US4457500A - Bending spring made of fiber compound material - Google Patents

Bending spring made of fiber compound material Download PDF

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Publication number
US4457500A
US4457500A US06/372,562 US37256282A US4457500A US 4457500 A US4457500 A US 4457500A US 37256282 A US37256282 A US 37256282A US 4457500 A US4457500 A US 4457500A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fiber
bending spring
spring
bending
fibers
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Expired - Fee Related
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US06/372,562
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English (en)
Inventor
Franz Drachenberg
Walter Oefner
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Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
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Messerschmitt Bolkow Blohm AG
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Application filed by Messerschmitt Bolkow Blohm AG filed Critical Messerschmitt Bolkow Blohm AG
Assigned to MESSERSCHMITT-BOELKOW-BLOHM GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRAENKTER HAFTUNG, P. O. BOX 80 11 09, 8000 MUENCHEN 80, GERMANY reassignment MESSERSCHMITT-BOELKOW-BLOHM GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRAENKTER HAFTUNG, P. O. BOX 80 11 09, 8000 MUENCHEN 80, GERMANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DRACHENBERG, FRANZ, OEFNER, WALTER
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/08—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers
    • B29C70/083—Combinations of continuous fibres or fibrous profiled structures oriented in one direction and reinforcements forming a two dimensional structure, e.g. mats
    • B29C70/085—Combinations of continuous fibres or fibrous profiled structures oriented in one direction and reinforcements forming a two dimensional structure, e.g. mats the structure being deformed in a three dimensional configuration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • B29D99/001—Producing wall or panel-like structures, e.g. for hulls, fuselages, or buildings
    • B29D99/0021—Producing wall or panel-like structures, e.g. for hulls, fuselages, or buildings provided with plain or filled structures, e.g. cores, placed between two or more plates or sheets, e.g. in a matrix
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
    • B32B3/04—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by at least one layer folded at the edge, e.g. over another layer ; characterised by at least one layer enveloping or enclosing a material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F1/00—Springs
    • F16F1/36—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers
    • F16F1/366—Springs made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers made of fibre-reinforced plastics, i.e. characterised by their special construction from such materials
    • F16F1/368—Leaf springs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
    • B29K2105/0809—Fabrics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
    • B29K2105/10—Cords, strands or rovings, e.g. oriented cords, strands or rovings
    • B29K2105/101—Oriented
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
    • B29K2105/10—Cords, strands or rovings, e.g. oriented cords, strands or rovings
    • B29K2105/101—Oriented
    • B29K2105/108—Oriented arranged in parallel planes and crossing at substantial angles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/774—Springs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • B32B2307/514—Oriented
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
    • Y10T428/24124—Fibers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24132—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in different layers or components parallel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to bending springs made of fiber compound materials in which fiber threads or strands are embedded in a resinous impregnating material which is bonded to the fibers which extend unidirectionally throughout the length of the bending spring.
  • the invention relates especially to bent leaf springs.
  • Springs of this type are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,142,598. Such springs are frequently constructed in such a manner that the individual bent spring leaf is made of unidirectionally oriented glass fiber strands which extend over the entire length of the leaf spring and which are resin impregnated or embedded in a resinous bonding matrix.
  • the cured or hardened resin functions as a matrix and as a bonding agent for the fibers.
  • the resinous matrix must necessarily also take up the forces which result due to the bending load or stress applied to the fiber strands. Such loading may become critical where the bending load results in a bending of the spring in a direction contrary to the original bend of the spring.
  • Such critical loading is due to the fact that the resinous matrix must secure the fiber strands against fanning out or a separation of the strands from the resinous matrix under the then effective transverse stress.
  • transverse stress results from the radial components of the forces extending normally due to the torque load applied to the spring.
  • the bonding action of the resinous matrix, or rather, between the resinous matrix and the fiber strands against these transverse stresses, must be satisfied by the resinous matrix, the more so the larger the thickness of the spring and the larger the original bend of the spring is. Therefore, high strength requirements must be satisfied by the resinous matrix.
  • prior art structures of this type have not always satisfied these requirements.
  • a bending spring having a given width made of fiber compound materials, including unidirectionally oriented reinforcing fibers embedded in a fiber bonding mass, such as a resinous matrix material, comprising fiber layer insert means located in the bonding mass between the reinforcing fibers.
  • the fiber layer insert means are spaced from one another along the given width of the bending spring and having a fiber orientation extending mainly radially relative to a bending axis of the bending spring.
  • the fiber layer insert means are primarily acting as effective reinforcements in the direction of spring bending, thereby effectively strengthening the resinous matrix and contributing to relieving the resinous matrix of any transverse stress load component resulting from a bending of the bending spring.
  • the individual fiber layer insert means according to the invention comprise groups of fibers arranged in a crossover relationship relative to each other because the shearing stresses or transverse stresses or loads are effective perpendicularly to the radially effective transverse stress or compression forces.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a bending leaf spring according to the invention made of fiber reinforced synthetic material partially broken away;
  • FIG. 2 shows one end view of a modified embodiment according to the invention also as a perspective illustration.
  • the bending leaf springs according to FIGS. 1 and 2 comprise basically a bonding mass or matrix of a resinous or other suitable type in which there are embedded reinforcing fiber threads or strands 1.
  • These strands may, for example, be glass fibers or other synthetic fibers extending in a unidirectional fiber orientation over the entire length of the leaf spring.
  • the fiber strands 1 are encased in an envelope 2 as shown in FIG. 1 or in an envelope 3 as shown in FIG. 2.
  • These envelopes 2, 3 are made of webbings or layers of fibers, preferably of the same kind as the fibers 1 embedded in the matrix.
  • the leaf spring has a wide side with a given width 10 as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the envelope 2 comprises a top layer 2.1 and a bottom layer 2.2 extending for the given width 10 of the leaf spring. Additionally the envelope comprises side layers 2.3 and 2.4 covering the narrow sides of the spring 2 having a lateral depth which is smaller than the given width as shown in FIG. 1. Thus, the spring will bend responsive to a load extending perpendicularly to said wide side.
  • the bonding matrix is reinforced according to the invention by fiber thin layer insert means 4 in which the fiber orientation extends radially to the bending axis of the leaf spring.
  • the inserts 4 are thin relative to the sections formed by the inserts in the body of fibers 1 in the resin matrix as shown in the Figures. States differently, when the leaf spring is subject to a bending load extending perpendicularly to the wide side, the fiber orientation in the reinforcing layers 4 extends in the direction of the transverse stress loads resulting from such bending of the leaf spring under load conditions.
  • the fiber layer or webbing 4.1 has two groups of fibers extending at right angles to each other.
  • one group of fibers extends in parallel to the reinforcing fibers 1 and the other group of fibers extends perpendicularly thereto.
  • This type of orientation is referred to as a 0/90° fiber orientation.
  • the fibers in one group are satisfying the above mentioned purpose.
  • the fibers extending in the longitudinal direction in the webbing 4.1 and thus in parallel to the unidirectional fiber strands 1 satisfy only a further bonding function during the manufacturing of the spring leaf.
  • the invention provides a further layer 4.2 in the form of a webbing or layer of reinforcing fibers in which two groups of fibers extend at a ⁇ 45° fiber orientation. A ⁇ 30° fiber orientation would also still be satisfactory relative to the reinforcing fibers 1.
  • the upper and lower ends of the fiber layer inserts 4 in FIG. 1 are preferably reaching all the way to the reinforcing fiber cover layers 2.1 and 2.2, whereby the ends of these inserts 4 or rather the end edges thereof are bonded to the cover layers 2.1 and 2.2. Such bonding may be accomplished by an adhesive connection, for example by the matrix material (resinous).
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment in which the fiber layer reinforcing means 5 form a meandering portion of a cohesive fiber layer or webbing, another portion of which forms the envelope 3 with the top cover layer 3.1 and the bottom cover layer 3.2 as well as the side cover layers 3.3 and 3.4.
  • the horizontally extending sections of the meandering portion 5 may preferably also be adhesively bonded to the top layer 3.1 and to the bottom layer 3.2, whereby compartments are formed in which the bonding matrix with the fibers 1 embedded therein is separated into bundles of matrix fibers 1.
  • each bonding between the longitudinal edges of the inserts 4 and the cover layers 2.1 and 2.2 form an I-beam section so to speak
  • the meandering horizontally extending sections bonded to the cover layer 3.1 and 3.2 form also a type of reinforced beam structure.
  • the insert portions 5 and the envelope forming portion may comprise fiber layers or fiber webbings with groups of fibers having the above described orientation relative to the longitudinal axis.
  • one layer or webbing may have a 0/90° fiber orientation
  • another layer or webbing may have a ⁇ 45° fiber orientation.
  • the fiber orientation in the cover layers 2.1 and 2.2 will normally only be of the 0/90° type.
  • the side portions 2.3 and 2.4 in FIG. 1 may also comprise the same arrangement as the insert 4, namely a 0/90° fiber orientation layer or webbing and a ⁇ 45° orientation layer or webbing.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
US06/372,562 1981-05-19 1982-04-28 Bending spring made of fiber compound material Expired - Fee Related US4457500A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3119856A DE3119856C2 (de) 1981-05-19 1981-05-19 Biegefeder aus Faserverbundwerkstoff
DE3119856 1981-05-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4457500A true US4457500A (en) 1984-07-03

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US06/372,562 Expired - Fee Related US4457500A (en) 1981-05-19 1982-04-28 Bending spring made of fiber compound material

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4457500A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0065087B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS57195646A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3119856C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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US4715589A (en) * 1983-10-25 1987-12-29 Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung Connecting device comprising a bolt and a loop around the bolt
US4718693A (en) * 1986-06-11 1988-01-12 Booher Benjamin V Composite leaf spring suspension with integral sway bar
US5203435A (en) * 1990-08-31 1993-04-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Composite passive damping struts for large precision structures
US5318644A (en) * 1993-06-02 1994-06-07 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technology Inc. Method and apparatus for making an insulation assembly
US20080080946A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Tracy Livingston Expansion pin system for a wind turbine structural tower
US20080078083A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Tracy Livingston Drive pin system for a wind turbine structural tower
US20080078128A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Tracy Livingston Lifting system and apparatus for constructing and enclosing wind turbine towers
US20090256296A1 (en) * 2005-11-16 2009-10-15 Ifc Composite Gmbh Segmented fiber composite leaf spring and method for producing the same
US20090294219A1 (en) * 2008-05-30 2009-12-03 David Oliphant Wind tower service lift
US20100226785A1 (en) * 2005-05-13 2010-09-09 Wind Tower Systems, Llc Structural tower
US20100242406A1 (en) * 2008-12-15 2010-09-30 Wind Tower Systems, Llc Structural shape for wind tower members
US7877934B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2011-02-01 Wind Tower Systems, Llc Lifting system and apparatus for constructing wind turbine towers
US20140284856A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-25 Gordon Holdings, Inc. Light weight composite leaf spring and method of making
US9597938B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-03-21 Polyone Corporation High strength, light weight composite leaf spring and method of making
US9657799B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-05-23 Polyone Corporation Suspension sub-assembly
US10029526B2 (en) * 2014-03-06 2018-07-24 Tobias KELLER Spring arm device
US20220154467A1 (en) * 2020-11-17 2022-05-19 Dryvit Systems, Inc. Structural insulated finished cladding assemblies

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FR2582980B1 (fr) * 1985-06-11 1987-09-18 Mussy Emballages Sa Lame de ressort en bois lamelle colle
AT392525B (de) * 1985-11-14 1991-04-25 Kofler Walter Dr Blattfeder aus faser-kunststoff-verbundwerkstoff
JPH0777763B2 (ja) * 1986-05-12 1995-08-23 川崎重工業株式会社 繊維で強化した梁形状の構造用部材
FR2709162B1 (fr) * 1993-08-20 1995-12-15 Max Sardou Suspension élastique.
BE1010823A3 (nl) * 1996-12-24 1999-02-02 Dsm Nv Constructieveer van met vezels versterkte kunststof.
DE10123008A1 (de) * 2001-05-11 2002-11-28 Gerhard Scharr Luftdruckloser Fahrzeugreifen
DE102006023106A1 (de) * 2006-05-16 2007-11-22 Universität Rostock Reifen
US8663791B2 (en) * 2011-04-04 2014-03-04 Milliken & Company Composite reinforced cores and panels

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US3434465A (en) * 1966-07-14 1969-03-25 Bear Archery Co Laminated archery bow
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US3850156A (en) * 1973-06-01 1974-11-26 F Eicholtz Composite archery bow
NL7610592A (en) * 1976-09-23 1978-03-29 Pelt & Hooykaas Mat comprising strips of elastomeric material - which are reinforced with fibres or wires and joined together by e.g. woven or nonwoven textile material
US4278726A (en) * 1978-09-28 1981-07-14 N. V. Bekaert S.A. Energy absorbing elements comprising rigid non-elastomeric layer and visco-elastic layer with twisted fiber bundles embedded therein

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US4715589A (en) * 1983-10-25 1987-12-29 Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung Connecting device comprising a bolt and a loop around the bolt
US4718693A (en) * 1986-06-11 1988-01-12 Booher Benjamin V Composite leaf spring suspension with integral sway bar
US5203435A (en) * 1990-08-31 1993-04-20 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Composite passive damping struts for large precision structures
US5318644A (en) * 1993-06-02 1994-06-07 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technology Inc. Method and apparatus for making an insulation assembly
US20100226785A1 (en) * 2005-05-13 2010-09-09 Wind Tower Systems, Llc Structural tower
US20090256296A1 (en) * 2005-11-16 2009-10-15 Ifc Composite Gmbh Segmented fiber composite leaf spring and method for producing the same
US7877934B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2011-02-01 Wind Tower Systems, Llc Lifting system and apparatus for constructing wind turbine towers
US20100236161A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2010-09-23 Wind Tower Systems, Llc Lifting system and apparatus for constructing and enclosing wind turbine towers
US8069634B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2011-12-06 General Electric Company Lifting system and apparatus for constructing and enclosing wind turbine towers
US20080078128A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Tracy Livingston Lifting system and apparatus for constructing and enclosing wind turbine towers
US20080078083A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Tracy Livingston Drive pin system for a wind turbine structural tower
US20080080946A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Tracy Livingston Expansion pin system for a wind turbine structural tower
US20090294219A1 (en) * 2008-05-30 2009-12-03 David Oliphant Wind tower service lift
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US8910446B2 (en) 2008-12-15 2014-12-16 Ge Wind Energy, Llc Structural shape for wind tower members
US20140284856A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-25 Gordon Holdings, Inc. Light weight composite leaf spring and method of making
US9597938B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-03-21 Polyone Corporation High strength, light weight composite leaf spring and method of making
US9657799B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-05-23 Polyone Corporation Suspension sub-assembly
US10029526B2 (en) * 2014-03-06 2018-07-24 Tobias KELLER Spring arm device
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS57195646A (en) 1982-12-01
DE3119856C2 (de) 1986-08-28
EP0065087B2 (de) 1987-11-25
DE3119856A1 (de) 1982-12-16
EP0065087B1 (de) 1984-02-22
JPH0322298B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1991-03-26
EP0065087A1 (de) 1982-11-24

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