US3913281A - Ball grinding ceramic wheel containing manganese dioxide - Google Patents

Ball grinding ceramic wheel containing manganese dioxide Download PDF

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Publication number
US3913281A
US3913281A US433507A US43350774A US3913281A US 3913281 A US3913281 A US 3913281A US 433507 A US433507 A US 433507A US 43350774 A US43350774 A US 43350774A US 3913281 A US3913281 A US 3913281A
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United States
Prior art keywords
bond
wheel
abrasive
grinding
alumina
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Expired - Lifetime
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US433507A
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English (en)
Inventor
Cecil M Jones
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Abrasives Inc
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Norton Co
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Norton Co filed Critical Norton Co
Priority to US433507A priority Critical patent/US3913281A/en
Priority to DE19752500665 priority patent/DE2500665A1/de
Priority to FR7500665A priority patent/FR2257392B1/fr
Priority to IT67070/75A priority patent/IT1027287B/it
Priority to SE7500349A priority patent/SE407356B/xx
Priority to ZA00750255A priority patent/ZA75255B/xx
Priority to JP50006986A priority patent/JPS5949146B2/ja
Priority to GB1730/75A priority patent/GB1485187A/en
Priority to AU77319/75A priority patent/AU7731975A/en
Priority to BR287/75A priority patent/BR7500287A/pt
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3913281A publication Critical patent/US3913281A/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
    • B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
    • B24D3/04—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic
    • B24D3/14—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic ceramic, i.e. vitrified bondings
    • B24D3/16—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic ceramic, i.e. vitrified bondings for close-grained structure, i.e. of high density

Definitions

  • the ball grinding wheels now used for this activity are bonded with a vitrified or glassy type bond that inherently has a degree of porosity that is reduced as much as possible during the firing procedure by increasing the glassy bond component in the wheel mix, requiring truing of the wheel after firing to condition it for ball bearing grinding.
  • a grinding wheel is made up of an abrasive, a bond to hold the abrasive grits together and voids or pores.
  • a grinding wheel will contain between 40 and 60% volume percent abrasive.
  • Enough bond is added in order to make the wheel as hard as is desired for the particular grinding operation. The more bond or glassy material added to the grinding wheel mix the harder the wheel will tend to be after firing.
  • a very hard and wear resistant grinding wheel is desired. This hardness is achieved by increasing the glassy bond phase in a wheel at the expense of the porosity so that the normal vitrified grinding wheel for ball grinding includes about half abrasive and half bond with the porosity being in the range of less than 5%.
  • the grinding wheel shape shrinks during conventional firing as much as linear percent.
  • the bond component in order to achieve a proper bond with the grits, the bond component must be fired at a high temperature to make the bond somewhat less viscous.
  • the geometric integrity of the cold pressed grinding wheel shape is not fully maintained so that the ultimate shape of the fired wheel tends to have rounded corners, shows some warpage and shows evidence of slumping or deformation to fit whatever surface it is sitting upon.
  • some kiln sand or pieces or refractory composition from the firing batts will stick to the bottom of at least some of the conventional ball grinding wheels.
  • the conventional glassy or vitrified bonded wheel must be trued to shape after being fired, by grinding off all of the excess material that must be added in order to compensate for the 10% shrinkage, warping, etc.
  • this truing or grinding or cutting operation that must be done on the conventional ⁇ 7iti'ified or glassy bonded wh el, is a very difficult time-consuming and expensive procedure. Because of the natural variability of the raw materials used for glassy bonds, the degree of shrinkage cannot always be reliably predicted.
  • the wheels will be undersize or oversize so that either rejections or excessive truing is required.
  • the variability in the shrinkage encountered also affects the grinding action and it has been noted for example that if the expected shrinkage does not occur during firing, the wheel will act soft and be unsatisfactory for the custom ers use.
  • an abrasive composition useful for barrel finishing is shown.
  • This composition includes an alumina and silica bond composition for an alumina grit in the size range of from 120 to 220 mesh.
  • French Pat. No. 2,151,509 shows a ball bearing grinding wheel with a ceramic bond having beta alumina and finely ground silicon carbide present to fill the pores.
  • a barrel finishing abrasive product having a ceramic bond composition for alumina abrasive grits, which composition was somewhat like the ceramic bond for the alumina containing grinding wheel forming the subject of this invention.
  • This barrel finishing abrasive composition included: ball clay, bentonite, crystalline fillers, manganese dioxide and about 10% by weight of mesh alumina abrasive grits.
  • the present invention resides in making use of the compositions here shown for the fabrication of grinding wheels that have particular utility for the finish grinding of steel ball bearings. It has been found that a given cyrstalline ceramic bond can be formulated which together with variations in the relative weight percent additions of a known abrasive grain to a given weight of bond composition, can be used to produce a range of grinding wheel mixes that may be used within certain degrees of pressing during the cold pressing step, for making ceramic bonded wheels in which the grinding action of the completed wheels can be designed to be predictably harder or softer in accordance with predetermined grinding specifications desired for a particular steel ball grinding action.
  • the grinding action of a wheel made for this purpose can be predicted from a knowledge of its porosity, i.e. molded density and modulus of elasticity. I have found how to control the porosity and vary the modulus of elasticity in such a wheel to obtain the grinding action specified, by varying the relative weight percent addition of the abrasive grain to a particular weight of bond composition that contains crystalline fillers. I can further adjust the porosity in order to produce a specified modulus of elasticity at a given abrasive content by varying molding pressure.
  • the microscopic porosity inherently present upon firing my bond and abrasive mix has been found to be directly related to the modulus of elasticity in the relationship that as the weight percent of abrasive grits included goes up relative to the weight percent of bond present in the wheel mix, the modulus of elasticity is reduced and the fired density is less. As the volume of pores in the mass goes up the grinding action of the wheel becomes softer. The converse is true when the relative weight percent of grits to weight of bond is reversed.
  • I can therefore specify a relative weight percentage addition of a given abrasive grit to the weight of the particular bond composition of this disclosure whereby to produce a grinding wheel having a given porosity, modulus of elasticity and predictable grinding action in a wheel that normally may be used as fired, requiring little or no truing as a result of the firing step.
  • FIG. I is a graph of data compiled to show the relationship of the modulus of elasticity (times that will result upon firing green wheels that have been cold pressed to have the molded density shown;
  • FIG. 2 is a graph including a further compilation of data showing the relationship of fired density of the grinding wheel, modulus of elasticity and the volume percent of pores in the fired wheels of this invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows the variation of the modulus of elasticity in relation to variations in the percent of abrasive content relative to the weight of bond and the effect of different grit sizes of abrasive therein.
  • compositions described below that may be cold pressed to the densities indicated that fall within the enclosed area shown in FIG. 1, enables me to produce a wheel with a specified modulus of elasticity after firing that has the proper durability and relative hardness or softness of cut to satisfy any of a customers steel ball bearing finish grinding requirements. Further, this ability to design variations in durability and speed of cut can be realized by making use of abrasive grains of different grit sizes, as shown in FIG. 3, for example, with U.S.
  • Abrasive grains of alumina oxide are preferred, however, because they are much more compatible with the disclosed ceramic bond composition than are silicon carbide grains which accounts for the different effects of silicon carbide grits and aluminum oxide grits on the modulus of elasticity as stated above.
  • the modulus of elasticity of the wheels of my invention are shown to be variable with respect to both the fired density as well as the porosity, that is, as the modulus represented by the full line curve increases, the fired density increases and the porosity decreases as the modulus increases, as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 2.
  • These three characteristics of modulus of elasticity, density and porosity of the wheel vary in a regular manner.
  • the modulus and/or the volume percent porosity can be predicted from the density of the cold pressed green wheel, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • ingredients that can be varied in the wheel mix to control the properties in the fired product, namely: (1) the clay of the bond, with a bentonite additive; (2) a flux of manganese dioxide and soda or soda ash; (3) a fine grit alumina crystalline additive; and (4) the abrasive grit.
  • I preferably start with a conventional vitrifiable bonding clay that notonly supplies alumina, silica and various low melting oxides in the fired bond that assist in the bonding of the abrasive grits but one that also gives some moldability during green wheel processing, that is, the clay compacts well and gives good green strength during the pressing operation.
  • the type of clay is not critical but a conventional clay for bonding, a so-called ball clay, should be selected. For convenience and economics, Mississippi ball clay has been found to be entirely satisfactory.
  • I start with an amount of clay equal to about 20% by weight of the final mixture and preferably add about 1% bentonite in order to give better compaction properties to the final mix that may be either cold or, in some cases, hot pressed, to form a wheel.
  • the bentonite incidentally functions to lower the melting point of the clay bond mix, but the bond composition can be made without bentonite.
  • bentonite is added in percentages no greater than 4 or 5% of the weight of the final mixture simply because it is a clay that shrinks excessively upon firing.
  • the ball clay content of the completed mix can be varied within the range of to by weight of the final mixture.
  • the second basic ingredient included in the mix is a manganese compound, preferably added as manganese dioxide, which upon firing, acts as a suitable fluxing agent for the clay.
  • This flux material controls the densification of the product upon firing and the degree of density produced is related to the amount of flux put into the mix and the firing temperature as compared to the firing of the same mix with no manganese. For example, when no manganese is present, a hard dense wheel would be produced only if fired at a temperature in the order of 1600C. or 1650C. With a 5% manganese dioxide addition, the firing temperature can be lowered significantly. I prefer to use a 7% manganese dioxide addition because that is the amount that fires most satisfactorily in a standard Orton cone l2 kiln.
  • a manganese dioxide content of less than 5% would result in a soft product, but at higher temperatures beyond a preferred range, the mixture could be fired to reach the optimum wheel density. If the manganese content of the mix is increased about 9% and the product is fired to cone l2, excessive bloating, blistering and slumping of the product will result.
  • manganese dioxide is preferably added in the range of from 6 to 8% by weight of the final mix. The manganese dioxide content required, however, is related to the particular firing temperature desired for the product and an increase in manganese is needed to satisfy the lower firing temperatures and, conversely, a lesser amount is needed if higher temperatures are used.
  • the Al O SiO content of the clay bond becomes fluid at a lower temperature and the resulting viscous glass, through surface tension, then draws the mass of the wheel together to achieve the resulting density and modulus of elasticity.
  • the drawing together or controlled shrinkage of bond around the abrasive particles reduces the pores trapped by the pressing operation achieving the dense product.
  • MnO loses oxygen to form Mn O and eventually Mn O
  • This free oxygen serves to reduce the residual carbon in the ball clay and causes the glass formers such as SiO to be fully oxidized.
  • I also separately add soda as an ingredient of the filler material described below.
  • the soda ash in an amount of about 1.5% of the dry weight of the final wheel mix serves as an additional fluxing component to make the bond more fluid.
  • a separate addition may not be required provided the ultimate dry mix for the wheel includes approximately 1.5% to 1.6% soda content.
  • the viscous glassy bond is in fact also a powerful solvent for the A1 0 abrasive so that the surface of the abrasive is dissolved by the fluid glass, thus insuring an intimate contact or wetting of the abrasive by the glass.
  • the manganese oxide can be used in any form of a mineral or chemical that is a combination of MnO- Al O -SiO such as pyrolusite, hau smannite, manganite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite or spessartite. Pyrolusite is preferably used because it is most available and least cost. Soda can be added in the form of sodium carbonate which loses CO to form soda if needed, or provided as a component of one of the other ingredients of the bond mix, as will appear below.
  • the third basic ingredient of the wheel of this invention is crystalline alumina in the form of dust collector fines and/or Bayer process alumina.
  • Such crystalline alumina will have some abrasive characteristics when the fired wheel is in use and it is added to the mix of this invention primarily as part of the bond material. Also, this component of the mix gives the essentially crystalline bond its hard, durable, long-wearing properties as well as supplying some of the abrasive action of aluminum oxide crystals for grinding the balls. It is believed, that this fine grit alumina material that is distributed homogenously throughout the bond, makes this prod uct superior to previous wheels used for grinding ball finishing grinding wheels.
  • the alumina. filler is present in an amount of from about 15 to 60% of the dry weight of the final mix.
  • Certain fused alumina products have a soda impurity therein and when this material is crushed, the soda which causes beta alumina crystals to form, tends to be selectively separated in the dust collector fines because beta alumina is softer than the alpha alumina form. The softer beta alumina tends to be crushed to a fine size and is collected in the dust collector in the crushing system.
  • dust collector fines are used as a filler, sufficient soda is present in the filler. If Bayer alumina is used, the soda content must be sufficient to insure a proper addition of the soda content to the mix.
  • the fourth ingredient to be added to the mix is the primary abrasive grits, which material serves a two-fold function; first, the larger abrasive grits do increase the rate of stock removal in the grinding of steel balls for bearings and secondly, the larger grits of fused crushed aluminum oxide serve in conjunction with the bond mix to control the modulus of elasticity by controlling the degree of porosity resulting from firing the wheel composition of this invention. Control of porosity and modulus, as above stated, makes the wheel either slower or faster cutting and thus the rate of cut and grinding ability of the grinding wheel is directly related to variations of the percent weight addition of the abrasive grit component relative to the weight of bond mix in the Wheel.
  • a percentage range of larger sized abrasive grit additions is shown clearly in FIGS. 1 and 3.
  • the percent of such alumina abrasive grit relative to a given weight of bond should preferably fall in a range above a 10% addition, up to an addition of as much as 50% fused crushed alumina abrasive grits, which upper limit is determined relative to the total weight of bond mix including the dust collector fines and/or Bayer alumina which are included in the weight of the bond.
  • the green wheels were cold pressed at 2,000 No. per square inch from such formulations.
  • *38A is a very pure form of fused alumina abrasive having a concentration of beta alumina fines therein. These fines are gathered from dust collectors used with certain alumina crushing operations in the plant, and are sold by Norton Company.
  • the dust collector fines have a generally weak shape and vary greatly in size from 2 to 50 microns with some particles as large as microns, the average size of the dust collector fines being about 7 to 12 microns.
  • the particle size of this crystalline alumina varies from about 2 to 15 microns with an average size of 7 microns.
  • compositions of my invention are mixed, and then are preferably cold pressed in a mold within a range of from /2 to 1 ton pressure per square inch, are then shaved and dried, utilizing conventional grinding wheel manufacturing procedures.
  • Pressures within a range of from 2/10 of a ton per square inch up to 2 tons per square inch can be used. if hot pressing facilities are available pressures within a range of from 500 pounds per square inch and lower should be used to accommodate the strength of the mold.
  • the firing procedure for these compositions is similar to those used for firing conventional ball wheel compositions. In the preferred processing, tunnel kilns are used, the wheels to be fired being set in sand on a suitable batt to be fed through the kiln in a normal procedure at about Orton Cone 12.
  • the wheels After firing, the wheels retain their cylindrical shape and the surfaces are flat so that they can be fitted, as fired, into the customers chucks to be used in the above-described known ball bearing grinding process without the lengthy and expensive truing of the wheels formerly made for the steel ball grinding process.
  • This invention not only eliminates most of the costs incident to the truing operations required in the prior art, but it also reduces processing time so that the wheels can be delivered to the customer in accordance with his specifications in much shorter time periods.
  • the wheels of my invention are inspected for cracks, dimensions, modulus of elasticity and density. Most wheels made by my procedure pass inspection and are normally ready for shipment to the customer without requiring any dressing or further preparation.
  • a range of different compositions within the concept of this invention are needed in order to satisfy customers needs and such wheels having a modulus of elasticity of from 110 to a modulus of between about 170 to 180 (all X 10 dyneslcm may be designed by reference to FIG. 1, using both 240 abrasive grit and 100 abrasive grit made from fused crushed aluminum oxide.
  • Compositions within the modulus and density range represented within the closed area defined by the 10 to 50% abrasive lines and the curved lines A and B in FIG. 1, will have a tolerable linear shrinkage as described above that essentially eliminates the necessity for truing the fired wheel. If the wheels are not pressed at least to a minimum degree, the green wheel cannot be properly handled.
  • the line A represents the modulus and porosity (density) resulting from firing wheels of the indicated composition press-ed to the 2/10 ton per square inch pressure.
  • the line B represents the results attained with a pressure of 2 tons per square inch. Too high a pressure causes laminations to form and I therefore have indicated the enclosed area of FIG. 1 to be my preferred teaching.
  • Silicon carbide abrasive grits can also be used within the range of from 4 to 12% by weight. This compares with the range of from 15 to 47% by weight for the alumina abrasive grit additive.
  • the use of silicon carbide does not form a part of the preferred teaching, however, because firing difficulties affecting the final appearance of the wheel have been encountered requiring more truing of the finished silicon carbide containing wheel as compared with the wheels made with alumina grits in accordance with this teaching.
  • a hard dense ceramic wheel for the finish grinding of spheres for ball bearings having a composition comprising a clay component in the ceramic bond in the range of 10% to 30% by weight of the dry mix from which the wheel is made, a crystalline alpha alumina filter present in said. bond in an amount of at least 15% by weight of the dry mix, particles of said filler being less than about 44 microns maximum size in their longest dimension; abrasive grits in said bond being coarser than said filler and in a size range of 80- grit size and finer based on the U.S.
  • said abrasive grits being selected from the group consisting of A1 0 SiC and mixtures thereof; said grits being present in a range of from 10 to 50% by weight of the dry mix; and said bond and abrasive mix including at least 5 to 9% by weight of manganese oxide, said wheel having a modulus of elasticity of from X 10" dynes/cm to X 10 dyneslcm and a density of from 2.8 to 3.25 grams/cm? 2.
  • said alpha alumina filler is selected from the group consisting of alumina dust collector fines and Bayer alumina.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
US433507A 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Ball grinding ceramic wheel containing manganese dioxide Expired - Lifetime US3913281A (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US433507A US3913281A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Ball grinding ceramic wheel containing manganese dioxide
DE19752500665 DE2500665A1 (de) 1974-01-15 1975-01-09 Keramische schleifscheiben und verfahren zu deren herstellung
FR7500665A FR2257392B1 (cs) 1974-01-15 1975-01-10
SE7500349A SE407356B (sv) 1974-01-15 1975-01-14 Keramisk skiva for slutslipning av kulor for kullager innefattande lerbindemedel, fyllmedel och mojligen slipmedelskorn samt forfarande for tillverkning av skivan
IT67070/75A IT1027287B (it) 1974-01-15 1975-01-14 Procedimento e dispositivo per la rettificia di finitura di sfere per coscivetti volventi
ZA00750255A ZA75255B (en) 1974-01-15 1975-01-14 Grinding wheels
JP50006986A JPS5949146B2 (ja) 1974-01-15 1975-01-14 研削ホイ−ルとその製造方法
GB1730/75A GB1485187A (en) 1974-01-15 1975-01-15 Ball grinding wheel and method
AU77319/75A AU7731975A (en) 1974-01-15 1975-01-15 Grinding wheels
BR287/75A BR7500287A (pt) 1974-01-15 1975-01-15 Rebolo duro e denso de ceramica aperfeicoado e processo aperfeicoado para sua fabricacao

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US433507A US3913281A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Ball grinding ceramic wheel containing manganese dioxide

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US3913281A true US3913281A (en) 1975-10-21

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US433507A Expired - Lifetime US3913281A (en) 1974-01-15 1974-01-15 Ball grinding ceramic wheel containing manganese dioxide

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US (1) US3913281A (cs)
JP (1) JPS5949146B2 (cs)
AU (1) AU7731975A (cs)
BR (1) BR7500287A (cs)
DE (1) DE2500665A1 (cs)
FR (1) FR2257392B1 (cs)
GB (1) GB1485187A (cs)
IT (1) IT1027287B (cs)
SE (1) SE407356B (cs)
ZA (1) ZA75255B (cs)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4954138A (en) * 1988-11-07 1990-09-04 Norton Company Stone to finish stone washed jeans
US5141527A (en) * 1989-04-14 1992-08-25 Treibacher Chemische Werke Aktiengesellschaft Ceramic sintered body and method of producing it
US6083290A (en) * 1996-11-15 2000-07-04 Sintobrator, Ltd. Inorganic media for dry barrel finishing
CN103492126A (zh) * 2011-04-18 2014-01-01 3M创新有限公司 树脂结合剂磨轮
CN112045258A (zh) * 2019-06-06 2020-12-08 卡帕耐尔斯有限两合公司 用于生产具有齿形或仿形的工件的方法
US12338165B2 (en) 2019-11-15 2025-06-24 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive articles and methods for forming same

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3022213C2 (de) * 1980-06-13 1987-12-23 Feldmühle AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Keramischer Formkörper mit eutektischen Gefügebestandteilen und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
CN103045165B (zh) * 2012-11-28 2014-11-26 大连大友高技术陶瓷有限公司 一种陶瓷研磨剂

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1364849A (en) * 1919-04-17 1921-01-04 Norton Co Abrasive and refractory article and method of producing same
US1546115A (en) * 1920-02-16 1925-07-14 Norton Co Vitreous bonded silicon-carbide abrasive article
US2259468A (en) * 1939-02-02 1941-10-21 Carborundum Co Porcelanic bonded diamond abrasive
US2475565A (en) * 1946-09-21 1949-07-05 Carborundum Co Ceramic bonded abrasive articles
US2544060A (en) * 1945-10-19 1951-03-06 Exolon Company Ceramic coatings and method of applying

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1364849A (en) * 1919-04-17 1921-01-04 Norton Co Abrasive and refractory article and method of producing same
US1546115A (en) * 1920-02-16 1925-07-14 Norton Co Vitreous bonded silicon-carbide abrasive article
US2259468A (en) * 1939-02-02 1941-10-21 Carborundum Co Porcelanic bonded diamond abrasive
US2544060A (en) * 1945-10-19 1951-03-06 Exolon Company Ceramic coatings and method of applying
US2475565A (en) * 1946-09-21 1949-07-05 Carborundum Co Ceramic bonded abrasive articles

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4954138A (en) * 1988-11-07 1990-09-04 Norton Company Stone to finish stone washed jeans
US5141527A (en) * 1989-04-14 1992-08-25 Treibacher Chemische Werke Aktiengesellschaft Ceramic sintered body and method of producing it
US6083290A (en) * 1996-11-15 2000-07-04 Sintobrator, Ltd. Inorganic media for dry barrel finishing
CN103492126A (zh) * 2011-04-18 2014-01-01 3M创新有限公司 树脂结合剂磨轮
US20140057534A1 (en) * 2011-04-18 2014-02-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Resin bonded grinding wheel
CN103492126B (zh) * 2011-04-18 2017-03-29 3M创新有限公司 磨削方法和磨料制品
CN112045258A (zh) * 2019-06-06 2020-12-08 卡帕耐尔斯有限两合公司 用于生产具有齿形或仿形的工件的方法
US11407048B2 (en) * 2019-06-06 2022-08-09 KAPP NILES GmbH & Co. KG Method for producing a workpiece provided with a toothing or profiling
US12338165B2 (en) 2019-11-15 2025-06-24 Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc. Abrasive articles and methods for forming same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE407356B (sv) 1979-03-26
ZA75255B (en) 1976-01-28
JPS50132590A (cs) 1975-10-20
JPS5949146B2 (ja) 1984-11-30
BR7500287A (pt) 1975-11-04
AU7731975A (en) 1976-07-15
GB1485187A (en) 1977-09-08
FR2257392A1 (cs) 1975-08-08
SE7500349L (cs) 1975-07-16
DE2500665A1 (de) 1975-07-17
FR2257392B1 (cs) 1978-07-13
IT1027287B (it) 1978-11-20

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