US3891595A - Friction material - Google Patents
Friction material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3891595A US3891595A US391515A US39151573A US3891595A US 3891595 A US3891595 A US 3891595A US 391515 A US391515 A US 391515A US 39151573 A US39151573 A US 39151573A US 3891595 A US3891595 A US 3891595A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fibre
- friction material
- alumina
- oxide
- fibres
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002783 friction material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Th]=O ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000287 alkaline earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloridooxygen Chemical compound ClOCl RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000588731 Hafnia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000030614 Urania Species 0.000 claims description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Hf]=O CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940068984 polyvinyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- FCTBKIHDJGHPPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[U]=O FCTBKIHDJGHPPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009950 felting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 polysiloxane) Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Substances O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009998 heat setting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
- F16D69/025—Compositions based on an organic binder
- F16D69/026—Compositions based on an organic binder containing fibres
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
- F16D69/027—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides
- F16D69/028—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides containing fibres
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/006—Materials; Production methods therefor containing fibres or particles
- F16D2200/0069—Materials; Production methods therefor containing fibres or particles being characterised by their size
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/0082—Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/0095—Mixing an aqueous slurry of fibres with a binder, e.g. papermaking process
Definitions
- This invention relates to friction materials and particularly, though not exclusively, to friction materials usable for brake and clutch surfaces.
- Conventional friction materials consist normally of cotton or asbestos fibres impregnated with a resin and made up into a variety of forms such as segments, cones, discs, rollers and so forth, which forms may be rigid or flexible.
- Cotton is used largely for light duties involving relatively low temperatures at the friction interface, whereas asbestos is used for heavier duties and consequent higher temperatures. As interface temperature increases, however, the friction coefficient falls, leading to brake fade.”
- a proportion of the asbestos may be liberated from the friction material as the latter wears and can produce a significant atmospheric pollution problem, for example in the case of automobiles used in towns.
- a friction material comprising a synthetic metal oxide fibre and a binder.
- Synthetic inorganic fibres can be produced with controlled physical properties, which is an advantage in making friction materials with reproducible properties.
- single metal oxides, double metal oxides or mixtures of oxides include thoria; urania; rare earth oxides; yttria; titania; chromia; magnesia; zinc oxide; calcia; double oxides of alkaline earth oxides and alumina, zirconia or chromia, for example BaO/6Al O BaO/ZrO CaO/Cr O MgO/Al o MgO/Cr O SrO/ZrO and other double oxides, for example Al- O
- polycrystalline alumina, alumina/silica or zirconia fibres prepared for example as disclosed in our co-pending United Kingdom Patent Applications Nos. 36,693/72; l2,088/72; 4,369/7l and 29,909/70, as fibres thus prepared have a high coefficient of friction, are hard and have other desirable properties as hereinafter described.
- alumina or zirconia fibres are formed by fibrising a composition having a viscosity of greater than I poise comprising an aqueous solution of a metal compound for example an oxychloride, basic acetate, basic formate or nitrate of aluminium and/or zirconium, and a minor proportion of a water-soluble organic polymer especially polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol (and, when alumina/silica fibres are requires, a water-soluble organic silicon compound such as polysiloxane), drying the fibre formed and heating to decompose the metal compound to oxide and to decompose the polymer. Heating in the presence of steam is often preferred.
- a metal compound for example an oxychloride, basic acetate, basic formate or nitrate of aluminium and/or zirconium
- a water-soluble organic polymer especially polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol (and, when alumina/silica fibres are requires, a water-soluble organic silicon compound such as polysi
- Fibrising is preferably carried out by a blowing process which comprises extruding the fibrising composition through one or more apertures into at least one converging gas stream having a component of high velocity in the direction of travel of extruded composition.
- the dimensions and shape of the said aperture may vary widely. We prefer to use an aperture having at least one dimension larger than 5 microns and smaller than 500 microns.
- the gas stream is preferably air, more preferably air at ambient temperature. It is convenient to employ two streams of gas which converge at or near the point where the composition is extruded from the aperture; preferably the angle between the converging gas streams is from 30 to 60.
- At least part of the water in the composition is removed by the gas stream, and the rate of removal may conveniently be controlled by mixing the gas with the water vapour, for example air at a relative humidity of greater than percent may be used.
- the velocity of the air stream may be varied over wide limits, but we prefer to use velocities in the region of 200 to l,500 feet per second.
- the pressure employed to extrude the composition through the apertures will depend on the viscosity of the composition and on the desired rate of extrusion. We find that pressures from 16 to pounds per square inch absolute are convenient for compositions having viscosities up to about 100 poise.
- the average diameter and diameter distribution of the fibres is important; fine fibre diameters and relatively narrow diameter distributions are preferred.
- An average fibre diameter from 0.5 to 10 microns is especially preferred; a diameter distribution which ensures that the fibres contain not greater than 30 percent by weight of fibres of greater diameter than 5 microns, or not greater than 20 percent by number of fibres of greater than 5 microns is also especially preferred.
- Alumina or zirconia fibres available under the Trade Mark of Saffil are especially useful as such fibres have these properties.
- a stabiliser for example in the case of zirconia fibres a minor proportion, for example I to 10 percent of one or more of alkaline oxides, yttria, rare earth oxides, alumina, thoria or hafnia, and in the case of alumina fibres a minor proportion of siltea.
- the amount of shot in the fibres should be as low as possible; shot content less than 5 percent by weight is preferred.
- Alumina fibres are especially useful in preferred embodiments of the invention.
- Alumina exists in a number of phase forms and transformation of one to the other depends upon the temperature to which the alumina is subjected; while not wishing to be restricted to any particular theory it is believed that this property of alumina gives an advantage over many other inorganic fibres used in friction material.
- the friction materials according to the invention are subjected to a temperature which depends upon the degree of friction produced at a braking interface. At a temperature greater than about 700C non-crystalline alumina is converted, at least partially, to a transitional alumina (for example "eta" alumina). At higher temperatures, for example greater than 950C, alpha" alumina is formed.
- transitional and alpha aluminas consist of small crystallites, for example of the order of 100 Angstroms, which, although hard and friction-generating, are not gritty so that they do not accelerate the wear of the braking counter-surface.
- the hardness of alpha alumina is greater than that of transitional alumina which is in turn harder than non-crystalline alumina. It is believed therefore that as the friction temperature increases the coefficient of friction between the braking surface increases. Thus a braking action involving friction materials according to the invention is less subject to fading.
- the temperatures at which the non-crystalline alumina is converted to a transitional alumina or a transitional alumina is converted to alpha alumina may be varied within useful limits by suitable modification of the composition of the alumina fibres and/or the methods used to make them. Methods used to modify the composition of alumina fibres are disclosed in the patent applications hereinbefore referred to. Thus a desirable degree of control over the effect of temperature on coefficient of friction may be achieved by a suitable modification of the alumina fibre composition or the use of suitable blends of alumina fibre.
- the binder used in the friction material according to the invention is preferably an organic binder, for example a thermosetting resin or a natural or synthetic rubber.
- the most preferred binder is one based on a phemoi-formaldehyde resin. Combinations of binders may also be used.
- the friction materials according to the invention may comprise further materials to achieve any particular desired combination of properties.
- lubricants for example litharge, graphite or molybdenum disulphide; fillers, either inert or friction-augmenting, for example ground barytes, perlite, corundum, borax or clays; metals such as zinc, copper, brass, lead or iron, conveniently in the form of wires, turnings or powders for example as scavengers may be incorporated as desired.
- the relative proportions of metal oxide fibre, binder and other ingredients of the friction material are chosen as normally in the art to give the properties required for the duty to be performed.
- the binder is present in the range to 35 percent by weight of the total, the metal oxide fibre in the range 40 to 85 percent by weight of the total and other ingredients from 0.1 to 25 percent by weight of the total.
- the friction materials according to the invention are prepared by any convenient process known in the art.
- the fibre is incorporated into the binder and the mixture shaped into the desired end form for example by dry processing, sheeter processing or processes suitable for the incorporation of woven fibre into the binder.
- Wet board processing is especially preferred for loose fibre; in this process the weighed ingredients except the binder are dispersed for example by adding to a beater or hydrapulper with a quantity of water.
- the wet mixed pulp is then further diluted and felted for example by feeding to a paper-making machine to be formed into a blanket of suitable thickness.
- This felted product is then saturated in a liquid binder, for example a solution of a phenolic resin in an evaporable solvent, shaped and solidified usually by drying.
- the beating stage may be omitted.
- the friction materials according to the invention may be fabricated or formed into any shape suitable for the application in which it is to be used. Thus they may be formed into segments or discs for use as brake linings or clutch facings.
- EXAMPLE I 30 grams of Saffil alumina fibre blanket (ex lCl Ltd.) was shredded into approximately I cm pieces, added to about 250 ml of water and dispersed by means ofa high speed laboratory stirrer. The dispersed fibres were separated off, dried and mixed with l0 grams of a heatsetting liquid phenolic resin (R674l ex BXL) dissolved in 100 ml of acetone. The acetone was removed by applying vacuum. The dry mix was then slightly moistened with water and compressed into a small block in a hydraulic press at 4,500 pounds line pressure. The compressed block was dried at C and cured at l30C for several hours (e.g., over night).
- Saffil alumina fibre blanket ex lCl Ltd.
- Friction/wear tests were carried out on the block using the rubber wear tests defined by BS.903 Part A9 (Method A) and ASTM D394.47 (Method A) using a Croydon abrasion tester. Abrasive paper (600C grade) was used on the disc and a force of 3.6 kg (approximately equal to 1.8 kg/cm) was used to hold the sample against the disc.
- a friction material comprising from 40 to 85 percent by weight of a synthetic inorganic polycrystalline refractory metal oxide fibre having an average fibre diameter of from 0.5 to lO microns having a shot content of less than 5 percent by weight,
- a friction material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fibre is a polycrystalline alumina fibre.
- a friction material as claimed in claim 5 wherein the water-soluble organic polymer is polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl-alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- a friction material as claimed in claim 3 wherein fibrising is effected by extruding the composition through one or more apertures into at least one converging gas stream having a component of high velocity in the direction of travel of the extruded composition.
- a friction material as claimed in claim 8 wherein the gas is air at a relative humidity of greater than percent.
- zirconia fibre is stabilised with a minor proportion of an alkaline earth oxide, yttria, a rare earth oxide, alumina, thoria or hafnia or mixtures thereof.
- a friction material as claimed in claim 1 comprising a lubricant selected from litharge, graphite or molybdenum disulphide.
- a process as claimed in claim 18 wherein the friction material is prepared by wet board processing, comprising the steps of dispersing the fibre, felting the dispersed fibres, saturating the felted fibres in a liquid binder, shaping and solidifying.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB4018972A GB1445975A (en) | 1972-08-30 | 1972-08-30 | Friction material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3891595A true US3891595A (en) | 1975-06-24 |
Family
ID=10413659
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US391515A Expired - Lifetime US3891595A (en) | 1972-08-30 | 1973-08-24 | Friction material |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3891595A (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPS4985439A (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU5925373A (ja) |
| BE (1) | BE803916A (ja) |
| BR (1) | BR7306624D0 (ja) |
| CH (1) | CH576595A5 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE2343822A1 (ja) |
| FR (1) | FR2197960B3 (ja) |
| GB (1) | GB1445975A (ja) |
| IT (1) | IT998492B (ja) |
| LU (1) | LU68322A1 (ja) |
| NL (1) | NL7311560A (ja) |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4137214A (en) * | 1977-07-07 | 1979-01-30 | Thiokol Corporation | Asbestos free friction compositions |
| US4182437A (en) * | 1978-05-08 | 1980-01-08 | Ferro Corporation | Unstable devitrifiable glasses and friction materials containing them |
| US4189424A (en) * | 1977-04-18 | 1980-02-19 | Shimano Industrial Company, Limited | Friction material for brakes of bicycles or the like |
| US4226758A (en) * | 1977-02-23 | 1980-10-07 | Gandy Frictions Limited | Friction material |
| US4313869A (en) * | 1980-05-19 | 1982-02-02 | Amsted Industries Incorporated | Composition friction element for a railroad brake shoe |
| US4363884A (en) * | 1980-03-17 | 1982-12-14 | Akebono Brake Industry Company, Ltd. | Friction material |
| US5266395A (en) * | 1989-09-18 | 1993-11-30 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Friction material for making brake pads |
| US5725077A (en) * | 1993-09-10 | 1998-03-10 | Sab Wabco (Bromborough) Limited | Friction pads for use in disc brakes |
| US5894049A (en) * | 1997-09-02 | 1999-04-13 | General Motors Corporation | Manufacture of friction material using fiber oriented paper |
| US6790807B2 (en) | 2001-09-13 | 2004-09-14 | Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. | Zirconium/metal oxide fibers |
| US20080029113A1 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2008-02-07 | Snaidr Stanislav M | Low sidestream smoke cigarette with combustible paper having a modified ash |
| US20100192964A1 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2010-08-05 | Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, Inc. | Low sidestream smoke cigarette with combustible paper |
| CN102516942A (zh) * | 2011-11-23 | 2012-06-27 | 常熟钰泰隆摩擦新材料科技有限公司 | 一种稀土氧化物改性的环保型摩擦材料及其制备方法 |
| CN103088503A (zh) * | 2013-01-10 | 2013-05-08 | 韩仕银 | 胶原纤维束的改性方法 |
| US20150330424A1 (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2015-11-19 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Frictionally engaged fastening of a first component to a second component |
| CN106050990A (zh) * | 2016-06-12 | 2016-10-26 | 姜宜宽 | 一种以椰纤维为骨架的刹车片及其制备方法 |
| US11060577B2 (en) * | 2017-03-15 | 2021-07-13 | Advics Co., Ltd | Friction material |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2387838A1 (fr) * | 1977-04-18 | 1978-11-17 | Shimano Industrial Co | Materiau de friction pour freins de bicyclettes ou analogues |
| GB1604839A (en) | 1977-08-10 | 1981-12-16 | Ferodo Ltd | Friction materials |
| DE2807699C2 (de) * | 1978-02-23 | 1982-09-09 | Textar Gmbh, 5090 Leverkusen | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Reibbelägen in Ring- oder Ringsegmentform für Kupplungen und Bremsen |
| JPS5893841A (ja) * | 1981-11-30 | 1983-06-03 | Toyota Motor Corp | 繊維強化金属型複合材料 |
| JPS5893840A (ja) * | 1981-11-30 | 1983-06-03 | Toyota Motor Corp | 摺動用部材 |
| JPS5893839A (ja) * | 1981-11-30 | 1983-06-03 | Toyota Motor Corp | 摺動用部材 |
| FR2521240B1 (fr) * | 1982-02-05 | 1987-03-27 | Valeo | Garniture de friction notamment pour freins, embrayages et autres applications |
| JPS631505A (ja) * | 1986-06-21 | 1988-01-06 | ナショナル住宅産業株式会社 | コンクリ−トパネルの製造法 |
| JPH0623388B2 (ja) * | 1986-06-21 | 1994-03-30 | アイシン化工株式会社 | 湿式摩擦部材 |
| US20180149222A1 (en) * | 2015-08-13 | 2018-05-31 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Wet friction material with higher friction coefficient |
| CN113294465A (zh) * | 2021-06-07 | 2021-08-24 | 福州大学 | 一种椰壳纤维刹车片及其制备方法 |
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| US1964178A (en) * | 1930-10-27 | 1934-06-26 | Bendix Brake Co | Brake lining |
| US2159935A (en) * | 1936-08-25 | 1939-05-23 | Stackpole Carbon Co | Brake lining |
| US2267913A (en) * | 1938-05-11 | 1941-12-30 | Johns Manville | Fibrous article of manufacture and method of making the same |
| US2369502A (en) * | 1940-03-07 | 1945-02-13 | Raybestos Manhattan Inc | Friction material |
| US2915475A (en) * | 1958-12-29 | 1959-12-01 | Du Pont | Fibrous alumina monohydrate and its production |
| US2973336A (en) * | 1953-12-02 | 1961-02-28 | Delaplace Rene Paul | Friction element containing cupric oxide and resin binder |
| US3384578A (en) * | 1966-11-25 | 1968-05-21 | Air Force Usa | Alumina-boron fiber composite material |
| US3385915A (en) * | 1966-09-02 | 1968-05-28 | Union Carbide Corp | Process for producing metal oxide fibers, textiles and shapes |
| US3503765A (en) * | 1966-02-14 | 1970-03-31 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | High temperature alumina-silica fibers and method of manufacture |
| US3550739A (en) * | 1968-10-25 | 1970-12-29 | Eaton Yale & Towne | Friction coupling |
| US3598677A (en) * | 1965-12-24 | 1971-08-10 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Method of securing stacked packages against slipping |
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- 1972-08-30 GB GB4018972A patent/GB1445975A/en not_active Expired
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- 1973-08-22 NL NL7311560A patent/NL7311560A/xx unknown
- 1973-08-22 BE BE134846A patent/BE803916A/xx unknown
- 1973-08-24 US US391515A patent/US3891595A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-08-28 LU LU68322A patent/LU68322A1/xx unknown
- 1973-08-28 BR BR6624/73A patent/BR7306624D0/pt unknown
- 1973-08-29 IT IT28328/73A patent/IT998492B/it active
- 1973-08-29 FR FR7331237A patent/FR2197960B3/fr not_active Expired
- 1973-08-29 CH CH1240373A patent/CH576595A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-08-30 DE DE19732343822 patent/DE2343822A1/de active Pending
- 1973-08-30 JP JP48096785A patent/JPS4985439A/ja active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1964178A (en) * | 1930-10-27 | 1934-06-26 | Bendix Brake Co | Brake lining |
| US2159935A (en) * | 1936-08-25 | 1939-05-23 | Stackpole Carbon Co | Brake lining |
| US2267913A (en) * | 1938-05-11 | 1941-12-30 | Johns Manville | Fibrous article of manufacture and method of making the same |
| US2369502A (en) * | 1940-03-07 | 1945-02-13 | Raybestos Manhattan Inc | Friction material |
| US2973336A (en) * | 1953-12-02 | 1961-02-28 | Delaplace Rene Paul | Friction element containing cupric oxide and resin binder |
| US2915475A (en) * | 1958-12-29 | 1959-12-01 | Du Pont | Fibrous alumina monohydrate and its production |
| US3598677A (en) * | 1965-12-24 | 1971-08-10 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Method of securing stacked packages against slipping |
| US3503765A (en) * | 1966-02-14 | 1970-03-31 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | High temperature alumina-silica fibers and method of manufacture |
| US3385915A (en) * | 1966-09-02 | 1968-05-28 | Union Carbide Corp | Process for producing metal oxide fibers, textiles and shapes |
| US3384578A (en) * | 1966-11-25 | 1968-05-21 | Air Force Usa | Alumina-boron fiber composite material |
| US3550739A (en) * | 1968-10-25 | 1970-12-29 | Eaton Yale & Towne | Friction coupling |
Cited By (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4226758A (en) * | 1977-02-23 | 1980-10-07 | Gandy Frictions Limited | Friction material |
| US4189424A (en) * | 1977-04-18 | 1980-02-19 | Shimano Industrial Company, Limited | Friction material for brakes of bicycles or the like |
| US4137214A (en) * | 1977-07-07 | 1979-01-30 | Thiokol Corporation | Asbestos free friction compositions |
| US4182437A (en) * | 1978-05-08 | 1980-01-08 | Ferro Corporation | Unstable devitrifiable glasses and friction materials containing them |
| US4363884A (en) * | 1980-03-17 | 1982-12-14 | Akebono Brake Industry Company, Ltd. | Friction material |
| US4313869A (en) * | 1980-05-19 | 1982-02-02 | Amsted Industries Incorporated | Composition friction element for a railroad brake shoe |
| US5266395A (en) * | 1989-09-18 | 1993-11-30 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Friction material for making brake pads |
| US5725077A (en) * | 1993-09-10 | 1998-03-10 | Sab Wabco (Bromborough) Limited | Friction pads for use in disc brakes |
| US5894049A (en) * | 1997-09-02 | 1999-04-13 | General Motors Corporation | Manufacture of friction material using fiber oriented paper |
| US20100192964A1 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2010-08-05 | Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, Inc. | Low sidestream smoke cigarette with combustible paper |
| US8678016B2 (en) | 2000-09-18 | 2014-03-25 | Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, Inc. | Low sidestream smoke cigarette with combustible paper |
| US8267096B2 (en) | 2000-09-18 | 2012-09-18 | Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, Inc. | Low sidestream smoke cigarette with combustible paper |
| US20050009693A1 (en) * | 2001-09-13 | 2005-01-13 | Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. | Zirconium/metal oxide fibres |
| US6790807B2 (en) | 2001-09-13 | 2004-09-14 | Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. | Zirconium/metal oxide fibers |
| US20080029113A1 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2008-02-07 | Snaidr Stanislav M | Low sidestream smoke cigarette with combustible paper having a modified ash |
| CN102516942A (zh) * | 2011-11-23 | 2012-06-27 | 常熟钰泰隆摩擦新材料科技有限公司 | 一种稀土氧化物改性的环保型摩擦材料及其制备方法 |
| CN102516942B (zh) * | 2011-11-23 | 2014-09-24 | 常熟钰泰隆摩擦新材料科技有限公司 | 一种稀土氧化物改性的环保型摩擦材料及其制备方法 |
| CN103088503A (zh) * | 2013-01-10 | 2013-05-08 | 韩仕银 | 胶原纤维束的改性方法 |
| CN103088503B (zh) * | 2013-01-10 | 2016-03-30 | 韩仕银 | 胶原纤维束的改性方法 |
| US20150330424A1 (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2015-11-19 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Frictionally engaged fastening of a first component to a second component |
| CN106050990A (zh) * | 2016-06-12 | 2016-10-26 | 姜宜宽 | 一种以椰纤维为骨架的刹车片及其制备方法 |
| CN106050990B (zh) * | 2016-06-12 | 2018-08-31 | 青岛大学 | 一种以椰纤维为骨架的刹车片及其制备方法 |
| US11060577B2 (en) * | 2017-03-15 | 2021-07-13 | Advics Co., Ltd | Friction material |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS4985439A (ja) | 1974-08-16 |
| GB1445975A (en) | 1976-08-11 |
| FR2197960A1 (ja) | 1974-03-29 |
| DE2343822A1 (de) | 1974-05-02 |
| NL7311560A (ja) | 1974-03-04 |
| BE803916A (fr) | 1974-02-22 |
| AU5925373A (en) | 1975-02-20 |
| BR7306624D0 (pt) | 1974-07-11 |
| FR2197960B3 (ja) | 1976-07-30 |
| CH576595A5 (ja) | 1976-06-15 |
| LU68322A1 (ja) | 1973-10-30 |
| IT998492B (it) | 1976-01-20 |
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