US4861645A - Fencing tape with electrically conducting wires - Google Patents

Fencing tape with electrically conducting wires Download PDF

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Publication number
US4861645A
US4861645A US07/141,186 US14118688A US4861645A US 4861645 A US4861645 A US 4861645A US 14118688 A US14118688 A US 14118688A US 4861645 A US4861645 A US 4861645A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
tape
conductor
conductive
conductive tape
woven
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US07/141,186
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Colin A. Standing
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Joubert SA
Gallagher Electronics Ltd
Original Assignee
Joubert SA
Gallagher Electronics Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Joubert SA, Gallagher Electronics Ltd filed Critical Joubert SA
Assigned to GALLAGHER ELECTRONICS LIMITED, JOUBERT S.A. reassignment GALLAGHER ELECTRONICS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: STANDING, COLIN A.
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4861645A publication Critical patent/US4861645A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04B—KNITTING
    • D04B21/00—Warp knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
    • D04B21/14—Fabrics characterised by the incorporation by knitting, in one or more thread, fleece, or fabric layers, of reinforcing, binding, or decorative threads; Fabrics incorporating small auxiliary elements, e.g. for decorative purposes
    • D04B21/16—Fabrics characterised by the incorporation by knitting, in one or more thread, fleece, or fabric layers, of reinforcing, binding, or decorative threads; Fabrics incorporating small auxiliary elements, e.g. for decorative purposes incorporating synthetic threads
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K3/00—Pasturing equipment, e.g. tethering devices; Grids for preventing cattle from straying; Electrified wire fencing
    • A01K3/005—Electrified fencing for pastures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
    • H01B5/008—Fence-wire not otherwise provided for
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/08—Flat or ribbon cables
    • H01B7/083—Parallel wires, incorporated in a fabric
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2401/00—Physical properties
    • D10B2401/16—Physical properties antistatic; conductive
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2403/00—Details of fabric structure established in the fabric forming process
    • D10B2403/03—Shape features
    • D10B2403/031—Narrow fabric of constant width
    • D10B2403/0311—Small thickness fabric, e.g. ribbons, tapes or straps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24025—Superposed movable attached layers or components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2481—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including layer of mechanically interengaged strands, strand-portions or strand-like strips
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2481—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including layer of mechanically interengaged strands, strand-portions or strand-like strips
    • Y10T428/24818—Knitted, with particular or differential bond sites or intersections
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24802—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24917—Discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond [e.g., artwork, printing, retouched photograph, etc.] including metal layer

Definitions

  • This invention concerns fencing tapes, and in particular those which contain conducting elements for use with electrifiable fences.
  • This invention provides a conductive tape for an electrifiable fence comprising a tape of woven or knitted construction having at least two conducting wires arranged longitudinally and integrally in the woven or knitted structure, wherein a bridging conductor is carried in or on the knitted or woven structure and is directed transversely across the two longitudinal conductors at intervals, so that, if a break occurs in one of the conductors, the current path is capable of continuing via the bridging conductor.
  • the tape warps may be made of polyolefin, for example, polyethylene.
  • the warps may include fine gauge stainless steel wires. There may be five such wires arranged equally across the width of the tape, namely, 20 mm.
  • polyester yarn such as polyethylene terephthalate may be used.
  • Other non-conductive materials may also be used.
  • the weft may be the same material as the warps.
  • the bridging conductor may be a single wire strand which is inserted as a weft pick every 500 mm or so. The bridging conductor would therefore pass from selvedge to selvedge for one pick and travel down one selvedge as an extra conducting warp strand.
  • the bridging conductor may be a conductor strand which is sewn into the tape in a serpentine path so as to cross from selvedge to selvedge in a continuous undulating pathway.
  • a continuous line of metallic composition is deposited on the face of the tape by a jet nozzle.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan of a fragment of one embodiment of the tape and
  • FIG. 2 is a plan of a fragment of another embodiment of the tape.
  • FIG. 3 is a plan of a fragment of yet another embodiment of the tape.
  • a tape is woven from polyethylene monofilaments and stainless steel wires in a weaving machine fed and controlled in such a manner that:
  • the warp is made of a number of polyethylene monofilaments, and of a number of stainless steel wires equally spaced across the tape and all able to conduct current when incorporated into an electric fence;
  • the weft is a polyethylene monofilament
  • At least one of the warp steel wires periodically becomes a weftwire, crossing with electrical contact the other warp steel wires.
  • FIG. 1 there are 24 warp polyethylene monofilaments 1 each 0.38 mm in diameter, five warp steel wires 2a to 2e each 0.15 mm in diameter, and one weft polyethylene monofilament 3 0.30 mm in diameter, and the width of the tape is about 14 mm.
  • the width of the tape is about 14 mm.
  • only two selvedge polyethylene warps 1e, 1x are shown, whereas all five steel wires 2a to 2e are shown.
  • Outermost steel wire 2a is controlled to become at regular intervals a weft wire crossing the tape up to the opposite selvedge.
  • the distance between two successive picks P,P' of such weft steel wire is about 65 mm, and there are about 24 picks T of the polyethylene weft between the picks P,P'.
  • the tape is woven without a bridging conductor. Instead, the woven tape is fed into the path of a sewing machine (not shown) which inserts a bridging wire 4 in a serpentine path across the five warp wires. This can be arranged by placing the needle head between two pairs of laterally oscillating feed rolls. Alternatively, the needle head can be oscillated.
  • the tape is knitted along with 23 others on a warp knitting machine which utilizes fifteen polyethylene warps of equal count and five stainless steel warp wires, together with a bridging wire.
  • the bridging wire passes down one selvedge, crosses to the opposite selvedge in a diagonal path and travels along the opposite selvedge until it returns across a diagonal.
  • the intervals between the diagonals are adjusted according to the intended end use of the tape. The interval may vary from 250-1250 mm, but the general purpose interval would be be 500-750 mm.
  • the tape is colored orange, yellow, banded black and yellow, but white is preferable. It has been found that white tape is more visible than tapes of other colors, more than would have been expected having regard to the contrast against the backgrounds of trees, grass, sky and water wherein the tape is likely to be used.
  • the tape according to the invention provides good visibility and retention of electrical conductivity despite breaks in the warp wires.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Fencing (AREA)
  • Processes Specially Adapted For Manufacturing Cables (AREA)
  • Connections Effected By Soldering, Adhesion, Or Permanent Deformation (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
  • Decoration Of Textiles (AREA)
  • Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
  • Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
US07/141,186 1987-01-06 1988-01-06 Fencing tape with electrically conducting wires Expired - Lifetime US4861645A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NZ218802 1987-01-06
NZ218802A NZ218802A (en) 1987-01-06 1987-01-06 Electric fencing tape with transverse bridging conductor

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4861645A true US4861645A (en) 1989-08-29

Family

ID=19921929

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US07/141,186 Expired - Lifetime US4861645A (en) 1987-01-06 1988-01-06 Fencing tape with electrically conducting wires

Country Status (17)

Country Link
US (1) US4861645A (xx)
EP (1) EP0274454B1 (xx)
JP (1) JPS63198209A (xx)
KR (1) KR880009395A (xx)
AT (1) ATE86779T1 (xx)
AU (1) AU614504B2 (xx)
CA (1) CA1320533C (xx)
DE (1) DE3878934T2 (xx)
DK (1) DK3988A (xx)
FI (1) FI880033A (xx)
IE (1) IE63002B1 (xx)
IL (1) IL85041A (xx)
NO (1) NO166161C (xx)
NZ (1) NZ218802A (xx)
PH (1) PH24578A (xx)
PT (1) PT86496B (xx)
ZA (1) ZA8854B (xx)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4018195A1 (de) * 1990-05-26 1991-11-28 Straehle & Hess Vorrichtung zum absichern von flaechen gegen unbefugtes zerstoeren
US5992828A (en) * 1997-12-11 1999-11-30 Burdick; Brett R. Electric fencing system
US6472602B1 (en) 2000-07-18 2002-10-29 Gary Pokrandt Electric fence line and method of weaving
US6477027B1 (en) 2000-06-02 2002-11-05 Hubbell Incorporated Grounding mat
US6513793B2 (en) * 2000-01-04 2003-02-04 Jean-Michel Bellon Electric fence
US20050132635A1 (en) * 2003-12-04 2005-06-23 Riddell Cameron A. Electric deterrent device
US6933446B1 (en) 2004-02-19 2005-08-23 Bell Environmental Services Anti-roosting device
US20050263086A1 (en) * 2004-02-19 2005-12-01 Waldorf Philip M Anti-roosting device
US20080029746A1 (en) * 2006-08-04 2008-02-07 Electrafence Limited Device
CN102356699A (zh) * 2009-01-19 2012-02-15 伯德-B-戈恩股份有限公司 具有弧圈针织导体的电阻碍装置
US8293044B1 (en) 2012-06-26 2012-10-23 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Animal deterrent device with insulated fasteners
US8720106B2 (en) 2011-10-04 2014-05-13 Bird-B-Gone, Inc. Electrified bird deterrent device with cavity
CN108598209A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-09-28 南京日托光伏科技股份有限公司 一种mwt光伏太阳能组件的导电芯板破损后修复方法
US10248200B2 (en) 2014-03-02 2019-04-02 Drexel University Wearable devices, wearable robotic devices, gloves, and systems, methods, and computer program products interacting with the same

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5146611A (en) * 1987-11-17 1992-09-08 Stolar, Inc. Mine communication cable and method for use
FR2638061B1 (fr) * 1988-10-24 1992-08-14 Schoutteten Froidure Sa Ruban electrifie pour clotures d'enclos
FR2673806B1 (fr) * 1991-03-15 1994-09-30 Joubert Sa Cloture pour escargots.
FR2690047B1 (fr) * 1992-04-17 1995-06-16 Hamm Valery Ruban pour cloture electrique et filet realise a partir de ce ruban.
DE4430298C1 (de) * 1994-08-26 1995-10-19 Heinike Haidkoppel Sieglinde H Elektroweidezaunband
FR2739750A1 (fr) * 1995-10-16 1997-04-18 Lecacheur Serge Ruban renforce pour cloture d'enclos electrifiee
FR2755577A1 (fr) 1996-11-12 1998-05-15 Alfred Else Gmbh Cordons, bandes et cables de cloture electrique, ainsi que procede pour leur fabrication
GB9803927D0 (en) * 1998-02-26 1998-04-22 Fenland Laundries Limited Dissipation of static electricity in workwear
DE19954175A1 (de) * 1999-11-09 2001-05-17 Trumpf Gmbh Weidezaunlitzen und -seile
KR20020020351A (ko) * 2000-09-08 2002-03-15 전영병 전선이 반복적으로 내장 및 외장되도록 세폭직물을직조하는 세폭직기
FR2842705B1 (fr) 2002-07-29 2006-01-27 Carlos Saiz Ceinture electrique repulsive

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4567094A (en) * 1980-12-18 1986-01-28 Fiberite Corporation High conductivity graphite material and method of weaving

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1416613A (fr) * 1964-10-09 1965-11-05 Equipement électronique tissé
NL7710230A (en) * 1977-09-16 1979-03-20 Kraayenhof Design B V Vlosberg Electric fencing material used for penning animals - consists of tape woven from plastics and metal or metallised current conducting threads
US4557968A (en) * 1983-07-25 1985-12-10 Stern & Stern Textiles, Inc. Directional electrostatic dissipating fabric and method
US4606968A (en) * 1983-07-25 1986-08-19 Stern And Stern Textiles, Inc. Electrostatic dissipating fabric
CA1270516A (en) * 1984-10-18 1990-06-19 Felix Kurschner Electric fence wire construction

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4567094A (en) * 1980-12-18 1986-01-28 Fiberite Corporation High conductivity graphite material and method of weaving

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4018195A1 (de) * 1990-05-26 1991-11-28 Straehle & Hess Vorrichtung zum absichern von flaechen gegen unbefugtes zerstoeren
US5992828A (en) * 1997-12-11 1999-11-30 Burdick; Brett R. Electric fencing system
US6513793B2 (en) * 2000-01-04 2003-02-04 Jean-Michel Bellon Electric fence
US6477027B1 (en) 2000-06-02 2002-11-05 Hubbell Incorporated Grounding mat
US6472602B1 (en) 2000-07-18 2002-10-29 Gary Pokrandt Electric fence line and method of weaving
US20090126651A1 (en) * 2003-12-04 2009-05-21 Riddell Cameron A Electric Deterrent Device
US7481021B2 (en) 2003-12-04 2009-01-27 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Electric deterrent device
US20140053788A1 (en) * 2003-12-04 2014-02-27 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Electric deterrent device
US9192153B2 (en) * 2003-12-04 2015-11-24 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Electric deterrent device
US20050132635A1 (en) * 2003-12-04 2005-06-23 Riddell Cameron A. Electric deterrent device
US8567111B2 (en) * 2003-12-04 2013-10-29 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Electric deterrent device
US6933446B1 (en) 2004-02-19 2005-08-23 Bell Environmental Services Anti-roosting device
US20050183880A1 (en) * 2004-02-19 2005-08-25 Waldorf Philip M. Anti-roosting device
US20050263086A1 (en) * 2004-02-19 2005-12-01 Waldorf Philip M Anti-roosting device
US7351913B2 (en) 2004-02-19 2008-04-01 Bell Environmental Services, Inc. Anti-roosting device
US20080029746A1 (en) * 2006-08-04 2008-02-07 Electrafence Limited Device
CN102356699A (zh) * 2009-01-19 2012-02-15 伯德-B-戈恩股份有限公司 具有弧圈针织导体的电阻碍装置
CN102356699B (zh) * 2009-01-19 2015-12-09 伯德-B-戈恩股份有限公司 一种害虫阻碍装置
US8863434B2 (en) 2011-10-04 2014-10-21 Bird-B-Gone, Inc. Electrified bird deterrent device with cavity
US8720106B2 (en) 2011-10-04 2014-05-13 Bird-B-Gone, Inc. Electrified bird deterrent device with cavity
US9462800B2 (en) 2011-10-04 2016-10-11 Bird-B-Gone, Inc. Electrified bird deterrent device with cavity
US9717230B2 (en) 2011-10-04 2017-08-01 Bird-B-Gone Electrified bird deterrent device with cavity
US20140069350A1 (en) * 2012-06-26 2014-03-13 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Animal deterrent device with insulated fasteners
US8434209B1 (en) * 2012-06-26 2013-05-07 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Animal deterrent device with insulated fasteners
US8430063B1 (en) 2012-06-26 2013-04-30 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Animal deterrent device with insulated fasteners
US8293044B1 (en) 2012-06-26 2012-10-23 Bird Barrier America, Inc. Animal deterrent device with insulated fasteners
US10248200B2 (en) 2014-03-02 2019-04-02 Drexel University Wearable devices, wearable robotic devices, gloves, and systems, methods, and computer program products interacting with the same
US10466784B2 (en) 2014-03-02 2019-11-05 Drexel University Finger-worn device with compliant textile regions
CN108598209A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-09-28 南京日托光伏科技股份有限公司 一种mwt光伏太阳能组件的导电芯板破损后修复方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO880041L (no) 1988-07-07
PT86496B (pt) 1994-04-29
NZ218802A (en) 1990-12-21
DK3988D0 (da) 1988-01-06
CA1320533C (en) 1993-07-20
NO166161B (no) 1991-03-04
NO166161C (no) 1991-06-12
ATE86779T1 (de) 1993-03-15
AU614504B2 (en) 1991-09-05
IL85041A (en) 1992-03-29
NO880041D0 (no) 1988-01-06
IL85041A0 (en) 1988-06-30
EP0274454B1 (en) 1993-03-10
FI880033A (fi) 1988-07-07
EP0274454A2 (en) 1988-07-13
IE880022L (en) 1988-07-06
IE63002B1 (en) 1995-03-08
FI880033A0 (fi) 1988-01-06
ZA8854B (en) 1988-09-28
PH24578A (en) 1990-08-17
DE3878934T2 (de) 1993-10-21
AU1010388A (en) 1988-07-07
DE3878934D1 (de) 1993-04-15
PT86496A (pt) 1989-01-30
KR880009395A (ko) 1988-09-15
DK3988A (da) 1988-07-07
EP0274454A3 (en) 1988-11-09
JPS63198209A (ja) 1988-08-16

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