * 2010-12-16 2015-07-01 ピーエスフォー ルクスコ エスエイアールエルＰＳ４ Ｌｕｘｃｏ Ｓ．ａ．ｒ．ｌ． 半導体装置

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WO1995021491A1 (en) * 1994-02-04 1995-08-10 Digital Theater Systems, L.P. Method and apparatus for multiplexed encoding of digital audio information onto a digital audio storage medium
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US20150098559A1 (en) * 2012-07-03 2015-04-09 Timothy D Root Synchronizing audio signal sampling in a wireless, digital audio conferencingt system
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US20180253572A1 (en) * 2017-03-02 2018-09-06 Walmart Apollo, Llc Systems and methods for testing smart card operation
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CN1082792A (zh) 1994-02-23
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CA2073476C (en) 2000-12-05
JPH0646027A (ja) 1994-02-18
CN1037565C (zh) 1998-02-25

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