US3904409A - Photoconductive body for electrophotography and the method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Photoconductive body for electrophotography and the method of manufacturing the same Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3904409A
US3904409A US804142A US80414269A US3904409A US 3904409 A US3904409 A US 3904409A US 804142 A US804142 A US 804142A US 80414269 A US80414269 A US 80414269A US 3904409 A US3904409 A US 3904409A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
coating
photoconductive
type
powder
core
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US804142A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Hiroshi Hanada
Toru Takahashi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Canon Inc
Original Assignee
Canon Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Canon Inc filed Critical Canon Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3904409A publication Critical patent/US3904409A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/142—Inert intermediate layers
    • G03G5/144—Inert intermediate layers comprising inorganic material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
    • H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
    • H01L31/0384—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including other non-monocrystalline materials, e.g. semiconductor particles embedded in an insulating material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
    • Y10S148/064—Gp II-VI compounds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
    • Y10S148/12—Photocathodes-Cs coated and solar cell
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2991—Coated

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A photoconductive body for electrophotography and methods of manufacturing the same.
  • the present invention provides a high sensitivity photoconductive powder of CdS or CdSe by activating powder particles with a surface treatment to provide a potential barrier susceptible to the light, to improve trap level of the surface of the particles and to increase the quantum cfficiency of the particles.
  • An object of this invention is to obtain a highsensitivity, high-resolution power, and highly durable electrophotographic photosensitive plate best suited for use in methods for'electrophotography, particularly those described in US. applications Ser. Nos. 563.899 filed July 8, i966 and 571,538 filed Aug. 10, 1966.
  • the above-mentioned methods for electrophotography feature the formation of a high contrast electro static image by applying a uniform primary electrical charge to the insulating surface of a photosensitive plate having a highly insulating layer in close adherence thereto, by removing the said charge by either applying an electrical charge opposite in polarity to that of the primary charge or by AC corona discharge simulta neously with an exposure, and then by illuminating the entire surface with light.
  • This'proeess is superior to the method known as the Carlson method in sensitivityQin durability of photosensitive plate for repeated use, and in economy.
  • the photosensitive plate used in this process comprises a highly-insulating layer, a photoconductive layer, and an electrically conductive or insulating base.
  • a photosensitive plate comprising four layers including one more insulating layer on a electrically conductive base, or a'photosensitive plate including layers above and/or below the photoconductive layer transparent to radiation to which the:photoconductive layer is sensitive, can also be'used.
  • the performance such as image quality. and sensitivity, is determined depending on the photoconductive material and plate structural condition.
  • semiconductors such as amorphous selenium, which have a sufficiently high resistance, that is, have an insulation of more than 10 Q-cm in darkness, are required in the photosensi tive plate in order to maintain electrostatic charges on its surface. Therefore, highly sensitive layers having'the distinct characteristic of a p-type semiconductor or an n-type semiconductor as a result of mixing highly sensitive photoconductive bodies such as CdS, CdSe, crystalline, Se, SeTe. Te or impurities and forming donors or acceptors, cannot be used practically because they have a large dark decay or attenuation.
  • the photosensitive plate has an insulating layer on its surface and, based on some internal physical phenomena not yet clear, such highly sensitive substances such-as CdS and crystalline Se can be employed as the photosemiconductors, that is, mixing of impurities can be made with more freedom.
  • This enables easier selection of p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors sensitizing materials.
  • photosensitive plates far superior in sensitivity to those of Carlson process can be obtained by using semiconductors of either type. i
  • more-speedy and more-sensitive photosensitive plates are required at present. This invention was developed to meet this requirement.
  • a photosensitive layer made by bonding pulverized photoconductive substance for electrophotograpy with a resin the photoconductive characteristic is determineddepending mainly on the potential barrier that exists on-the surface of the powder granules and between the'granules. Therefore, in order to obtain a highly sensitive photosensitive layer, such powder, whose granule surface potential barrier changes rapidly with incident light, must be used.
  • the photoconductive characteristic is formed by the trap ping of the exciting carriers as determined by the trap level within the photosensitive layer.
  • Such trap level exists mostly on the surface of the powdered particles so that the suitable treatment of the surface of the particles would produce new trapping ability.
  • This invention attains the purpose of providing high sensitivity powder granules of sulfides or selenide or cadmium by activating the powder granules with a surface treatment by a novel method.
  • the conventional ideas of quantum efficiency that have been applied to the so-called photoconductive cells that used monocrystals or sintered layers are not applicable to photosensitive plates for electrophotography, because the quantum efficiency of these photoconductive cells is measured by conducting photoelectric current into an external circuit through an electrode attached to the photoconductive cell, the electrode having a socalled ohmic contact, whereas in a photosensitive plate for electrophotography an electrode having an ohmic contact is not used and the quantum efficiency must be considered in the interior of the photosensitive layer.
  • the conventional method to increase the life of the exciting carrier used in sensitizing the photoconductive cell results in a quantum efficiency of at most 1.
  • a drastic increase in the sensitivity of the photosensitive .layer may be expected by applying the said mechanism ,to the photosensitive layer to increase the quantum efficiency of the photosensitive layer to a value for larger than l.
  • n-p-n hook transistor This is an n-pn junction having a thin p-type layer between n-type layers.
  • the 2-11 junction becomes. for example, forward biased and the n-p junction becomes reverse biased.
  • the intermediate thin p-type layer serves as the so-called potential barrier to electrons.
  • the positive hole and electron produced are separated from each other by the strong electric field of reverse bias, and the electron moves towards the n-type layer and the positive hole to the p-type layer.
  • the positive hole that has moved towards the p-type layer is held by the valence bond of the p-type layer and main tained in that section.
  • the 1)- type layer corresponds to the flood gate and the action by which the incident light sends positive holes into the ptype layer corresponds to opening the flood gate. As a result. more water flows out of the dam the larger the opening of the flood gate.
  • Y is quantum efficiency, o e the electroconductivity of the n-type layer on the forward bias side.
  • Lpe the diffusion distance of positive holes within the said layer.
  • w the thickness of the said layer. Therefore, when 0" e.Lpe is far greater than 0' pm. the quantum efficiency is far greater than I.
  • An object of this invention is to increase the sensitivity of photosensitive plates for electrophotography, particularly the type of photosensitive plate comprising three layers and utilizing the persistent internal polarization. based on the above-mentioned viewpoint.
  • At least one layer ofp-njunction is employed in this invention as photoconductive fine particles.
  • the external ptype semiconductor is a barrier to electrons so as to increase the dark resistance of the photosensitive layer and to retain surface potential, and the acceptor compensating the free electrons at the i-layer plays the role of trapping positive holes produced by the incident light rays. Since the i-layer is in close contact with the barrier of the p-layer, the positive charge of the trapped positive holes will substantially lower the barrier so that the barrier of the player, the positive charge of the trapped positive holes will substantially lower the barrier so that the barrier of the p-layer is varied very sensitively and photoconduetivity becomes very sensitive.
  • FIG. I is a cross sectional view of a photosensitive member having a photoconductive layer formed by dispersing a photoconductive powder of the present invention into a binder;
  • FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of one example of a photoconductive powder of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a characteristic curve of the photosensitive plate as shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. I shows a photosensitive plate comprising highly insulating transparent film (polyester, fluorine resin. etc. having a resistivity of Q-cm) I, an electrically conductive or insulating base 2, and a photocnductive layer 3 formed between the above-mentioned film I and the base 2 by binding the abovementioned photoconductive fine particles with a binder 4 such as epoxy resin or vinyl acetate.
  • a binder 4 such as epoxy resin or vinyl acetate.
  • a junction similar to a p-n-p or n-p-n junction is formed towards the direction in which an electrical field is applied and an effect similar to a p-n-p or n-p-n diode is produced. Electrical charge flows rapidly when the photosensitive plate is exposed to light under a certain critical voltage and the electrical charge persists even when a voltage drop has occurred.
  • the particles thereof are sintered in a suitable circumference to form Cd vacancies on the surface of the particles or suitably surface treated to add Cu or Ag as an acceptor on the surface, and, by compensating free electrons from donors on the surface, a semiinsulating ilayer is formed externally of n-type layer.
  • the particles thereof are sintered in a suitable circumference to make the same Cd rich or surface treated suitably so as to add halogen, indium, gallium etc. on the surface to form an i-layer.
  • the dried block was broken into pieces the size of beans, placed in a quartz tube, and sintered for 30 minutes at 600C in nitrogen ambient atmosphere.
  • the sintered product was completely washed with pure water by repeated tilt washing, dried, and then passed through a sieve of 325 mesh to obtain a bright yellow powder.
  • Solution B 0.2 g of silver nitrate was dissolved in a small amount of water. 100 cc of boiling water was added to the solution followed by the addition of 0. 166g of Rochell salt. The solution was boiled for some time. The grey turbid liquid thus obtained was filtered while hot, and the filtrate was used as the solution B.
  • EXAMPLE 2 In a method for preparing photoconductive powder having a p-type surface layer by making copper adhere to the surface of n-type CdS powder by reduction,
  • the precipitate was washed completely with pure water by tilt washing and then completely dried in a vacuum desiccator at 60C. After drying, the precipitate was crushed by a ball mill for about 5 hours.
  • the powder obtained in (4) was placed in a quartz tube and sintered for 60 minutes at 600C in nitrogen ambient atmosphere. Then activated powder photoconductive substance was obtained.
  • EXAMPLE 3 ln a method for preparing photoconductive powder having a p-type surface layer by substituting Cd of the surface of powder granule of n-type CdS with copper by means of substitution reaction, to the powder obtained by the steps (1) through (3) of the Example l was added a solution prepared by dissolving 0.1 cc of sulfuric acid of 96 percent or more concentration and 0.002 g of copper sulfate in 200 cc of pure water. The mixture was subjected to agitation for about 10 hours in a closed-type rotary agitator. washed completely with pure water by tilt washing and dried at about 100C. The dried powder was placed in a quartz tube and sintered for minutes at 600C in nitrogen ambient atmosphere. Activated photoconductive powder was obtained.
  • EXAMPLE 5 ZnO for electrophotography available on the market was treated in 40-atmospheric-pressure hydrogen at 700C to increase the electrical conductivity.
  • the ZnO granules were dropped in vacuum continuously from a container maintained at about C and evaporated with Se. This evaporation was repeated several times. Then the granules were dispersed into acrylic resin, and the suspension was applied to a metal plate to a thickness of about 50a. The metal plate was then charged by negative corona discharge and an optical image was projected on the metal plate. An electrostatic pattern having a contrast of 300 V was obtained.
  • EXAMPLE 6 In a method for preparing n-p-n type photoconductive substance powder of CdS or CdSe, powder having a p-type surface layer obtained by the methods described in the Examples 1 through 4 was mixed with pure water. The mixture received filtration. A small amount of the aqueous solution of a fusing agent (for example. a 0.l mol aqueous solution of cadmium chloride and 1.0 mol aqueous solution of ammonium chloride) was poured on the precipitate to moisten it. and the excessive solution was suction-filtered. The powder was dried. and then sintered for 60 minutes at 600C in nitrogen ambient atmosphere, and n-p-n-type photoconductive powder was obtained.
  • a fusing agent for example. a 0.l mol aqueous solution of cadmium chloride and 1.0 mol aqueous solution of ammonium chloride
  • EXAMPLE 7 In a method for preparing Hz-type photoconductive powder of CdS.
  • n-type pure CdS powder was added several percent in weight of copper sulfide.
  • the mixture was ground completely in a ball mill. and then sintered for 2 hours at a temperature within the range of about 700 to 900C in nitrogen ambient atmosphere to obtain p-type powder.
  • the sintered product was first broken into pieces in a mortar and then ground for 24 hours in a ball mill. screened into classes, both the coarse powder and extremely fine powder were removed, and granules within the range of 1 to 20p. were obtained. These granules were sintered for minutes in a vacuum at 600 to 800C. An n-type layer was formed on the surface of p-type granules having sulfur vacancies.
  • the powder was mixed with pure water and filtered. and moistened with a small amount of aqueous solution containing only a halide fusing agent or salts of indium, potassium. etc.. again filtered and dried completely, and sintered for about 2 hours at a temperature higher than its melting point in inactive ambient atmosphere. Then a more firm n-type layer was formed.
  • EXAMPLE 8 In a method for preparing p-n-p-type photoconductive powder, copper or silver precipitate was adhered to the surface of the p-n-type powder obtained in the Example 7 by means of the method described in the Example through 4 and by subjecting the powder to heat diffusion or substitution with Cd.
  • EXAMPLE 9 In a method for preparing n-i-p-type photoconductive powder, Examples 1 and 2 are practiced, except that the amounts of silver and copper are reduced to about less than one-tenth, and the powder is obtained. To 10 g of the obtained powder is added a solution of 30 mg Cu CN, 45 mg of Na CN dissolved in 20 cc pure water to obtain a mixture, which is agitated in a bath of C about 20 minutes. After tilt filtering. it is dried to obtain a Cu S layer of p-type semiconductivity on the surface of the particles.
  • EXAMPLE 10 In a method for preparing n-i-p-type photoconductive powder, instead of the solution including Cu CN and NaCN in Example 9, a solution of 30 mg AgNO and 0.l cc concentrated nitric acid is used, by which a ptype layer of Ag- S is formed on the surface of the particles to obtain n-i-p type powder.
  • This mixture was transferred on to a smooth aluminum leaf installed on a plane plate and leveled rapidly to a thickness of about microns.
  • a Mylar insulation film about 25 microns in thickness was placed on the above-mentioned mixture, using a thin metal sheet frame as the spacer. Then using a metal rod having a wedge-like cross section, the mixture was squeezed through the Mylar insulation film, by utilizing the edge of the wedge.
  • the entire body was placed in the thermostatic oven. left here for 3 hours at 70C, to harden the resin.
  • the sensitivity of the three layered photosensitive plate of this invention mentioned above was compared with that of a photosensitive plate of the same composition but prepared by using photoconductive cadmium sulfide of the conventional method and by employing the same method as mentioned above.
  • the photosensitive plate is positively charged to a surface potential of+l ,500V by corona discharge in an illuminated or dark place according to the electrophotographic process mentioned previously. Then, while projecting an optical image onto the photosensitive plate to form an electrostatic latent image, a corona discharge of about the same magnitude and opposite in polarity is applied to the plate to charge it negatively. or an AC corona is applied to remove the electric charge, and then the entire photosensitive plate is exposed to light.
  • the sensitivity of the photosensitive plate wasjudged on the minimum amount of exposure required to obtain a latent image having sufficiently good contrast.
  • the result obtained was i Lax.- sec for the electrophotographic plate of this invention, while the result for the conventional plate was foundto be times as large, i.e. 5 Lux.sec. Therefore, this invention is very advantageous in improving speed in an electrophotographic copying machine, in compactizing the machine size due to simplification of the light source, and in cost reduction.
  • FIG. 3 shows the results of the measurement of the thermal excitation current of the photoconductive substance powder of this invention (the one shown in Example 8) and conventional powder (made by adding 0.003g of cupric oxide to lOg of CdS by sintering, using a fusing agent, and by treating the sintered product in sulfur vapor).
  • the above-mentioned two kinds of photoconductive powder were mixed in weight ratio of 100 14 and the mixture was bound by epoxy resin containing an adequate amount of hardening agent. This mixture was transferred onto the metal electrodes, evaporated onto a sheet of glass at an interval of 0.5 mm and a width of 5 mm, dried for 3 hours at 70C, and then hardened to form a photosensitive layer.
  • the photosensitive layer first received sufficient light irradiation from the glass plate side through the interelectrode gaps. The light was then interrupted and the specimen was kept in the dark. A voltage of 100V was applied across the electrodes and the temperature was decreased gradually from the nitrogen temperature at a constant rate, and the current that flowed through the specimen was measured at each temperature. The peak of the curve shows the trap level of the photoconductive substance. As clearly shown in the curve a, the photoconductive substance of this invention has a newly formed trap level compared with the conventional one (curve b). This is considered one of the causes of the excellent effect the photoconductive substance displayed when used as an electrophotographic photosensitive plate.
  • This invention utilizes the H1 reversal phenomenon of granule surfaces, which occurs as a matter of course in manufacturing electrophotographic photoconductive substances in accordance with the invention.
  • the idea of this invention contains various kinds of variations and is also applicable to plates that have no insulating layer on the surface.
  • This invention is applicable to such materials as semiconductors other than the above-mentioned CdS and CdSe, such as ZnO. CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, Su- O. GeS, Ge, Se. Bi S GaAs, and PbS which are known. to the use of components for the p-region and n-region which differ from each other, and to substances which are within the technical range of this invention.
  • a photoconductive powder comprising a photoconductive core and a first photoconductive coating, said core exhibiting n-type semiconductivity. said first coating covering said core and exhibiting p-type semiconductivity.
  • a photosensitive'member comprising the photoconductive powder claimed in claim 1 and a binder therefor.
  • the photosensitive member claimed in claim 2 in which the photosensitive member is a photoconductive layer and including further an overlying insulative layer.
  • Inorganic photoconductive powder comprising a photoconductive core, a first photoconductive coating covering the core and a second photoconductive coating covering the first coating, the core and the second coating each exhibiting the same type of conductivity selected from the group consisting of n-type semiconductivity and p-type semiconductivity and the first coating exhibiting a type of conductivity different from that of the core and the second coating and selected from the group consisting of n-type semiconductivity and p-type semiconductivity.
  • a photosensitive member comprising the photoconductive powder claimed in claim 5 and a binder therefor.
  • a photosensitive member comprising the photoconductive powder claimed in claim 6 and a binder therefor.
  • the photosensitive member claimed in claim 7 in which the photosensitive member is a photoconductive layer and including further an overlying insulative layer.
  • the photosensitive member claimed in claim 8 in which the photosensitive member is a photoconductive layer and including further an overlying insulative layer.
  • Inorganic photoconductive powder comprising a photoconductive core, a first photoconductive coating covering the core and a second photoconductive coating covering the first coating.
  • the first coating exhibiting positively introduced i-type semi-insulation and the core and the second coating each exhibiting a different type of conductivity selected from the group consisting of n-type semiconductivity and p-type semiconductivity.
  • the core comprises CdS.
  • the first coating comprises CdS and the second coating comprises Cu S. the second coating being formed on the first coating by chemical substitution reaction.
  • a photosensitive member comprising the photo conductive powder claimed in claim 11 and a binder therefor.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
US804142A 1968-03-08 1969-03-04 Photoconductive body for electrophotography and the method of manufacturing the same Expired - Lifetime US3904409A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP43015287A JPS4910709B1 (de) 1968-03-08 1968-03-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3904409A true US3904409A (en) 1975-09-09

Family

ID=11884619

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US804142A Expired - Lifetime US3904409A (en) 1968-03-08 1969-03-04 Photoconductive body for electrophotography and the method of manufacturing the same

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US3904409A (de)
JP (1) JPS4910709B1 (de)
DE (1) DE1911334B2 (de)
NL (1) NL6903538A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4043813A (en) * 1973-06-06 1977-08-23 Bell & Howell Company Photoconductive particles of zinc oxide
US4093777A (en) * 1974-10-10 1978-06-06 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Coated stabilized cadmium chalcogenide pigments
US4098609A (en) * 1975-07-07 1978-07-04 Bell & Howell Company Method of making improved photoconductive particles
US5128064A (en) * 1989-04-18 1992-07-07 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Cadmium sulfide membranes

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5646242A (en) * 1979-09-19 1981-04-27 Canon Inc Electrophotographic photoconductive material

Citations (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2844640A (en) * 1956-05-11 1958-07-22 Donald C Reynolds Cadmium sulfide barrier layer cell
US2876202A (en) * 1954-12-01 1959-03-03 Rca Corp Photoconducting powders and method of preparation
US2908588A (en) * 1957-03-15 1959-10-13 Rca Corp Zinc sulfide-coated phosphor particles, phosphor screen, and method of making screen
US3041166A (en) * 1958-02-12 1962-06-26 Xerox Corp Xerographic plate and method
US3060134A (en) * 1959-03-03 1962-10-23 New Jersey Zinc Co Photoconductive zinc oxide pigment
US3162526A (en) * 1961-10-26 1964-12-22 Grace W R & Co Method of doping semiconductor materials
US3251714A (en) * 1961-07-13 1966-05-17 Philips Corp Method of preparing a cadmium oxide photoconductor
US3307983A (en) * 1963-03-12 1967-03-07 Philips Corp Method of manufacturing a photosensitive device
US3312547A (en) * 1964-07-02 1967-04-04 Xerox Corp Xerographic plate and processes of making and using same
US3351516A (en) * 1962-10-13 1967-11-07 Bayer Ag Photoconductive structural element and process of manufacturing same
US3374108A (en) * 1964-06-18 1968-03-19 Kewanee Oil Co Formation of barrier layers in cadmium sulfide solar cells
US3379527A (en) * 1963-09-18 1968-04-23 Xerox Corp Photoconductive insulators comprising activated sulfides, selenides, and sulfoselenides of cadmium
US3449148A (en) * 1966-06-30 1969-06-10 Texas Instruments Inc Formation of electron barriers on phosphor particles
US3519480A (en) * 1967-01-13 1970-07-07 Eastman Kodak Co Process for treating photoconductive cadmium sulfide layers
US3541028A (en) * 1965-09-29 1970-11-17 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Photoconductive insulating materials
US3560398A (en) * 1966-12-02 1971-02-02 Texas Instruments Inc Phosphors for color display systems
US3568306A (en) * 1965-09-25 1971-03-09 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Method of making photovoltaic device by electroplating
US3595646A (en) * 1967-08-22 1971-07-27 Katsuragawa Denki Kk Method of treating photoconductors of the cadmium series to form electrophotosensitive material manifesting persistent internal polarization

Patent Citations (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2876202A (en) * 1954-12-01 1959-03-03 Rca Corp Photoconducting powders and method of preparation
US2844640A (en) * 1956-05-11 1958-07-22 Donald C Reynolds Cadmium sulfide barrier layer cell
US2908588A (en) * 1957-03-15 1959-10-13 Rca Corp Zinc sulfide-coated phosphor particles, phosphor screen, and method of making screen
US3041166A (en) * 1958-02-12 1962-06-26 Xerox Corp Xerographic plate and method
US3060134A (en) * 1959-03-03 1962-10-23 New Jersey Zinc Co Photoconductive zinc oxide pigment
US3251714A (en) * 1961-07-13 1966-05-17 Philips Corp Method of preparing a cadmium oxide photoconductor
US3162526A (en) * 1961-10-26 1964-12-22 Grace W R & Co Method of doping semiconductor materials
US3351516A (en) * 1962-10-13 1967-11-07 Bayer Ag Photoconductive structural element and process of manufacturing same
US3307983A (en) * 1963-03-12 1967-03-07 Philips Corp Method of manufacturing a photosensitive device
US3379527A (en) * 1963-09-18 1968-04-23 Xerox Corp Photoconductive insulators comprising activated sulfides, selenides, and sulfoselenides of cadmium
US3374108A (en) * 1964-06-18 1968-03-19 Kewanee Oil Co Formation of barrier layers in cadmium sulfide solar cells
US3312547A (en) * 1964-07-02 1967-04-04 Xerox Corp Xerographic plate and processes of making and using same
US3568306A (en) * 1965-09-25 1971-03-09 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Method of making photovoltaic device by electroplating
US3541028A (en) * 1965-09-29 1970-11-17 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Photoconductive insulating materials
US3449148A (en) * 1966-06-30 1969-06-10 Texas Instruments Inc Formation of electron barriers on phosphor particles
US3560398A (en) * 1966-12-02 1971-02-02 Texas Instruments Inc Phosphors for color display systems
US3519480A (en) * 1967-01-13 1970-07-07 Eastman Kodak Co Process for treating photoconductive cadmium sulfide layers
US3595646A (en) * 1967-08-22 1971-07-27 Katsuragawa Denki Kk Method of treating photoconductors of the cadmium series to form electrophotosensitive material manifesting persistent internal polarization

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4043813A (en) * 1973-06-06 1977-08-23 Bell & Howell Company Photoconductive particles of zinc oxide
US4093777A (en) * 1974-10-10 1978-06-06 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Coated stabilized cadmium chalcogenide pigments
US4098609A (en) * 1975-07-07 1978-07-04 Bell & Howell Company Method of making improved photoconductive particles
US5128064A (en) * 1989-04-18 1992-07-07 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Cadmium sulfide membranes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL6903538A (de) 1969-09-10
JPS4910709B1 (de) 1974-03-12
DE1911334A1 (de) 1969-10-02
DE1911334B2 (de) 1977-02-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US5238607A (en) Photoconductive polymer compositions and their use
DE2712556A1 (de) Aufzeichnungsverfahren und -vorrichtung
DE69512924T2 (de) Röntgenstrahlenempfindliche photoleitfähige zusammensetzungen für röntgenradiographie
US20120181440A1 (en) Pastes For Photoelectric Conversion Layers Of X-Ray Detectors, X-Ray Detectors And Methods Of Manufacturing The Same
US3121007A (en) Photo-active member for xerography
US3379527A (en) Photoconductive insulators comprising activated sulfides, selenides, and sulfoselenides of cadmium
US3904409A (en) Photoconductive body for electrophotography and the method of manufacturing the same
US4255505A (en) Electrophotographic process using layered element containing p-type or n-type materials, with multiple charging steps and blanket irradiation
US4175959A (en) Precipitation of particulate trigonal selenium for use in electrophotography
US3743609A (en) Process for producing photoconductive materials
DE3245224C2 (de)
US4119840A (en) Fast acting gain photocurrent device
US3773567A (en) Diffused heterojunction multilayer coatings for electrostatic photography
US3944332A (en) Optical sensitization and development of liquid crystalline devices
DE1911334C3 (de)
US3694201A (en) Method for photoconductive powder
US3867143A (en) Electrophotographic photosensitive material
US4010031A (en) Electrophotographic system
US4220696A (en) Electrophotographic plate with multiple layers
DE2364967B2 (de) Elektrophotographisches aufzeichnungsmaterial
CA1121203A (en) Imaging system containing trigonal selenium and a group ia hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, acetate or selenite
US4053863A (en) Electrophotographic photoconductive plate and the method of making same
DE3120305C2 (de)
Faria et al. Cd/S, Se: Cu-photoconductive material for electrophotography
CA1055300A (en) Electrophotographic film member with r.f. sputtered inorganic photoconductor