US3896217A - Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunoadsorbent - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunoadsorbent Download PDF

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US3896217A
US3896217A US342513A US34251373A US3896217A US 3896217 A US3896217 A US 3896217A US 342513 A US342513 A US 342513A US 34251373 A US34251373 A US 34251373A US 3896217 A US3896217 A US 3896217A
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Prior art keywords
antigen
immunoadsorbent
antibodies
labelled
antibody
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Expired - Lifetime
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US342513A
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English (en)
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Lavell R Johnson
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Summa Corp
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Summa Corp
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Priority to US342513A priority Critical patent/US3896217A/en
Priority to NLAANVRAGE7403215,A priority patent/NL176307C/xx
Priority to CA194,686A priority patent/CA1036935A/fr
Priority to GB1147374A priority patent/GB1460631A/en
Priority to ZA00741688A priority patent/ZA741688B/xx
Priority to IT1259774A priority patent/IT1018252B/it
Priority to DE2412833A priority patent/DE2412833A1/de
Priority to FR7409088A priority patent/FR2222654B1/fr
Priority to JP3086674A priority patent/JPS5717257B2/ja
Priority to US05/565,848 priority patent/US4059685A/en
Priority to US05/565,850 priority patent/US4009005A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3896217A publication Critical patent/US3896217A/en
Priority to DE2612948A priority patent/DE2612948C2/de
Priority to NL7603439A priority patent/NL7603439A/xx
Priority to FR7609965A priority patent/FR2307268A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/544—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being organic
    • G01N33/548—Carbohydrates, e.g. dextran
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/804—Radioisotope, e.g. radioimmunoassay
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/807—Apparatus included in process claim, e.g. physical support structures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/807—Apparatus included in process claim, e.g. physical support structures
    • Y10S436/808—Automated or kit
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/815—Test for named compound or class of compounds
    • Y10S436/817—Steroids or hormones
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/826—Additives, e.g. buffers, diluents, preservatives
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/829—Liposomes, e.g. encapsulation

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay providing a continuously reusable short cycle analytical system of particular use in biochemical analysis such as the determination of steriods, polypeptides and the like.
  • the method disclosed comprises admixing an unlabelled antigen sample with a known concentration of labelled antigen, bringing the mixture into contact with a mass of appropriate antibody that has been immobilized thereby to bind at least part of the mixed antigen to the antibody.
  • the amount of bound and/or unbound labelled antigen is detected and counted and, by use of previously prepared standards, the unknown concentration of unlabelled antigen is found.
  • the still immobilized antibody is regenerated for immediate reuse by rinsing it with a selected eluting solution that is capable of breaking the antigen-antibody bond without altering the characteristics of the antibody.
  • a selected eluting solution that is capable of breaking the antigen-antibody bond without altering the characteristics of the antibody.
  • Several suitable eluting solutions are disclosed.
  • a novel apparatus by which the new method may be automatically carried out and the antibody reused many times. By proper substitution, the antibody and antigen may be reversed.
  • This invention relates generally to the analytical technique known as radioimmunoassay in which antigens are bound to specific antibodies and, through the use of tracers (labels) and predetermined behavior standards the concentration of antigen in a sample is determined. More particularly, the invention relates to improved methods and apparatus for radioimmunoassay in which a short-cycle time, hence more rapid analysis is achieved, the antibody mass (immunoadsorbent) is regenerated to be reused indefinitely rather than being wastes and the entire operation is automated.
  • Radioimmunoassay is an analytical technique which depends upon the competition (affinity) of antigen for antigen-binding sites on antibody molecules.
  • standard curves are constructed from work on a plurality of samples each containing (a) the same known concentration of labelled antigen, and (b) various, but known, concentrations of unlabelled antigen.
  • Antigens are labelled with a radioactive isotope tracer. The mixture is incubated in contact with an antibody, the free antigen is separated from the antibody and antigen bound thereto, and then, by use of a suitable detector, such as a gamma or beta radiation detector, the percent of either the bound or free labelled antigens is determined.
  • a suitable detector such as a gamma or beta radiation detector
  • the sample in which the concentration of antigen is to be determined is mixed with a known amount of tracer antigen.
  • Tracer antigen is the same antigen known to be in the sample but which has been labelled with a suitable radioactive isotope.
  • the sample with tracer is then incubated in contact with the antibody. Thereafter, it may be counted in a suitable detector which counts the free antigen remaining in the sample.
  • the antigen bound to the antibody or immunoadsorbent may also be similarly counted. Then, from the standard curve, the concentration of antigen in the original sample is determined. Afterwards, the antibody or immunoadsorbent mass is discarded.
  • Some workers have resorted to the technique of binding the antibody to the inner walls of a plastic vessel, filling the vessel with the antigen bearing sample, allowing it to stand for an incubatioin period that typically ranges from 4 to 72 hours and then separating free antigen from bound antigen by draining and rinsing the vessel leaving therein only the antibody and bound antigen.
  • a more recently developed technique is to prepare the immunoadsorbent by binding the antibodies onto an insoluble cross-linked dextran. The immunoadsorbent and antigen bearing sample are incubated then the dextran with bound antigen is separated from the solution by suitable means.
  • the percentage of labelled antigen in either or both the bound or free fractions is determined and the standard curve used to determine the antigen concentration. Thereafter, the immunoadsorbent is discarded.
  • radioimmunoassay techniques have proven to be valuable tools and have gained widespread acceptance, they are still not all that are to be desired because the antibody (immunoadsorbent) is consumed with each analysis hence must be discarded.
  • prior practice is batch type and the several reagents are added to the antibody in test tubes in which the separate steps, such as incubation, rinsing and the like, are performed, thus resulting in a slow and costly operation.
  • the present invention provides improved method and apparatus for carrying out radioimmunoassay.
  • the immunoadsorbent antibody
  • the immunoadsorbent is repeatedly and rapidly regenerated thus obviating the need and therefore the time and cost of constant replacement.
  • steps are incorporated by which the method may be carried on continuously in constantly repeating cycles thereby eliminating the expensive time-consuming batch operation.
  • a novel equipment arrangement for automating the method is also provided.
  • the invention is predicated on the discoveries that (l) by forming the immunoadsorbent mass as an immobilized mass of antibodies through which the antigen sample and other reagents may flow the procedure may be sequentially carried out without resort to the use of several manual steps and (2) the immobilized immunoadsorbent may be regenerated for repeated reuse by the rinsing with a solvent or eluting solution having particular characteristics. That is to say, bound antigens are released so that the antibody may be washed clean of bound antigen and thereby regenerated for reuse without affecting the essential characteristic of the antibody mass such as its ability to permit repeated flow of antigen solution therethrough and its antigenbinding efficiency during a large number of cycles.
  • immobilized antibody mass refers to a mass of antibodies held in place in a liquid stream flow path in such a manner that the stream may flow over or through the mass while the latter remains in place.
  • a suitable antibody mass may be formed from solid surfaces such as glass or water insoluble polymers to which the antibodies are attached by co-valent bonds.
  • a mass of such beads with attached antibodies is supported on a screen in a tube or other hollow column through which the antigen bearing sample and other reagents are flowed sequentially.
  • Covalent coupling of antibodies or antigens to said carrier is known. (It is disclosed for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,76l
  • antibodies specific t the antigen under analysis, are co-valently coupled to a solid support such as beads, a mass of the beads is immobilized, an antigen bearing solution is flowed therepast, the percentage of free labelled antigen remaining in the solution is detected, the bound antigen is released simultaneously with regeneration of the antibody mass and the percentage of released antigen is also detected.
  • the percentages are determined with reference to the total antigen in the incoming sam ple. As noted, detection is of the tracer or labelled antigen.
  • Release of bound antigen and concommitant regeneration or reactivation of the antibody mass is effected by rinsing it with a solvent or eluting solution that breaks the bond between antigen and antibody, but does not break the co-valent bond between the antibody and its support. Moreover, the solvent must not alter either the flow characteristic or antigen affinity of the antibody mass.
  • Another type of immobilized antibody mass can be formed by encapsulating antibodies in a semipermeable membrane. A quantity of such microcapsules is then held in place in a column through which the antigen-bearing solution flows. The membranes are selected to block the outward passage of antibodies while permitting the free passage of antigens and their solvent in both directions.
  • the solvent should not cause swelling of the antibody support or the membrane wall to the point where flow of relatively small antigens is blocked or the loss of relatively larger antibodies through the wall occurs.
  • the method of the invention comprises the steps of providing a mass of immobilized specific antibodies to selected antigen, holding such mass in a liquid flow path, preparing an antigen bearing sample by adding a known quantity of labelled antigen to a sample containing an unknown amount of the same antigen, flowing such sample along said liquid flow path over and in contact with said immobilized antibody, thereafter detecting the quantity of free labelled antigen remaining in the sample and/or that which is bound to the antibody.
  • the quantity of antigen bound to the antibody is determined by rinsing the antibody with a particular solvent to release bound antigens then detecting the antigens in the rinse solution.
  • solvents found to meet the requirements of this invention have been hydrophobic in character.
  • Typical solvents are methyl, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols as well as dimethylformamide.
  • the apparatus invention comprises a contact chamber having an inlet and outlet and adapted to accommodate the flow of a liquid stream therethrough, a mass of antibodies, means for immobilizing said antibodies and holding them in position in said contact chamber in the path of antigen flow therethrough, a detection chamber having an inlet and outlet, a detector associated with said chamber for determining the quantity ofa given tracer flowing through said chamber, conduit means for conductng liquid from the outlet of said contact chamber to the inlet of said detection chamber, a source of sample solution containing both labelled and unlabelled antigen, a source of regenerating solvent, means for supplying separately and sequentially to the inlet of said contact chamber for flow therethrough a quantity of said sample and of said solvent, and means for controlling the flow of said sample and solvent through said contact chamber and said detection chamber.
  • Means are also provided for introducing a so-called scintillation cocktail into the system between the contact chamber and detector to flow through the latter and therein to convert radioactive decay impulses to light or photons for detection by a photo multipli
  • the required flow rates through the contact chamber and detector are determined emperically and are controlled by metering pumps.
  • the flow sequence is controlled by valves. By proper timing the flow through the system may be continuous with the rates being selected to provide sufficient time at each station to achieve the results, such as binding, releasing or counting, sought at each station.
  • FIGURE is a schematic diagram of apparatus embodying the invention.
  • the system comprises a sample source 10, a source 11 of buffer rinse, a source 12 of regenerating solvent, a source 13 of scintillation cocktail, a rinse water reservoir 14, a contact chamber 16 filled with immobilized antibodies (immunoadsorbent) a mixing chamber 17, and a detector chamber or coil 18 with detector 19 adjacent thereto.
  • the foregoing components are connected together by a series of conduits and flow directing valves which, together with metering pumps and a timing mechanism, regulate flow through the system.
  • the sample source 10 connects via a conduit 21 to a two-position valve 22 which in one position connects to a sample loop 23.
  • the sample loop terminates in a two-position valve 24 which in one position connects to a conduit 26 leading to another twoposition valve 27 which in one position connects the conduit 26 and sample loop 23 to an aspirator pump 28 which discharges to waste.
  • a rinse water inlet conduit 29 also connects to the pump 28 via the alternate polition of valve 27 to keep the pump primed and rinsed when it is not drawing sample.
  • the displacement rinse flows from tank 11 to a twoposition valve 31 which in one position connects through a pump 32 to a further two-position valve 33 whence it connects either to a conduit 34 leading to the valve 22 and sample loop 23 or to a conduit 36 leading to the contact chamber. mixer and detector.
  • a conduit 37 connects the valve 24 to the main conduit 36.
  • a branch conduit 38 connects to the main conduit 36 at a junction between the contact chamber and the detector at a location ahead of the mix chamber 17.
  • a pump 39 is provided to move a reagent from the tank 13 through the conduit 38.
  • a central timer is employed to control sequencing of the valves and pumps.
  • the timer may be custom assembled for the job in accor dance with available technology hence, its structure need not be described in detail. It is sufficient to indicate, as is done in the drawing, that the valves, all of which are electrically actuatable solenoid valves, and the metering pumps, all of which are electric, are connected to the timer by suitable conductors 42.
  • valve 31 shifts to accept regenerating solvent from the tank 12 and directs it through pump 32 and valve 33 directly into conduit 36 to flow through the contact chamber where it releases the bound antigens and carries them to the mixer and detector. Simultaneously, the immunoadsorbent in the contact chamber is regenerated.
  • the scintillation cocktail in tank 13 typically comprises a primary scintillator, a secondary scintillator and a solubilizer all carried in toluene. its function is to mix with the antigen bearing solution in the mix chamber 17 and then to convert the radioactive impulses of the tracer to light or photons which can be detected by a photo multiplier detector. Photons may be detected by either a gamma or beta scintillation spectrometer.
  • the tracer or label is selected from those conveniently available.
  • a label of H Tritium may be used with a beta scintillator detector with a coincidence circuitry counter whereas an lodine label 1 may be used with a gamma detector which does not require the coincidence circuitry. In the tests reported herein, a tritium label was used.
  • Buffer Rinse (Solution A) 0.02 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.5 0.05 M sodium chloride 0.01% merthiolate 0.02% sodium azide Regenerating solvent (Solution 8) Solution A with the addition of 30% (v/v) of ethyl alcohol.
  • Scintillating Solution (Solution C) Five parts of a solution of 0.4% (w/v) 2.5 diphenyloxazole 0.008% (w/v) l, 4-bis-2(4-methyl-5- phenyloxazolyl) benzene toluene as solvent one part of Scintisol-GP (manufactured by lsolab,
  • a contact chamber was prepared from a glass pipette plugged at one end with glass wool. A slurry of 0.04 ml of immunoadsorbent suspension was introduced. The suspension contained 20 mg/ml of solid support to which testosterone antibody had been covalently bonded. The chamber was washed with 5 ml of a buffer rinse (Solution A) then by 1 ml of regenerating solvent (Solution B) and finally by another 2 ml of buffer rinse (Solution A.) The cycle was repeated several times.
  • the first two cycles were used to stabilize conditions.
  • EXAMPLE II (62.nC/ml of tritium) plus a known amount of unlabelled estriol.
  • concentration in the first column recites only the known unlabelled estriol concentration.
  • EXAMPLE III A prototype system was constructed which employed a turntable sampler holding a plurality of samples and having a lifter for moving the sample tube 21 into and out of samples as they are sequentially rotated into position by a timer. A cyclic timer 41 was employed. A commercially available rotary sample valve was used to perform the functions of valves 22, 24 and 33 in response to signals from the timer. The valves 27 and 31 were simple twoposition electrically operated valves. Suitable metering pumps 28, 29 and 32 were used. Flow lines were small bore Teflon plastic tubes typically of 0.0012 to 0.0062 inch ID. The contact chamber consisted of a polypropylene tube 0. l 25 inch inside diameter by 0.188 inch long. As used.
  • the colums contained 0.04 ml of a Sephadex G-25 suspension at a concentration of mg Sephadex/ml of a solution of 0.02M sodium phosphate at pH 7.5, 0.05 M NaCl, 0.01% merthiolate and 0.02% sodium oxide.
  • Antibody to the antigen was covalently bonded to the Sephadex.
  • the sample loop 23 had a capacity of 0.2 ml. Flow rates were:
  • the coil forming the detector cell has a volume capacity of 2.2 ml.
  • the mixer 17 has a capacity of approximately l ml. Detection and counting was accomplished by means of a beta scintillation detector adjacent the coil and coupled to a counter not shown but which is a conveniently available type.
  • the immunoadsorbent in the contact chamber was an antibody coupled to Sephadex beads which were in turn immobilized in the contact chamber by nylon screen (325-400 mesh).
  • Sephadex is a cross-linked dextran made by Pharmacia A.B. of Uppsala. Sweden. Such beads or other particulate solids with the ability to hold antibodies by co-valent bonds make convenient supports on which to bind the antibodies for immobilization.
  • a typical total cycle time for some tests was 28 minutes. This total included a three minute rinse cycle during which rinse from tank ll flushed the system free from regeneration solvent.
  • the sample loop which does not require preliminary rinse, is at the same time flushed and filled with sample.
  • the first three minute period is followed by a ten minute period during which reagent from tank 11 flows through the sample loop displacing sample therefrom into and through the contact chamber, the mixer and the detector. All of this is followed by a [5 minute regeneration period during which solvent from tank 12, by-passing the sample loop as previously described, flows through the contact chamber to release bound antigens thereby regenerating the immunoadsorbent.
  • the released antigens are subjected to detection as they move through the flow cell to eventual discard.
  • the cycle time has been reduced to less than fifteen minutes.
  • the cycle time can be reduced by increasing the concentration of radioactive tracer.
  • a suitable reagent for regeneration of the immunoadsorbent is one which will break the bond between the antigen and antibody but does not adversely affect the antibody. That is, it does not loosen it from its support nor reduce either its permeability or affinity for antigen. So far identification of suitable reagents has been empirical on the basis of behavior. However, once a suitable reagent for a given antibody-antigen system has been identified, it becomes a permanent reagent for that system.
  • the unexpected discovery that regeneration is possible and the identification of suitable reagents makes possible rapid analysis at greatly reduced costs.
  • the system is capable of automation thereby reducing human error with a concomitant increase in accuracy.
  • bound antigen refers to the antigen bound to the antibody mass.
  • the bound antigen is mea sured only after it has been released from the antibody by the regenerating solvent. if the percent recovery of bound (released) antigen is added to the percent of free antigen measured in any cycle, the total is consistently at for practical purposes. This is significant because it confirms that substantially all bound antigen is released from the antibody and that the antibody is completely regenerated.
  • said regenerating step including contacting said immunoadsorbent with a solvent characterized by the ability to break the bond between the antigen bound to the antibody of the immunoadsorbent to free substantially all of said antigen therefrom without substantially adversely affecting the flowthrough quality of said immunoadsorbent and the capacity thereof to bind antigen material subsequently brought into contact therewith, utilizing at least one of l) the said remainder which is not bound to said aantibodies or (2) the antigen formerly bound to said immunoadsorbent and released during regeneration thereof, or both, in an analytical assay of said selected antigen, and
  • the immunoadsorbent is formed by co-valently bonding the said mass of antibodies to individual solids of a mass of particulate solids
  • said solvent is flowed through said mass.
  • antibodies are specific to an antigen selected from the class consisting of steroids, polypeptides and thyroid hormones.
  • said solvent comprising an alcohol
  • said solvent being hydrophobic in character.
US342513A 1973-03-19 1973-03-19 Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunoadsorbent Expired - Lifetime US3896217A (en)

Priority Applications (14)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US342513A US3896217A (en) 1973-03-19 1973-03-19 Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunoadsorbent
NLAANVRAGE7403215,A NL176307C (nl) 1973-03-19 1974-03-11 Werkwijze voor het bepalen van antigeenconcentraties door radio- immunoanalyse.
CA194,686A CA1036935A (fr) 1973-03-19 1974-03-12 Methode et appareil pour dosage radio-immunologique avec regeneration de l'adsorbant
GB1147374A GB1460631A (en) 1973-03-19 1974-03-14 Method and apparatus for immunoassay with regeneration of immunadsorbent
ZA00741688A ZA741688B (en) 1973-03-19 1974-03-14 Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunadsorbent
IT1259774A IT1018252B (it) 1973-03-19 1974-03-15 Apparecchiatura per il saggio di immunita radiologica con rigenera zione dell immunoadsorbente
DE2412833A DE2412833A1 (de) 1973-03-19 1974-03-16 Verfahren und einrichtung zur radioimmunopruefung mit rueckgewinnung des immunadsorbens
FR7409088A FR2222654B1 (fr) 1973-03-19 1974-03-18
JP3086674A JPS5717257B2 (fr) 1973-03-19 1974-03-18
US05/565,848 US4059685A (en) 1973-03-19 1975-04-07 Immobilized immunoadsorbent
US05/565,850 US4009005A (en) 1973-03-19 1975-04-07 Apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunadsorbent
DE2612948A DE2612948C2 (de) 1973-03-19 1976-03-26 Wiederbenutzbares immobilisiertes Immunoadsorbens für ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Analyse der Antigenkonzentration einer Probenlösung
NL7603439A NL7603439A (nl) 1973-03-19 1976-04-02 Vastgelegd immunoadsorbens, werkwijze voor het bereiden daarvan, werkwijze voor het benutten daarvan voor immuniteitsbepaling, en houder voor dit adsorbens.
FR7609965A FR2307268A1 (fr) 1973-03-19 1976-04-06 Immunoadsorbant immobilise

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US342513A US3896217A (en) 1973-03-19 1973-03-19 Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunoadsorbent
US05/565,848 US4059685A (en) 1973-03-19 1975-04-07 Immobilized immunoadsorbent

Related Child Applications (1)

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US05/565,850 Continuation-In-Part US4009005A (en) 1973-03-19 1975-04-07 Apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunadsorbent

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US3896217A true US3896217A (en) 1975-07-22

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US342513A Expired - Lifetime US3896217A (en) 1973-03-19 1973-03-19 Method and apparatus for radioimmunoassay with regeneration of immunoadsorbent
US05/565,848 Expired - Lifetime US4059685A (en) 1973-03-19 1975-04-07 Immobilized immunoadsorbent

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US05/565,848 Expired - Lifetime US4059685A (en) 1973-03-19 1975-04-07 Immobilized immunoadsorbent

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US (2) US3896217A (fr)
DE (2) DE2412833A1 (fr)
FR (2) FR2222654B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1460631A (fr)
NL (2) NL176307C (fr)

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4016043A (en) * 1975-09-04 1977-04-05 Akzona Incorporated Enzymatic immunological method for the determination of antigens and antibodies
US4034071A (en) * 1976-01-26 1977-07-05 Allegheny General Hospital Immunoassay procedures
US4041146A (en) * 1975-05-01 1977-08-09 General Electric Company Method for detection of biological particles
FR2344020A1 (fr) * 1976-03-12 1977-10-07 Univ Virginia Procede et appareil d'immuno-essai automatique
US4062733A (en) * 1975-01-09 1977-12-13 The Radiochemical Centre Limited Radio-assay of oestrogen
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US4081245A (en) * 1976-05-03 1978-03-28 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Immunoassay procedure employing novel immunochemical composites
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USRE32696E (en) * 1975-09-04 1988-06-14 Akzona Incorporated Enzymatic immunological method for determination of antigens and antibodies
US4016043A (en) * 1975-09-04 1977-04-05 Akzona Incorporated Enzymatic immunological method for the determination of antigens and antibodies
US4474878A (en) * 1975-09-29 1984-10-02 Cordis Laboratories, Inc. Sandwich EIA for antigen associated with hepatitis
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US4128628A (en) * 1976-03-12 1978-12-05 University Of Virginia Alumni Patents Foundation Automated immunoassay
US4104026A (en) * 1976-03-12 1978-08-01 University Of Virginia Immunoassay separation technique
FR2344020A1 (fr) * 1976-03-12 1977-10-07 Univ Virginia Procede et appareil d'immuno-essai automatique
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US4081244A (en) * 1976-05-03 1978-03-28 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Immunoassay procedure employing novel immunochemical composites
US4081246A (en) * 1976-05-03 1978-03-28 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Solid phase column immunoassay procedure employing novel immunochemical composites
US4067959A (en) * 1976-05-10 1978-01-10 International Diagnostic Technology, Inc. Indirect solid surface test for antigens or antibodies
FR2365124A1 (fr) * 1976-09-18 1978-04-14 Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh Procede et appareillage pour la detection d'une proteine de fixation specifique ou d'une substance capable de se livrer sur cette proteine
US4098876A (en) * 1976-10-26 1978-07-04 Corning Glass Works Reverse sandwich immunoassay
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US4231999A (en) * 1977-03-04 1980-11-04 Pharmacia Diagnostics Ab Method in assaying methods involving biospecific affinity reactions and reagent for use in said method
US4108976A (en) * 1977-03-04 1978-08-22 Becton, Dickinson And Company Automated direct serum radioimmunoassay
US4108975A (en) * 1977-03-04 1978-08-22 Becton, Dickinson And Company Radioimmunoassay system
US4197287A (en) * 1977-06-10 1980-04-08 Ventrex Laboratories Inc. Method and apparatus for performing in nitro clinical diagnostic tests using a solid phase assay system having special utility for use with automatic pipetting equipment
EP0007744A1 (fr) * 1978-07-12 1980-02-06 Becton Dickinson and Company Procédé pour le dosage de la globuline fixatrice d'hormones thyroidiennes
US4200625A (en) * 1978-07-12 1980-04-29 Becton, Dickinson And Company Immobilized binder for automated assay
EP0007229A1 (fr) * 1978-07-12 1980-01-23 Becton Dickinson and Company Essai faisant intervenir des substances marquées avec emploi d'un liant réutilisable et immobilisé
US4238471A (en) * 1978-07-12 1980-12-09 Becton, Dickinson And Company Assay for thyroid hormone binding capacity
US4238472A (en) * 1978-11-27 1980-12-09 United States Of America Radioimmunoassay for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
US4378344A (en) * 1979-09-28 1983-03-29 Ventrex Laboratories, Inc. Method and apparatus for performing multiple, simultaneous in vitro diagnostic tests using a solid phase system
US4716122A (en) * 1984-09-28 1987-12-29 Organogen Medizinisch-Molekularbiologische Forschungsgesellschaft M.B.H. Carrier material for use in immune determinations
US4752572A (en) * 1985-08-30 1988-06-21 Eastman Kodak Company Lipid vesicles containing labeled species and their analytical uses
US5374524A (en) * 1988-05-10 1994-12-20 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Solution sandwich hybridization, capture and detection of amplified nucleic acids
US5137804A (en) * 1988-05-10 1992-08-11 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Assay device and immunoassay
US5391478A (en) * 1988-05-10 1995-02-21 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Assay device and immunoassay
US5389523A (en) * 1988-05-31 1995-02-14 The United States Of Americas, As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce Liposome immunoanalysis by flow injection assay
US6159426A (en) * 1996-02-09 2000-12-12 Kalibrant Limited Apparatus for fluid assay
US6344336B1 (en) 1996-02-09 2002-02-05 Kalibrant Limited Assay apparatus
WO1999032886A1 (fr) * 1997-12-23 1999-07-01 Vicam, L.P. Mecanisme de signalisation generique pour detecter des analytes
US6362008B1 (en) 1997-12-23 2002-03-26 Barbara A. Kohn Generic signalling mechanism for detection of analytes
US20080131954A1 (en) * 2006-11-30 2008-06-05 Canon U.S. Life Sciences, Inc. Method of Separating Target DNA from Mixed DNA
US20100105071A1 (en) * 2007-02-28 2010-04-29 Children's Medical Center Corporation Methods for predicting the onset of menarche

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NL176307C (nl) 1985-03-18
GB1460631A (en) 1977-01-06
US4059685A (en) 1977-11-22
DE2412833A1 (de) 1974-10-03
NL7603439A (nl) 1976-10-11
DE2612948A1 (de) 1976-10-21
DE2612948C2 (de) 1981-11-26
FR2222654A1 (fr) 1974-10-18
NL7403215A (fr) 1974-09-23
NL176307B (nl) 1984-10-16
FR2222654B1 (fr) 1977-09-30
FR2307268B1 (fr) 1980-03-28
FR2307268A1 (fr) 1976-11-05

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