US5021593A - Ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex - Google Patents

Ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex Download PDF

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US5021593A
US5021593A US07/551,110 US55111090A US5021593A US 5021593 A US5021593 A US 5021593A US 55111090 A US55111090 A US 55111090A US 5021593 A US5021593 A US 5021593A
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bichep
optically active
ruthenium
phosphine complex
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Hiroyuki Nohira
Hidemasa Takaya
Akira Miyashita
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Takasago International Corp
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Takasago International Corp
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Assigned to TAKASAGO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, 19-22, TAKANAWA 3-CHOME, MINATO-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN reassignment TAKASAGO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, 19-22, TAKANAWA 3-CHOME, MINATO-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MIYASHITA, AKIRA, NOHIRA, HIROYUKI, TAKAYA, HIDEMASA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
    • C07C51/36—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups by hydrogenation of carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
    • C07C201/12—Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C209/30—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds
    • C07C209/32—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds by reduction of nitro groups
    • C07C209/36—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds by reduction of nitro groups by reduction of nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings in presence of hydrogen-containing gases and a catalyst
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C209/62—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by cleaving carbon-to-nitrogen, sulfur-to-nitrogen, or phosphorus-to-nitrogen bonds, e.g. hydrolysis of amides, N-dealkylation of amines or quaternary ammonium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
    • C07C231/02—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides from carboxylic acids or from esters, anhydrides, or halides thereof by reaction with ammonia or amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
    • C07F15/0053—Ruthenium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
    • C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
    • C07F9/5027—Polyphosphines

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex which is useful as a catalyst for various organic syntheses, particularly asymmetric hydrogenation, asymmetric isomerization, and asymmetric silylation.
  • BINAP 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl
  • JP-A the term "JP-A” as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application”
  • BIPHENP 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-6,6'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl
  • optically active carboxylic acids include a process comprising chemically oxidizing a naturally occurring optically active alcohol or aldehyde to obtain a corresponding carboxylic acid, a process comprising optically resolving a racemic carboxylic acid with an optically active amine, and a process comprising converting a racemic carboxylic acid to its ester and partially hydrolyzing the ester with the aid of an enzyme or a microorganism to obtain a desired carboxylic acid.
  • an optically active carboxylic acid can be obtained by asymmetric hydrogenation of an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carboxylic acid in the presence of a chiral catalyst.
  • a chiral catalyst In this case, satisfactory results may be obtained in the syntheses of some carboxylic acids but, in general, the choice of an optically active phosphine as a component of the chiral catalyst is of importance, and there have been developed only few chiral phosphine compounds that are applicable for general purposes.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a rutheniumoptically active phosphine complex having BICHEP as a ligand, which is useful as a catalyst having markedly improve catalytic activity in selectivity, durability, and the like irrespective of the reaction mode and the reaction substrate.
  • BICHEP which is used as a ligand of the complex of the present invention can be synthesized by, e.g., the process reported in Miyashita, et al., The 58th Springtime Annual Meeting of The Chemical Society of Japan, Lecture Preprint II, pp. 1492 (1989).
  • o-toluidine (2) is treated with acetic anhydride to acetylate the amino grou to obtain N-acetyl-o-toluidine (3).
  • the compound (3) is nitrated with nitric acid to obtain 2-acetylamino-3-nitrotoluene (4) which is then hydrolyzed with a hydrochloric acid aqueous solution to obtain 2-amino-3-nitrotoluene (5).
  • the compound (5) is diazotized with sodium nitrite in the presence of sulfuric acid and then treated with an aqueous potassium iodide to obtain crude 2-iodo-3-nitrotoluene (6).
  • the crude product is recrystallized from ethanol to obtain a pale yellow pure compound (6)
  • the compound (6) is allowed to react with stirring at 200° C. for 10 hours in the presence of a copper powder, and the reaction mixture is extracted with benzene using a Soxhlet extractor to obtain 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-dinitro-1,1'-biphenyl (7).
  • the compound (7) is hydrogenated in the presence of a Raney nickel W2 type catalyst using hydrazine hydrate as a hydrogen source to obtain crude 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-diamino-1,1'-biphenyl (8). After the catalyst is removed, the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to obtain a pale yellow pure compound (8).
  • the compound (8) is dissolved in a 47% hydrobromic acid aqueous solution, and a sodium nitrite aqueous solution is slowly added dropwise thereto under ice-cooling (0° C.), followed by stirring at -5° to -3° C. for 2.5 hours.
  • the resulting solution is added slowly to a separately prepared refluxing solution of cuprous bromide in a 47% hydrobromic acid aqueous solution.
  • the mixture is further heated at reflux for 2.5 hours.
  • To the reaction mixture are added methylene chloride and water, the mixture is stirred, and an organic layer is concentrated to obtain a black crude crystal.
  • the crystal is purified twice by means of column chromatography to obtain 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-dibromo-1,1'-biphenyl (9) as a white crystal.
  • the compound (9) is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, the solution is cooled to -78° C., and a hexane solution of t-butyllithium is slowly added dropwise to the cooled solution. After the addition, the temperature is elevated to - 45° C., and the reaction is continued for an additional 4 hours.
  • the racemic compound (11) is dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and chloroform under heating, and a hot ethyl acetate solution of (-)-dibenzoyltartaric acid is added thereto, followed by allowing to stand to precipitate.
  • the precipitated crystal is repeatedly recrystallized until the crystal shows a constant optical rotation
  • the purified crYstal is suspended in toluene, and a 2N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is added thereto to convert the compound to a free diphosphine oxide (12). Recrystallization from chloroform-ethyl acetate gives pure 2,2'-bis(dicyclohexylphosphinyl)-6,6'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl (12).
  • Xylene and triethylamine are added to the optically pure 2,2'-bis(dicyclohexylphosphinyl)-6,6'-dimethyl-1,1'biphenyl (12) ([ ⁇ ] D 20 :-75.3° ), and trichlorosilane is added thereto under ice-cooling.
  • the mixture is heated at 120° C. for 2 hours and then at 130° C. for 2 hours, followed by cooling to room temperature.
  • a 30% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is added thereto to completely dissolve any solid matter, methylene chloride is added, and the mixture is refluxed at 60° C. for 2 hours.
  • An organic layer is separated and dried, and the solvent is removed by distillation. The residue is recrystallized from methanol to obtain a white crystal of BICHEP.
  • the ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex of the present invention is a ruthenium complex having BICHEP as a ligand and is represented by either one of the following formulae (II), (III), or (IV):
  • R 0 represents a lower alkyl group (preferably containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms) or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (e.g., a phenyl group),
  • X and X' simultaneously represent the same halogen atom (e.g., an idodine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom); and A represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, or
  • R 00 represents a tertiary amine (preferably having lower alkyl groups each containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
  • the complex of formula (II) can be prepared according to the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,084; the complex of formula (III) can be prepared according to the process disclosed in European Patent 366,390A; and the complex of formula (IV) can be prepared according to the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,691,037, respectively.
  • R represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group (preferably containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms)
  • R 1 represents a lower alkyl group (preferably containing from 1 to 4 carbon
  • the catalyst of the present invention is used in an amount of from 0.02 to 0.0001 mole, preferably from 0.01 to 0.001 mole, per mole of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carboxylic acid.
  • solvents can be used.
  • suitable solvents are alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol), tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene, etc., and mixtures thereof.
  • the solvent is used in an amount of from 0.5 to 20 l per mole of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carboxylic acid.
  • the hydrogen pressure for reaction usually ranges from 1 to 100 kg/cm 2
  • the reaction temperature is from 5° to 70° C., and preferably from 10° to 30° C.
  • the reaction is continued until the pressure is diminished to a prescribed level, and the reaction time usually ranges from 10 minutes to 20 hours, though depending on the reaction time.
  • the solvent is removed by distillation, and the residue is neutralized.
  • the catalyst is then removed by extraction with chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, etc.
  • the residue is again rendered acidic with a mineral acid and then extracted with diethyl ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, benzene, toluene, ethyl acetate, etc. to obtain a desired optically active carboxylic acid or an ester thereof.
  • the reaction mixture was poured into 3 l of ice-water, and 1 l of an aqueous 53% potassium iodide was added thereto. After stirring at 80° C. for 10 hours, the reaction mixture was treated with 100 g of sodium hydrogensulfite. A supernatant was removed, and insoluble matters were extracted thrice with 500 ml of dichloromethane. An organic layer was neutralized and washed with a saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate aqueous solution, washed with distilled water, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure to obtain a yellowish brown crude crystal.
  • a suspension of 3 ml of a Raney nickel W2 type catalyst in ethanol was slowly added thereto by means of a syringe while maintaining the activity. Thereafter, the mixture was heated at reflux in an oil bath until the whole of the hydrazine was consumed.
  • the solution was slowly added to a refluxing solution of 73.7 mg (5 mmole) of cuprous bromide in 1.5 ml (13 mmole) of 47% hydrobromic acid, and the mixture was refluxed for 2.5 hours.
  • To the reaction mixture were added 30 ml of dichloromethane and 20 ml of distilled water to thereby thoroughly extract an organic layer.
  • the extract was washed successively with 10 ml of a saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate aqueous solution, 10 ml of distilled water, and 10 ml of a saturated potassium nitrate aqueous solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
  • Purification may be accomplished through one column chromatography by controlling the column volume, the solvent concentration, and the like.
  • the mixture was gradually warmed and allowed to react for at least 4 hours while maintaining the temperature at about -45° C.
  • the mixture was again cooled to -78° C., and 5.50 g (22.2 mmole) of dicyclohexylphosphinic chloride (10) thoroughly dissolved in 20 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise thereto, followed by stirring overnight. During the stirring, the temperature was allowed to elevate with a Dewar vessel being fixed. After the reaction was continued until the mixture was warmed to room temperature by spontaneous temperature elevation, the mixture was heated at reflux for 3 hours. The solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the residue was completely dissolved in 20 ml of toluene. A white insoluble matter thus formed was removed by filtration.
  • the resulting toluene solution was washed successively twice with distilled water, thrice with a 2N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and once with distilled water. An adequate amount of potassium carbonate was added thereto for drying. The potassium carbonate was separated by filtration through a cotton plug, and the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. To the residue was added about 10 ml of acetone, and the solution was sufficiently stirred while lightly warming with a drier. A thus precipitated white crystal was collected by filtration to obtain the novel compound of the present invention, 2,2'-bis(dicyclohexylphosphinyl)-6,6'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl (11) and a 39.3% yield.
  • Optical rotations of both of a sparingly soluble diastereomer (salt of opposite signs, i.e., (+)(-)-salt) and an easily soluble diastereomer (salt of same signs, i.e., (-)(-)-salt) were measured. If the measured optical rotations were not appreciably different from the values shown below, the product was neutralized as follows to obtain an optically active diphosphine oxide. The crystal was thoroughly dissolved in about 40 ml of a 2N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and about 40 ml of toluene with stirring, followed by liquid-liquid separation. The sodium hydroxide layer was extracted twice or thrice with about 20 ml of toluene.
  • the resulting optically active compound (12) was repeatedly recrystallized using ethyl acetate and chloroform until the specific rotatory power of the crystal was no more varied.
  • the container was then allowed to cool to room temperature, and 0.43 ml (4.17 mmole) of trichlorosilane was injected therein using a previously ice-cooled syringe.
  • a Schlenk tube containing trichlorosilane to be added had to be kept under ice-cooling. After injection, the content was sufficiently stirred and cooled in an ice bath for several minutes. Upon addition of 0.52 ml (3.73 mmole) of triethylamine, the solution turned yellow and began to solidify. The mixture was again stirred to form a uniform gel. The gel was further allowed to react in an oil bath at 120° C. for 4 hours and then at 130° C. for 2 hours. After allowing to cool to room temperature, several milliliters of xylene was added thereto in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the content was transferred to a Schlenk's tube in a nitrogen atmosphere by using a simplified gloved box.
  • the thus obtained optically active BICHEP was repeatedly recrystallized to preferentially crystallize a one-sided enantiomer to increase its optical purity.
  • the recrystallization operation was repeated until the specific rotatory power of the crystal no more changed.
  • the specific rotatory power of the resulting crystal was taken as a specific rotatory power of an enantiomer of BICHEP having a optical purity of 100%.
  • the procedure taken here was as follows.
  • the (+)-enantiomer of the optically active diphosphine oxide (12) obtained by reduction was charged in a Schlenk tube equipped with a stirrer in a nitrogen atmosphere. Warm ethyl acetate which had been displaced with nitrogen was added thereto in small portions as a solvent with stirring. At the point when all the solid matter dissolved, the stirring was ceased, and the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and then cooled in a refrigerator (-3° C.) for about 30 minutes, whereby a semi-transparent crystal of BICHEP was obtained. The solvent was removed by using a syringe in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the crystal was distilled in vacuo to remove any residual solvent and then dried. Specific rotatory power of the resulting crystal was measured with a polarimeter using methylene chloride as a solvent.
  • the specific rotatory power of this optically active compound having an optical purity of 100% was found to be +119.7° or -119.7° (the decimal fraction was within the error of the polarimeter).
  • the ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex according to the present invention can catalyze asymmetric syntheses, such as asymmetric hydrogenation, asymmetric isomerization, and asymmetric silylation, exhibiting excellent catalytic activity and providing high optical purity.

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JP1-177257 1989-07-11
JP17725789 1989-07-11
JP2-58791 1990-03-09
JP5879190 1990-03-09

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5306834A (en) * 1992-07-16 1994-04-26 Takasago International Corporation Process for preparing optically active 4-methyl-2-oxetanone
US5324850A (en) * 1989-08-23 1994-06-28 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine Preparation of chiral catalysts based on ruthenium and phosphorus complexes
US5412109A (en) * 1992-07-16 1995-05-02 Takasago International Corporation Process for preparing optically active 4-methyl-2-oxetanone
US5430191A (en) * 1992-01-31 1995-07-04 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Phosphorus compounds
US5508438A (en) * 1992-01-31 1996-04-16 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Phosphorus compounds
US5530162A (en) * 1992-04-13 1996-06-25 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Process for the hydrogenation of aryl phosphines and products obtained therefrom
US5808162A (en) * 1995-07-21 1998-09-15 Takasago International Corporation Chiral unsymmetric diphosphine compound and transition metal complex containing the same as ligand
US20030093387A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2003-05-15 Brett Nakfoor Electronic ticketing system and method
US20050021365A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2005-01-27 Nakfoor Brett A. Multi-input access device and method of using the same
US20050021364A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2005-01-27 Nakfoor Brett A. Method and system for access verification within a venue
US20060095344A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2006-05-04 Nakfoor Brett A System and method for fan lifecycle management
WO2007082026A2 (en) * 2006-01-10 2007-07-19 The Trustees Of Boston College Catalytic enantioselective silylations of substrates

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US5334758A (en) * 1989-07-05 1994-08-02 Takasago International Corporation Process for preparing optically active carboxylic acid
US5344970A (en) * 1990-12-10 1994-09-06 Albemarle Corporation Hydrogenation of aromatic-substituted olefins using organometallic catalyst
EP0570764B1 (de) * 1992-05-18 2001-07-18 F.Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. Aktiengesellschaft Asymmetrische Hydrierung
JPH06263777A (ja) * 1993-03-12 1994-09-20 Takasago Internatl Corp ホスフィン化合物およびこれを配位子とする遷移金属−ホスフィン錯体
EP0634410B1 (de) * 1993-07-15 1997-02-26 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines N-tert.Butylisochinolin-3-carboxamid Derivates und Zwischenprodukte in diesem Verfahren
ATE177427T1 (de) * 1993-10-08 1999-03-15 Hoffmann La Roche Optisch aktive phosphorverbindungen
US5935892A (en) 1994-02-22 1999-08-10 California Institute Of Technology Supported phase catalyst
WO2004031110A2 (de) * 2002-10-01 2004-04-15 Dieter Arlt Isomerisierung von chiral einheitlichen o,o'-dihydroxy-biphenylderivaten
WO2005051882A1 (en) * 2003-11-27 2005-06-09 Takasago International Corporation Process for producing optically active 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acids
AT501193B1 (de) * 2004-12-27 2007-03-15 Dsm Fine Chem Austria Gmbh Verfahen zur übergangsmetall - katalysierten asymmetrischen hydrierung von acrylsäurederivaten

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US4400548A (en) * 1981-08-17 1983-08-23 Union Carbide Corporation Hydroformylation process using bisphosphine monooxide ligands
US4748261A (en) * 1985-09-05 1988-05-31 Union Carbide Corporation Bis-phosphite compounds
US4904808A (en) * 1986-06-13 1990-02-27 Eastman Kodak Company Chelate ligands for low pressure hydroformylation catalyst and process employing same

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JPS6061587A (ja) * 1983-09-16 1985-04-09 Takasago Corp ロジウム−ホスフイン錯体
EP0272787B1 (de) * 1986-11-14 1992-05-06 Takasago International Corporation Katalytische Produktion von optisch aktiven Carbonsäuren
DK168069B1 (da) * 1987-11-11 1994-01-31 Hoffmann La Roche Isoquinolinderivater og en fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af octahydroisoquinoliner ud fra derivaterne

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US4400548A (en) * 1981-08-17 1983-08-23 Union Carbide Corporation Hydroformylation process using bisphosphine monooxide ligands
US4748261A (en) * 1985-09-05 1988-05-31 Union Carbide Corporation Bis-phosphite compounds
US4904808A (en) * 1986-06-13 1990-02-27 Eastman Kodak Company Chelate ligands for low pressure hydroformylation catalyst and process employing same

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5324850A (en) * 1989-08-23 1994-06-28 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine Preparation of chiral catalysts based on ruthenium and phosphorus complexes
US5430191A (en) * 1992-01-31 1995-07-04 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Phosphorus compounds
US5457219A (en) * 1992-01-31 1995-10-10 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Phosphorus compounds
US5508438A (en) * 1992-01-31 1996-04-16 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Phosphorus compounds
US5530162A (en) * 1992-04-13 1996-06-25 Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Process for the hydrogenation of aryl phosphines and products obtained therefrom
US5306834A (en) * 1992-07-16 1994-04-26 Takasago International Corporation Process for preparing optically active 4-methyl-2-oxetanone
US5412109A (en) * 1992-07-16 1995-05-02 Takasago International Corporation Process for preparing optically active 4-methyl-2-oxetanone
US5808162A (en) * 1995-07-21 1998-09-15 Takasago International Corporation Chiral unsymmetric diphosphine compound and transition metal complex containing the same as ligand
US20030093387A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2003-05-15 Brett Nakfoor Electronic ticketing system and method
US20050021365A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2005-01-27 Nakfoor Brett A. Multi-input access device and method of using the same
US20050021364A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2005-01-27 Nakfoor Brett A. Method and system for access verification within a venue
US20050021450A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2005-01-27 Nakfoor Brett A. Electronic ticketing system and method
US20060095344A1 (en) * 2000-06-09 2006-05-04 Nakfoor Brett A System and method for fan lifecycle management
US8131572B2 (en) * 2000-06-09 2012-03-06 Flash Seats, Llc Electronic ticketing system and method
US8346580B2 (en) 2000-06-09 2013-01-01 Flash Seats, Llc System and method for managing transfer of ownership rights to access to a venue and allowing access to the venue to patron with the ownership right
US9697650B2 (en) 2000-06-09 2017-07-04 Flash Seats, Llc Method and system for access verification within a venue
WO2007082026A2 (en) * 2006-01-10 2007-07-19 The Trustees Of Boston College Catalytic enantioselective silylations of substrates
WO2007082026A3 (en) * 2006-01-10 2007-11-22 Trustees Boston College Catalytic enantioselective silylations of substrates
US20090312559A1 (en) * 2006-01-10 2009-12-17 Hoveyda Amir H Catalytic enantioselective silylations of substrates

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EP0408338A2 (de) 1991-01-16
JPH03275691A (ja) 1991-12-06
EP0408340A2 (de) 1991-01-16
DE69025003D1 (de) 1996-03-07
DE69022650T2 (de) 1996-05-02
DE69022650D1 (de) 1995-11-02
EP0408340B1 (de) 1996-01-24
EP0408338A3 (en) 1991-06-19
EP0408340A3 (en) 1991-07-03
JPH0692427B2 (ja) 1994-11-16
EP0408338B1 (de) 1995-09-27
US5087728A (en) 1992-02-11
DE69025003T2 (de) 1996-09-12

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