US3886722A - Process for producing polyester textured yarn - Google Patents

Process for producing polyester textured yarn Download PDF

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Publication number
US3886722A
US3886722A US387629A US38762973A US3886722A US 3886722 A US3886722 A US 3886722A US 387629 A US387629 A US 387629A US 38762973 A US38762973 A US 38762973A US 3886722 A US3886722 A US 3886722A
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Prior art keywords
yarn
undrawn
draw
heat
heater
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US387629A
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Kikuo Hori
Hidehiko Okada
Masakazu Fujita
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Teijin Ltd
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Teijin Ltd
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02J—FINISHING OR DRESSING OF FILAMENTS, YARNS, THREADS, CORDS, ROPES OR THE LIKE
    • D02J1/00—Modifying the structure or properties resulting from a particular structure; Modifying, retaining, or restoring the physical form or cross-sectional shape, e.g. by use of dies or squeeze rollers
    • D02J1/22—Stretching or tensioning, shrinking or relaxing, e.g. by use of overfeed and underfeed apparatus, or preventing stretch
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/58—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products
    • D01F6/62—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products from polyesters
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G1/00—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics
    • D02G1/02—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics by twisting, fixing the twist and backtwisting, i.e. by imparting false twist

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A process for producing a polyester textured yarn which comprises drawing and simultaneously falsetwisting an undrawn polyester yarn using a draw texturing apparatus equipped with a heat-treating heater and a false twister between feed rollers and draw rol-' lers, wherein the'undrawn polyester yarn has a birefringence (An) of 0.01 to 0.05, and the draw ratio (DR) is adjusted to a value expressed by the following equations according to the birefringence of the undrawn polyester yarn -l.8349 log 'A nl.l376 DR and 2.l789 log A 17 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures PATEIHEBJUHB 197s 3.886722 SHEET 2 DRAW RATIO BIREFRINGENCE (AD) Fig. 5 6.0" I
  • This invention relates to a method of producing polyester textured yarns. More specifically; this invention relates to a method of producing textured yarns which comprises drawing an undrawn yarn of a polyester using a draw texturing apparatus including a heattreating heater and a false twister between feed rollers and draw rollers, and simultaneously false-twisting it to form a textured yarn.
  • a method of producing polyester textured yarns which comprises drawing and simultaneously false twisting an undrawn yarn of a polyester using a draw texturing apparatus equipped with a heat-treating heater and a false twister between feed rollers and draw rollers, wherein the undrawn yarn of polyester has a birefringence (An) of 0.01 to 0.05, and the draw ratio (DR), that is, the ratio of the peripheral speed of the draw rollers and that of the feed rollers.
  • An birefringence
  • DR draw ratio
  • the polyester undrawn yarn as used in the present specification and appended claims, generically denotes a substantially unoriented multifilament yarn composed of polyethylene terephthalate or a copolymer at least 85 mol of which are ethylene terephthalate units.
  • the denier, and cross sectional configuration of the multifilament yarn and the addition of an additive thereto. etc. can be selected as desired.
  • undrawn yarns having a denier size of 30 to 1,000 denier are especially preferred.
  • the polyester undrawn yarns having a birefringence (An) of 0.01 to 0.05, preferably 0.01 to 0.025 are used.
  • the birefringence of the undrawn yarn varies according to such factors as the composition, and inherent viscosity of the polyester, the spinning temperature, spinning speed, or the cooling conditions. By controlling these conditions, undrawn yarns having a birefringence of 0.01 to 0.05 can be easily produced. 7
  • an undrawn polyester yarn which has been subjected to aging under the temperature (TC.)-time (2 hours) conditions be submitted to a draw texturing process.
  • TC.-time (2 hours) conditions be submitted to a draw texturing process.
  • a textured yarn having especially reduced occurrence of dyeing unevenness can be obtained.
  • An alternative method of obtaining a textured yarn having especially reduced occurrence of dyeing uneveneness involves the use of an undrawn polyester yarn whose moisture content is maintained always at not more than 1.0% preferably not more than 0.5%, during the period from the end of spinning until the draw texturing process. Adjustment of the moisture content of the undrawn yarn to such a low value can be easily achieved by treating the undrawn yarn with an oiling agent having a low moisture content or having substantially no moisture content in the spinning step.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevation in simplified form of a suitable apparatus for performing the method of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view illustrating a preferred embodiment of this invention for performing the method of this invention using a modified hot-plate type heater;
  • FIG. 3 is a graphic representation showing the relation between draw ratio, and birefringence
  • FIG. 4 is a side elevation illustrating still another embodiment of an apparatus usable in this invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graphic representation showing the relationship between yarn parameters of this invention.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings is a side elevation in simplified form of one example of a suitable apparatus for performing the method of this invention.
  • the'reference numeral 1 shows a package of an undrawn yarn; 2, a tensioner; 3, feed rollers; 4, a heattreating heater; 5, a false-twisting spindle; 6, draw rollers; and 7, a winder.
  • the undrawn yarn is withdrawn from the package 1, and fed at a constant speed by the feed rollers 3 via the tensioner 2.
  • the undrawn yarn passes the false twisting spindle and reaches the draw rollers 6 which rotate at a constant speed faster than the speed of the feed rollers. During this time.
  • the undrawn yarn is drawn at a draw ratio (DR) corresponding to the ratio of peripheral speed between the draw rollers 6 and the feed rollers 3, and the false twists given to the yarn by the false-twisting spindle 5 are heat-set by the heat-treating heater 4.
  • the false twists are detwisted after passage of the yarn through the false twisting spindle 5.
  • the position of the undrawn yarn on the heat-treating heater is fixed by a guide located upwardly of the heater 4 and a guide located downwardly of the heater 4, and the feeding position of the yarn to the false twisting spindle 5 is fixed by a guide located upwardly of the spindle 5.
  • the drawn yarn which has left the draw rollers 6 develops crimps -while being wound up by the winder 7 after passing the guide.
  • the draw texturing speed is usually 75 to 600 m/min.
  • the heat-treating heater is not limited to a hot plate type as shown in FIG. 1, but other known types such as a slit heater or tube heater can be used.
  • the temperature of the heat-treating heater is 160 to 210C. When temperatures within this range are employed, textured yarns having especially good leveldyeability and crimp properties with extremely reduced occurrence of fluffs or tight'spots can be obtained.
  • the surfaces of the feed rollers 3 are maintained at a temperature of 60 to 120C., and the undrawn yarn is brought into contact with the surfaces for at least 0.05second.
  • the point of drawing is fixed between the feed rollers 3 and the heat-treating heater 4,'and the occurrence of drawing uneveaeness, dyeing uneveneness, yarn breakage, and fluffs, etc., is remarkably reduced.
  • FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings is a sectional view for illustrating a preferred embodiment of this invention for performing the method of this invention using a modified hot plate-type heater 4' instead of the hot plate shown in FIG. 1.
  • the reference numeral 1 shows an. undrawn yarn
  • the reference numeral 9 shows one member of a pair of walls arranged in parallel with each other with a slit therebetween in the longitudinal direction of the heater 4'.
  • the undrawn yarn 1 does not come into contact with the heated surface of the heater from the inlet of the heater to a position apart from it by distance I mm., but is preheated at a temperature of 60 to 150C. within the slit space confined by the wall 9.
  • the undrawn yarn is subsequently brought into contact with the heated surface of the heater.
  • the distance I should satisfy the following equations.
  • the rotating speed of the false-twisting spindle 5 is preferably controlled such that the twist multiplier a expressed by the following equation is within the range of 0.85 and 1.15.
  • .r is the number of false twists (T/M)
  • De is the denier of the drawn yarn.
  • FIG. 3 of the accompanying drawings is a graphic representation showing the relation between the draw ratio and the birefringence. In performing the method of this invention, the draw ratio and birefringence values within the hatched area in FIG. 3 should be selected.
  • the draw ratio is lower than this range, the un drawn yarn melt-adheres onto the heat-treating heater, and yarn stringing is difficult. Moreover, the level-dyeability becomes poor, and the tenacity is reduced. On the other hand, if the draw ratio is higher than the range specified above, fluffs and loops tend to occur, and the crimp characteristics of the yarn become poor. Furthermore, when the draw ratio becomes too high, the tenacity of the yarn rather decreases.
  • the draw ratio employed in the method of this invention is considerably lower than those employed in usual drawing processes. It is surprising that in spite of the use of such low draw ratios, the method of this invention makes it possible to give a texture yarn having no fluffs or loops and having superior level-dyeability, methanical properties and crimp characteristics.
  • FIG. 4 preferably 30 to FIG. 4 is a side elevation illustrating this embodiment of this invention.
  • the reference numeral shows a false twisting spindle
  • the reference numerals 8, 8 and 8" show yarn guides
  • the reference numeral 10 designates draw rollers.
  • the draw rollers 10 may be replaced by the draw rollers 6 shown in FIG. 1.
  • package tensioner 2, feed rollers 3, heat-treating heater 4, winder 7, etc. must be arranged as shown in FIG. 1.
  • At least two yarn guides 8, 8', 8" are provided between the false twisting spindle 5 and the draw rollers 10, and the total sum of the bended angles 01,.
  • a a (Ea) is adjusted to 30 to 270, preferably 30 to 150.
  • This total sum of the bended angles is very important for detwisting the false twists completely and-exhibitingthe'crimp characteristics fully. If the total sum is less than 30, the false twistsare not sufficiently detwisted, and tight spots occur partly in the lengthwise direction of the yarn. On the other hand. if the total sum exceeds 270, resistance caused by the guides becomes excessive, and fluffs occur. Furthermore, the crimp characteristics become poor.
  • the number of the yarn guides is also of importance. If it is only one, uniform detwisting can not be performed even if the bended angle of the yarn is adjusted to more than 30. In order to give a bended angle of more than 30 using one guide, the guide must be provided at a position greatly deviated from the center of the false twisting spindle.
  • False twisting can also be performed using known false-twisting means, for example, by applying friction or by a swirling flow of fluid.
  • the bended direction of the yarn is at right angles to the axial direction of the draw rollers, but may be in the parallel direction to the axial direction of the draw rollers. Further, bendings in both directions may be combined as desired.
  • the shape and dimension of the yarn guide are not particularly restricted, but preferably, the guide nearest the false twister is an annular guide, and the other guides are rod-like guides.
  • the guides may be either fixed guides or rotating guides.
  • the surface of the guides may either be smooth or embossed. However, especially by using fixed guides with smooth surfaces of not more than 18, the effect of preventing tight spot is remarkable. In addition, by the contacting effect of the guides, the crimp characteristics of the yarn are improved to a great degree.
  • the material of the guides may be those conventionally used, for example, saphire, titanium porcelain, alumina porcelain, or chrome-plated metals.
  • the process is controlled so that the yarn is made to run in air at room temperature for 0.13 to 0.3 second between the heat-treating heater and the false twister. This makes it possible to obtain a textured yarn having high degrees of crimp and crimp fastness and reduced tight spot.
  • a second heat-treating heater (not shown) is provided following the draw rollers 6 or 10, and enables the draw textured yarn from the draw rolls to be additionally heat-treated at a temperature of 160 to 250C. while allowing a shrinkage of not more than 50% or while maintaining it at constant length.
  • the textured yarns produced by the method of this invention are almost free from fluffs, loops and tight spots, and have superior crimp characteristics and mechanical properties and also good level-dyeability. These textured yarns have the advantage that the amount of dye exhaustion does not change even when the temperature of the heat-treating heater fluctuates between 160 and 210C.
  • FIG. 5 is a graphic representation showing the relation between the degree of dye exhaustion and the tem perature of the heat-treating heater with respect to the texture yarn obtained in the present invention and an ordinary texture yarn.
  • Curve A in this FIG. refers to the textured yarn obtained in this invention, and curve B, to the conventional texture yarn.
  • the texture yarn (A) in accordance with this invention there is scarcely any change in the degree of dye exhaustion when the temperature of the heat-treating heater is within the range of 160 to 210C.
  • the conventional texture yarn (B) the degree of dye exhaustion changes with the temperatures of the heat-treating heater. Thus, even a slight flurctuation in the temperature of the heater results in dyeing uneveness.
  • the degree of dye exhaustion denotes the grade of the depth of color observed by the naked eye with a textured yarn which has been dyed by dipping it for minutes in a boiling dye bath containing 2% of Eastman Polyester Blue GLF (CI DISPERSE BLUE 27). Larger numerical values show deeper color.
  • auxiliary means can be employed at the time of initiating the operation or at the time of continuous operation.
  • auxiliary means at the time of initiating the operation are:
  • V is the draw texturing speed, and yarn stringing is performed, and then the draw texturing speed is raised to a predetermined value.
  • auxiliary means at the time of con tinuous operation are:
  • Loops and Fluffs The number of fluffs and loops appearing on both end surfaces of 2.5 Kg of a square end cheese (wind-up width 150 m).
  • Tight spot The number of untwisted portions (portions remaining alternately twisted in the yarn without detwisting as a result of heat-fusing of filaments to each other) per 10 m of the processed yarn.
  • Crimp fastness A load was exerted on a polyester textured yarn, and the yarn was continuously stretched, and the elongation of the yarn at disappearance of the 'crimps and its elongation at break were measured. The crimp fastness was calculated by the following equation.
  • a standard sample was a texture yarn which was obtained by subjecting an as-spun undrawn yarn to draw texturing within 8 hours.
  • the standard sample and a sample to be measured were knitted side by side, and the knitted fabric obtained was dyed in the same was as the dye exhaustion degree test mentioned above.
  • the difference in dye exhaustion between the measuring sample and the standard sample was evaluated on the resulting dyeings by the naked eye on the scale shown below.
  • the dye exhaustion difference shows an average value of the dye exhaustion difference for 10 samples of the same level.
  • the plus symbol means that the sample was dyed deeper than the standard sample, and the minus symbol shows that it was dyed in lighter color than the standard sample.
  • Apparatus used Figure 1 Draw pin provided between feed rollers and a hot plate Processing conditions Temperature of the drawn pin 90C. Temperature of the hot plate of the heat-treating heater (C.) 200 210 Rotating speed (rpm) of the spindle 41.5 X 10" 41.5 X 10" Twist multiplier 0.98 0.98 DR 238 2.6 Draw tcxturing speed (m/min.) 161.6 1545 Physical properties of the yarn Loops and fluffs per 2.5 kg 0 to 3 5 to 15 TC (71) 34 30 Torque (T/25 cm) 20 42 Knittability Good With some problem Lil I (to The resulting texture yarn was free from fluffs. loops, and tight spots, andex-hibited good crimpability with a TC of 32.5 When this yarn was dyed in blue color, the color was brilliant, and the yarn had good feel.
  • EXAMPLE 5 Three polyester undrawn yarns (A, B and C) shown in Table 4 were each subjected to draw texturing under the conditions shown in Table 4 and varying the bended angles of the yarn using an apparatus as shown in FIG. 4 which included 1 to 3 guides between the false twisting spindle and draw rollers. The angle of pulling out the yarn from the spindle was adjusted to 20 in all cases. The results are shown in Table 5. In Table 5, Runs Nos. 7, 8. 9, 12, 13 and 14 are examples of the present invention and the others are for comparative purposes.
  • EXAMPLE 6 25 EXAMPLE 7 An undrawn yarn (345 denier/30 fil, brirefringence 0.013) of polyethylene terephthalate having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.632 as measured in o-chlorophenol at C. was subjected to draw texturing using the apparatus of FIG. 1 under the conditions shown in Table 6.
  • Example 6 was repeated except that the surface temperature of the feed rollers was adjusted to 90C. and the time of contact between the undrawn yarn and the feed rollers was varied. The results are shown in Table Table 7 Run Contact time Tenacity Elon ution- TC Fluffs Tight spots Dyeing No. (seconds) (g/d) r) (7:) unevenness The yarn obtained was heat-treated at 200C. while al- EXAMPLE 8 lowing shrinkage of 14.8 and then wound up. The results are shown in-Tab1e 6.
  • emulsion 8-2 6 7 aqueous 1.4 1.1 2 2.5
  • b m 168 is adjusted to a 30 t 2700 the degree of the difference in dye exhaustion between 40 1 i 1 f CM 10 h th the standard sample and the measuring sample was u z i w g i e 2 2 1 1 evaluated by the naked eye on the same scale as def n s g zg 91 g g 8 3 ea scribed before the Examples.
  • the undrawn polyester yarn has a birefringence being defined by the following equations (A n) of 0.01 to 0.05, and the draw ratio (DR) is adjusted to a value expressed by the following equations I 5 according to the birefringence of the undrawn polyesand ter yarn 0.03x 0.2y l5l 0.3x 2y 100 g l'l376 5 DR S l 789 log wherein x is the denier of the undrawn yarn and y is the d speed of feeding the undrawn yarn (m/min.).
  • V is the draw texturing speed
  • De is the denier of the undrawn yarn
US387629A 1972-08-17 1973-08-13 Process for producing polyester textured yarn Expired - Lifetime US3886722A (en)

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JP (1) JPS4936921A (zh)
BR (1) BR7306322D0 (zh)
CS (1) CS202026B2 (zh)
DE (1) DE2341748A1 (zh)
FI (1) FI54501C (zh)
FR (1) FR2196407B1 (zh)
GB (1) GB1436748A (zh)
IT (1) IT998372B (zh)
NL (1) NL7311385A (zh)
TR (1) TR17638A (zh)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4076783A (en) * 1973-12-13 1978-02-28 Toyobo Co., Ltd. Method for producing polyester fibers
US4105740A (en) * 1973-12-26 1978-08-08 Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha Process for the production of polyester fiber
US4164116A (en) * 1977-02-25 1979-08-14 Teijin Limited Method of producing a polyester filament yarn having a high level of twist
US4164838A (en) * 1973-12-06 1979-08-21 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Process for the production of synthetic endless filaments with good crimping properties
US4287713A (en) * 1978-01-03 1981-09-08 Monsanto Company Process for low-torque textured yarn
US4805394A (en) * 1978-12-25 1989-02-21 Murata Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Method and apparatus for false twisting
US5313776A (en) * 1987-11-17 1994-05-24 Rhone-Poulenc Viscosuisse Sa Process for manufacturing an elastic bulk yarn
US20120086147A1 (en) * 2009-06-08 2012-04-12 Kureha Corporation Method for producing polyglycolic acid fiber
US20180237960A1 (en) * 2014-12-12 2018-08-23 Toray Fibers & Textiles Research Laboratories (China) Co., Ltd. Cotton-like knitted fabric, polyester filament and production method thereof

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5042152A (zh) * 1973-08-17 1975-04-17
JPS5565293A (en) * 1978-11-13 1980-05-16 Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd Method and apparatus for simultaneous distillation of different kind of stock oil
JPS5631011A (en) * 1979-08-16 1981-03-28 Teijin Ltd Production of crimped polyester monofilament
JPS58173188A (ja) * 1982-04-02 1983-10-12 エンゲルハード・コーポレーシヨン 選択的蒸発法
CA2050611C (en) * 1991-01-30 1997-07-15 Andrew M. Coons, Iii Uniform yarn tensioning

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3090997A (en) * 1958-11-26 1963-05-28 Du Pont Method of continuous treatment of as-spun birefringent polyamide filaments
US3137991A (en) * 1962-08-14 1964-06-23 British Nylon Spinners Ltd Manufacture of bulked yarns
US3400194A (en) * 1963-11-04 1968-09-03 Du Pont Process for making high-tenacity, low elongation industrial yarn
US3481136A (en) * 1967-12-11 1969-12-02 Celanese Corp Process for producing polyester yarn
US3691750A (en) * 1971-03-18 1972-09-19 Ici Ltd Textured core yarns
US3780515A (en) * 1969-03-10 1973-12-25 Ici Ltd Textured core yarns

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2116502A1 (de) * 1970-04-06 1971-10-21 Teijin Ltd., Osaka (Japan) Falschdrallgekräuseltes Polyester garn und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
DE2049357B2 (de) * 1970-10-08 1975-02-27 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von hochelastischen Kräuselgarnen aus synthetischen Endlosfäden
JPS4841031A (zh) * 1971-09-28 1973-06-16
JPS4835112A (zh) * 1972-08-23 1973-05-23

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3090997A (en) * 1958-11-26 1963-05-28 Du Pont Method of continuous treatment of as-spun birefringent polyamide filaments
US3137991A (en) * 1962-08-14 1964-06-23 British Nylon Spinners Ltd Manufacture of bulked yarns
US3400194A (en) * 1963-11-04 1968-09-03 Du Pont Process for making high-tenacity, low elongation industrial yarn
US3481136A (en) * 1967-12-11 1969-12-02 Celanese Corp Process for producing polyester yarn
US3780515A (en) * 1969-03-10 1973-12-25 Ici Ltd Textured core yarns
US3691750A (en) * 1971-03-18 1972-09-19 Ici Ltd Textured core yarns

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4164838A (en) * 1973-12-06 1979-08-21 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Process for the production of synthetic endless filaments with good crimping properties
US4076783A (en) * 1973-12-13 1978-02-28 Toyobo Co., Ltd. Method for producing polyester fibers
US4105740A (en) * 1973-12-26 1978-08-08 Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha Process for the production of polyester fiber
US4164116A (en) * 1977-02-25 1979-08-14 Teijin Limited Method of producing a polyester filament yarn having a high level of twist
US4287713A (en) * 1978-01-03 1981-09-08 Monsanto Company Process for low-torque textured yarn
US4805394A (en) * 1978-12-25 1989-02-21 Murata Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Method and apparatus for false twisting
US5313776A (en) * 1987-11-17 1994-05-24 Rhone-Poulenc Viscosuisse Sa Process for manufacturing an elastic bulk yarn
US20120086147A1 (en) * 2009-06-08 2012-04-12 Kureha Corporation Method for producing polyglycolic acid fiber
US8840823B2 (en) * 2009-06-08 2014-09-23 Kureha Corporation Method for producing polyglycolic acid fiber
US20180237960A1 (en) * 2014-12-12 2018-08-23 Toray Fibers & Textiles Research Laboratories (China) Co., Ltd. Cotton-like knitted fabric, polyester filament and production method thereof

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GB1436748A (en) 1976-05-26
IT998372B (it) 1976-01-20
NL7311385A (zh) 1974-02-19
FI54501C (fi) 1978-12-11
FR2196407B1 (zh) 1976-05-07
BR7306322D0 (pt) 1974-07-25
DE2341748A1 (de) 1974-02-28
TR17638A (tr) 1975-07-23
CS202026B2 (en) 1980-12-31
FI54501B (fi) 1978-08-31
FR2196407A1 (zh) 1974-03-15
JPS4936921A (zh) 1974-04-05

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