US5275228A - Process and apparatus for production of single-crystal turbine blades - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for production of single-crystal turbine blades Download PDF

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Publication number
US5275228A
US5275228A US07/806,876 US80687691A US5275228A US 5275228 A US5275228 A US 5275228A US 80687691 A US80687691 A US 80687691A US 5275228 A US5275228 A US 5275228A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
casting mold
seed crystal
casting
crystal
conductive block
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US07/806,876
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English (en)
Inventor
Jurgen Wortmann
Robert Wege
Fritz Staub
Bruno Walser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Doncasters Precision Castings Bochum GmbH
Original Assignee
Sulzer MTU Casting Tech GmbH
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Assigned to SULZER-MTU CASTING TECHNOLOGY GMBH reassignment SULZER-MTU CASTING TECHNOLOGY GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: STAUB, FRITZ, WALSER, BRUNO, WEGE, ROBERT, WORTMANN, JURGEN
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Publication of US5275228A publication Critical patent/US5275228A/en
Assigned to TFB FEINGUSSWERK BOCHUM GMBH reassignment TFB FEINGUSSWERK BOCHUM GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SULZER-MTU CASTING TECHNOLOGY GMBH
Assigned to DONCASTERS PRECISION CASTINGS - BOCHUM GMBH reassignment DONCASTERS PRECISION CASTINGS - BOCHUM GMBH CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TBF FEINGUSSWERK BOCHUM GMBH
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
    • B22D27/045—Directionally solidified castings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
    • C30B29/52—Alloys

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process and apparatus for the production of a single crystal article, such as a turbine blade, by casting molten metal into a casting mold with a seed crystal arranged at the bottom of the casting mold.
  • a process and apparatus are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,436, by which production of single-crystal structural parts is achieved by means of a single-crystal seed crystal placed at the bottom of a casting mold.
  • This process and apparatus has the disadvantage that the seed crystal surface is subjected to an aggressive atmosphere due to the evaporation of volatile components from the casting mold during the entire purification and warm-up time of the casting mold, which increases the risk of polycrystal growth, slip formation and a high concentration of crystal defects at least in the initial phase of crystal growth.
  • the conventional seed crystals usually have a large number of defects, i.e. are defect-rich and thereby disadvantageously tend toward polycrystalline growth.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a process and apparatus for increasing the reproducibility of the single-crystal cultivation in the production of single crystal articles, such as turbine blades so that less waste occurs, and valuable single-crystal blades can be produced for drive apparatus.
  • This process has the advantage that an undisrupted epitaxial growth of the melt at the seed crystal is assured due to the preparation of a defectpoor single-crystal seed crystal and the subsequent bringing together, at casting temperature, of the seed crystal, the heated casting mold and the molten metal, since the seed crystal is subjected to the heated casting mold only for a few seconds before being covered with the molten metal; thus a contamination of the seed crystal surface due to impurities, oxidation and corrosion can be avoided.
  • a preferred embodiment of the process provides for holding the single-crystal seed crystal in a shaped heat conductive block, so that the heat of crystallization can be abstracted through the heat conductive block.
  • the seed crystal and the heat conductive block are preferably prepared such that they can be attached rapidly and under ultrapure spatial conditions in a coolable holder in a device for single-crystal cultivation.
  • the seed crystal is freed of superficial, processing-conditioned stress-rich and defect-rich areas and layers. This may be achieved by means of plasma etching, sputter etching, electrochemical erosion, or chemical etching of the defective regions, so that the concentration of defects in the seed crystal is reduced to a maximum of three visually recognizable defects per cm 2 and with a defect surface of up to 0.1 mm 2 . Such a low concentration of defects in the remaining seed crystal has been found to have no disturbing effect on single-crystal growth.
  • a further feature of the invention resides in the construction of a casting mold with an opening at the bottom of a casting cavity for a turbine blade for the introduction of the seed crystal into the opening, the cross section of the casting cavity smoothly and continuously increasing from the opening at the bottom for the seed crystal to the contour of the blade.
  • a continuous single-crystal growth is advantageously promoted in this way and stepwise or abrupt cross sectional transitions, which could induce polycrystalline growth, are avoided.
  • the casting mold is heated to a casting temperature prior to casting of the molten metal thereinto and this phase represents a considerable source of contamination for the seed crystal.
  • the casting mold is purified at high-temperature in a vacuum in spaced, isolation from the seed crystal during the heating phase when the mold is heated to the casting temperature. This has the advantage that a hot, highly pure casting mold is available for bringing together the seed crystal, casting mold, and molten metal.
  • the absolute purity of the single-crystal surface of the seed crystal is achieved with this high-temperature vacuum purification process of the casting mold, so that the reproducibility of the single-crystal cultivation of the turbine blades is substantially improved
  • the apparatus for conducting the single-crystal cultivation for turbine blades has spatially separate stations, including a first station having a crucible, a heating device for melting the fusion material in the crucible and a device for casting the melt from the crucible, a second station equipped with a releasable support for the casting mold and a heating device for separate high-temperature vacuum purification and heating of the casting mold, and a third station having a heat conductive block and a coolable holder furnished wit high-temperature-resistant coupling components for sealing connection of the casting mold and the heat conductive block.
  • the separate arrangement of the stations has the advantage that the components therein can undergo treatment, separated in time and space so that a mutual contamination is avoided in the preparation phase. Further, they may be equipped differently, depending on purity requirements.
  • the above represent a minimum amount of equipment which is advantageous in high-temperature vacuum purification of the casting mold by means of a vacuum and a heating device which is of central significance for increasing the reproducibility of the single-crystal cultivation of the turbine blades.
  • the heat conductive block which surrounds the seed crystal with clearance, the heat of crystallization is transmitted to the cooled holder during crystal growth.
  • the cooling of the holder is only activated if required for the temperature control.
  • the seed crystal In the incorporation of the seed crystal into the heat conductive block, the seed crystal will project from the heat conductive block, preferably over a height which corresponds at least to the transverse or cross sectional width of the seed crystal.
  • This has the advantage that in casting a superheated melt, the defectpoor and stress-poor core material of the seed crystal can be melted up to the level projecting from the heat conductive block, before single-crystal epitaxial growth ensues. The reliability and reproducibility of the process is thus further increased.
  • a preferred arrangement includes an outer flange at the bottom region of the casting mold, which corresponds in shape to a flange on the heat conductive block, so that advantageously a stepless transition is obtained between the seed crystal and the foot of the blade to be formed upon a precise placement of the opening at the bottom of the casting mold on the seed crystal.
  • the flanges of the casting mold and the heat conductive block form a bayonet lock with tight internal conical surfaces, so that advantageously after placement of the casting mold onto the seed material, the tight internal conical surfaces assure a sealing placement and form-locking between the casting mold and the heat conductive block at high temperature by a rapid rotational movement of a bayonet ring of the bayonet lock.
  • the corresponding flanges preferably have an annular groove and a conical projection which fits into the groove to provide an aligned placement of the casting mold on the holder and form-fitting of the seed crystal into the casting mold.
  • rapid locking of the holder and the casting mold can be obtained with at least two clamps which can be attached from the outside to join and secure the heat conductive block and the casting mold after they have been engaged in a rapid and aligned manner in the hot state.
  • the apparatus according to the invention ma have different spatial arrangements based on different devices for bringing the components in the station together.
  • the hot casting mold is transported first to the third station.
  • the casting mold, the holder and the melt casting crucible are briefly operatively associated together.
  • the casting crucible containing the hot melt is not transported, whereby the temperature of the melt may be maintained very precisely up until casting.
  • means are provided for transporting the hot casting mold from the second station to the third station and for transporting the crucible containing the molten metal from the first station to the third station.
  • the stations are arranged vertically one above another in a container.
  • the container is divided into spatially separate spaces that can be evacuated and/or purged with gas after isolation by means of sliders between the stations.
  • the first station with the crucible and tilting device is at the top region of the container.
  • a lifting device to raise the holder to place the seed crystal in the open bottom of the casting mold and thereafter to lift the now coupled holder and mold to the crucible.
  • the sliders After initial preparations in the three stations in three separate spaces closed off by the sliders, the sliders are opened and the lifting device brings the three components into association, for casting, by a lifting motion advantageously in a very brief time.
  • the apparatus provides several individual heat conductive blocks containing respective seed crystals for the blades, the blocks being supported and cooled by a common holder.
  • the second station contains several casting molds, which can be joined with the holder of the heat conductive blocks prior to casting of the melt, for example, by a common flange.
  • FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of a casting mold for a turbine blade with a seed crystal in a casting position.
  • FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view of apparatus for producing a single crystal turbine blade.
  • FIG. 1 shows a casting mold 6 having a casting cavity 1 for forming an article, such as a turbine blade 1, with a single crystal composition.
  • a seed crystal 3 is disposed at the bottom of casting cavity 1 in a casting position.
  • the seed crystal 3 is produced of single-crystal solid material in a known method first as a seed crystal blank that is rich in crystal defects.
  • the seed crystal blank can be employed before a final removal of stress-rich and defect-rich layers near the surface of the blank, as a tool for the electroerosive etching of a recess 10 in a heat conductive block 4 in order to adapt the recess to the cross section of the seed crystal.
  • the seed crystal is prepared from the single-crystal seed crystal blank, which is rich in stress and defects on its surface, and which is usually also covered by oxide layers
  • the surface of the seed crystal blank is removed to leave a single-crystal core material which is poor in defects and stresses and has a defect density of a maximum of three visually recognizable defects per cm 2 and a defect surface of not more than 0.1 mm 2 .
  • the seed crystal 3 is subsequently placed in recess 10 of heat conductive block 4. Then the heat conductive block is inserted into a holder 7, which has a cooling chamber 8.
  • the casting mold 6 is made of a heat-insulating material whose casting cavity is adapted to form the blade according to a conventional wax melting process.
  • the mold 6 has an opening 5 at its bottom, which corresponds in size and shape to the cross section of seed crystal 3.
  • Casting mold 6 has a casting hopper 2 formed at its top and the mold widens at its bottom region to form a flange 31, which confronts a flange 32 of heat conductive block 4.
  • the flanges 31 and 32 are brought together in a pre-heated state just before casting and the flanges may be secured by clamps 9.
  • An annular groove 33 is provided in flange 31 to receive a conical boss on the flange 32 to assure a precise, aligned placement of casting mold 6 onto heat conductive block 4.
  • An annular groove 34 containing a seal is provided in flange 32 of the heat conductive block to seal casting mold 6 around seed crystal 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows the overall apparatus for the production of the single-crystal turbine blade and the apparatus has three locally separated stations 26, 27 and 28.
  • the first station 26 is equipped with a crucible 20, a heating means 22 for melting the fusion material in crucible 20 and a tilting device 29 for casting the melt into the casting mold 6.
  • the second station 27 is equipped with casting mold 6 resting on retractable support 36, the casting mold being open at opening 5 at its bottom for receiving the seed crystal 3 and a heating means 23 is provided for separate high-temperature vacuum purification and heating of casting mold 6.
  • the third station 28 includes heat conductive block 4 with recess 10 for the seed crystal 3, and coolable holder 7, the holder 7 and mold 6 having the boss and groove arrangement previously described to form high-temperature-resistant coupling means for the sealed connection of casting mold 6 and heat conductive block 4.
  • the three stations 26, 27 and 28 are arranged above one another in a container 25 and the stations can be separated by two vacuum sliders 17 and 18.
  • a third vacuum slider 19 in cover 30 of container 25 provides for introduction of the fusion material into crucible 20.
  • Vacuum sliders 17 and 18 are closed during the melting of the fusion material in crucible 20, during high-temperature vacuum purification, and during heating of casting mold 6 and preheating of seed crystal 3.
  • sliders 17 and 18 are opened as soon as a pressure equilibration is produced by introducing inert gas by means of inlet lines 14, 15 and 16 or by adjusting the vacuum by means of vacuum lines 11, 12 and 13.
  • heat conductive block 4 is joined with casting mold 6 for a few seconds by means of lifting device 21 and block 4 coupled to the mold 6 are lifted together into the casting region of crucible 20.
  • a stop ring 37 secured to container 25 engages flange 31 in its uppermost position to apply sufficient counter pressure to press flanges 31 and 32 together in a sealed manner at high temperature.
  • casting mold 6 is separated by known means from the formed single-crystal blade. By providing suitable separation means in casting mold 6, it can be re-used after the cast blade is removed.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
US07/806,876 1990-12-13 1991-12-12 Process and apparatus for production of single-crystal turbine blades Expired - Fee Related US5275228A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4039808A DE4039808C1 (ja) 1990-12-13 1990-12-13
DE4039808 1990-12-13

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US5275228A true US5275228A (en) 1994-01-04

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EP (1) EP0496978B1 (ja)
DE (1) DE4039808C1 (ja)
ES (1) ES2091850T3 (ja)

Cited By (23)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6276432B1 (en) 1999-06-10 2001-08-21 Howmet Research Corporation Directional solidification method and apparatus
US6446701B1 (en) * 1997-04-11 2002-09-10 Niranjan Das Apparatus for unidirectional solidification of compounds
US6599450B1 (en) 1999-10-26 2003-07-29 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Method of producing recycled raw material powder for use in bonded magnet and method of recycling bonded magnet
US6651728B1 (en) 2002-07-02 2003-11-25 Pcc Airfoils, Inc. Casting articles
US20050196268A1 (en) * 2004-03-02 2005-09-08 Shah Dilip M. High modulus metallic component for high vibratory operation
US20050205002A1 (en) * 2004-03-18 2005-09-22 Rolls-Royce Plc Casting method
US20080135204A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2008-06-12 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US20100206510A1 (en) * 2008-06-24 2010-08-19 Garlock Robert M Method and apparatus for casting metal articles
US20110008157A1 (en) * 2009-07-09 2011-01-13 Honeywell International Inc. Turbine stator airfoils with individual orientations
CN102031370A (zh) * 2010-12-31 2011-04-27 株洲冶炼集团股份有限公司 砷盐净化钴渣晶种、净化方法及其应用
EP2565294A1 (en) 2011-08-29 2013-03-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Manufacturing a component of single crystal or directionally solidified material
US20130206352A1 (en) * 2010-12-16 2013-08-15 General Electric Company Unidirectional solidification process and apparatus and single-crystal seed therefor
US20150096710A1 (en) * 2013-10-08 2015-04-09 Honeywell International Inc. Process For Casting A Turbine Wheel
US20150096709A1 (en) * 2013-10-08 2015-04-09 Honeywell International Inc. Process For Making A Turbine Wheel And Shaft Assembly
RU2545979C1 (ru) * 2013-10-16 2015-04-10 Рустам Фаритович Мамлеев Устройство для получения отливок направленной кристаллизацией
RU2562188C2 (ru) * 2013-03-20 2015-09-10 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Марома Технологии" Устройство для получения отливок направленной кристаллизацией
US9393620B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2016-07-19 United Technologies Corporation Uber-cooled turbine section component made by additive manufacturing
WO2016144557A1 (en) * 2015-03-10 2016-09-15 Honeywell International Inc. Method of purifying and casting materials
CN110293216A (zh) * 2019-07-04 2019-10-01 深圳市万泽中南研究院有限公司 一种用于改善定向或单晶铸件质量的过渡盘、及凝固炉
EP3549694A1 (en) * 2018-04-05 2019-10-09 United Technologies Corporation Method to prevent gap in cylindral seeds around an internal ceramic core
US11806780B2 (en) 2019-10-04 2023-11-07 Rtx Corporation Arcuate seed casting method
US12005493B2 (en) 2019-10-04 2024-06-11 Rtx Corporation Arcuate seed casting method
US12123104B2 (en) 2022-06-21 2024-10-22 Rtx Corporation Arcuate seed casting method

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DE19611866A1 (de) * 1996-03-26 1997-10-02 Lyulka Saturn Inc Gießform zur Herstellung eines einkristallinen Erzeugnisses
US11377753B2 (en) * 2019-10-04 2022-07-05 Raytheon Technologies Corporation Arcuate seed casting method

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US6446701B1 (en) * 1997-04-11 2002-09-10 Niranjan Das Apparatus for unidirectional solidification of compounds
US20080135204A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2008-06-12 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US20090020257A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2009-01-22 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US20080142186A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2008-06-19 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US8851152B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2014-10-07 Rolls-Royce Corporation Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US20080149294A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2008-06-26 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US8181692B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2012-05-22 Rolls-Royce Corporation Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US8844607B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2014-09-30 Rolls-Royce Corporation Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US20080149295A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2008-06-26 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US7779890B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2010-08-24 Rolls-Royce Corporation Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US8082976B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2011-12-27 Rolls-Royce Corporation Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US7824494B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2010-11-02 Rolls-Royce Corporation Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US20080149296A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2008-06-26 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US20080169081A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2008-07-17 Frasier Donald J Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US8087446B2 (en) 1998-11-20 2012-01-03 Rolls-Royce Corporation Method and apparatus for production of a cast component
US6276432B1 (en) 1999-06-10 2001-08-21 Howmet Research Corporation Directional solidification method and apparatus
US6599450B1 (en) 1999-10-26 2003-07-29 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Method of producing recycled raw material powder for use in bonded magnet and method of recycling bonded magnet
US6651728B1 (en) 2002-07-02 2003-11-25 Pcc Airfoils, Inc. Casting articles
US7338259B2 (en) 2004-03-02 2008-03-04 United Technologies Corporation High modulus metallic component for high vibratory operation
US7871247B2 (en) 2004-03-02 2011-01-18 United Technologies Corporation High modulus metallic component for high vibratory operation
US20090297359A1 (en) * 2004-03-02 2009-12-03 Shah Dilip M High Modulus Metallic Component For High Vibratory Operation
US20050196268A1 (en) * 2004-03-02 2005-09-08 Shah Dilip M. High modulus metallic component for high vibratory operation
US7204294B2 (en) * 2004-03-18 2007-04-17 Rolls-Royce Plc Casting method
US20050205002A1 (en) * 2004-03-18 2005-09-22 Rolls-Royce Plc Casting method
US7958928B2 (en) 2008-06-24 2011-06-14 Pcc Airfoils, Inc. Method and apparatus for casting metal articles
US20100206510A1 (en) * 2008-06-24 2010-08-19 Garlock Robert M Method and apparatus for casting metal articles
US20110008157A1 (en) * 2009-07-09 2011-01-13 Honeywell International Inc. Turbine stator airfoils with individual orientations
US8876471B2 (en) 2009-07-09 2014-11-04 Honeywell International Inc. Turbine stator airfoils with individual orientations
US8434543B2 (en) 2009-07-09 2013-05-07 Honeywell International Inc. Method of making turbine stator airfoils with individual orientations
US9144842B2 (en) * 2010-12-16 2015-09-29 General Electric Company Unidirectional solidification process and apparatus and single-crystal seed therefor
US20130206352A1 (en) * 2010-12-16 2013-08-15 General Electric Company Unidirectional solidification process and apparatus and single-crystal seed therefor
CN102031370B (zh) * 2010-12-31 2013-01-30 株洲冶炼集团股份有限公司 砷盐净化钴渣晶种、净化方法及其应用
CN102031370A (zh) * 2010-12-31 2011-04-27 株洲冶炼集团股份有限公司 砷盐净化钴渣晶种、净化方法及其应用
EP2565294A1 (en) 2011-08-29 2013-03-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Manufacturing a component of single crystal or directionally solidified material
WO2013029959A1 (en) 2011-08-29 2013-03-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Manufacturing a component of single crystal or directionally solidified material
US9393620B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2016-07-19 United Technologies Corporation Uber-cooled turbine section component made by additive manufacturing
RU2562188C2 (ru) * 2013-03-20 2015-09-10 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Марома Технологии" Устройство для получения отливок направленной кристаллизацией
CN104561663B (zh) * 2013-10-08 2018-05-29 霍尼韦尔国际公司 用于铸造涡轮叶轮的工艺
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CN110293216A (zh) * 2019-07-04 2019-10-01 深圳市万泽中南研究院有限公司 一种用于改善定向或单晶铸件质量的过渡盘、及凝固炉
CN110293216B (zh) * 2019-07-04 2021-05-25 深圳市万泽中南研究院有限公司 一种用于改善定向或单晶铸件质量的过渡盘、及凝固炉
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EP0496978B1 (de) 1996-09-11
ES2091850T3 (es) 1996-11-16
EP0496978A1 (de) 1992-08-05
DE4039808C1 (ja) 1992-01-02

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