US3875043A - Electrodes with multicomponent coatings - Google Patents

Electrodes with multicomponent coatings Download PDF

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Publication number
US3875043A
US3875043A US352499A US35249973A US3875043A US 3875043 A US3875043 A US 3875043A US 352499 A US352499 A US 352499A US 35249973 A US35249973 A US 35249973A US 3875043 A US3875043 A US 3875043A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
anode
metal oxide
percent
titanium
oxides
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US352499A
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English (en)
Inventor
Charles R Franks
Barry A Schenker
Kevin J O'leary
James M Kolb
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ELECTRODE Corp A DE CORP
Electronor Corp
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Electronor Corp
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Application filed by Electronor Corp filed Critical Electronor Corp
Priority to US352499A priority Critical patent/US3875043A/en
Priority to JP49038411A priority patent/JPS5026769A/ja
Priority to CA197,146A priority patent/CA1044178A/en
Priority to DE2419021A priority patent/DE2419021B2/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3875043A publication Critical patent/US3875043A/en
Assigned to ELECTRODE CORPORATION, A DE CORP. reassignment ELECTRODE CORPORATION, A DE CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DIAMOND SHAMROCK TECHNOLOGIES, S.A.
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
    • C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
    • C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide

Definitions

  • Electrodes useful in a wide variety of electrolytic processes comprise a conductive substrate bearing on at least a portion of the surface. thereof a fourcomponent coating, said components being the oxides of tin, antimony, at least one platinum group metal, and a valve metal selected from the group titanium and tantalum.
  • an electrode comprising an electrically conductive supporting substrate bearing on at least a portion of the surface thereof a coating consisting essentially of from L to 10.0 percent antimony oxide, from 30 to 90 percent tin dioxide, from 1.0 to 50 percent of at least one platinum group metal oxide, and from 0.5 to 30 percent of a valve metal oxide selected from the group consisting of titanium and tantalum oxides, with the proviso that the mole ratio of tin to antimony oxides is between 95:5 and 85:15.
  • those coatings having high valve metal and platinum metal oxide concentrations are particularly useful as anodes at which oxygen is evolved.
  • those coating compositions having low valve metal oxide concentrations and moderate concentrations of platinum metal oxides are particularly useful in chlor-alkali electrolysis.
  • the invention lies in a combined coating of oxides of tin, antimony, at least one platinum group metal, and a valve metal selected from the group titanium and tantalum on a conductive substrate, useful as an electrode, especially as-an anode, in a variety of electrochemical processes including electrowinning of metals (e.g., copper, nickel, and zinc) from aqueous solution; chlor-alkali electrolysis including chlorine,
  • Suitable substrates include generally any metal of sufficient electrical conductivity and mechanical and chemical resistance to the cell environment in which it is to be employed.
  • these materials may include nickel, steel, stainless steel, titanium, niobium, zirconium, and tantalum. Especially preferred for most applications are titanium, niobium, or tantalum substrates.
  • those substrates bearing an exterior coating, such as copper or aluminum-cored titanium or a platinum or other conductive metal layer over a titanium substrate are contemplated.
  • an etching or other cleaning operation is employed prior to deposition of the coating and in order to provide a base to which the coating may be satisfactorily anchored.
  • the configuration of the electrode will vary considerably with the application intended but may generally be in the form of a rod or a sheet, either continuous or foraminous, of the appropriate material.
  • tin dioxide preferably present in the form of crystalline SnO and employed within the range of from 30 to 90 percent by weight of the total coating composition on an oxide basis, especially 30 to 50 percent for oxygen applications and 60 to 90 percent for chlorine.
  • the antimony oxide component enters into the tin oxide crystal lattice, rendering same more electrically conductive.
  • the antimony is present in an indeterminate oxide form owing to its entrance into the tin oxide crystal lattice, it may be expressed for convenience sake as Sb O
  • the antimony oxide is present within the range of from 1.0 to 10, preferably 4.0 to l0, percent by weight.
  • tin and antimony oxides are further qualified by the proviso that they be present, respectively, in the range, on a mole ratio basis as the oxides, of 95:5 to 85:15, especially 90:10. In this fashion there is obtained the desired doping effect of the antimony on the tin oxide without the presence of an excess separate phase of antimony oxides.
  • the third component of the coating is at least one "platinum group metal oxide, by which term it is intended to include the oxides of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, and osmium, preferably ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, and palladium, and especially mixtures of ruthenium with iridium, rhodium, or palladium oxides/These platinum group metal oxides are present in their most highly oxidized form and within the range of from 1.0 to 50 percent by weight.
  • platinum group metal oxides are present in their most highly oxidized form and within the range of from 1.0 to 50 percent by weight.
  • the amounts of valve metal oxides employed are generally within the range of from 0.5 to 30 percent by weight, especially 15 to 25, for
  • valve metal oxide acts to extend the life without detrimental effect in the coating, for example, of the electrode coating while the incorporation of small amounts of chloride in the primarily oxide coatlarger amounts adds resistance to passivation.
  • EXAMPLE 1 On the other hand, an example of a preferred chlo- A series of electrodes is prepared and evaluated as fine anode is a Coating 0f 60 i0 90 Percenl z, 4 t0 anodes as follows.
  • the quantity of 10 percent Sb O l .0 to percent platinum metal dithermally decomposable salt set forth in Table l is disoxide, and 0.5 to 3.0 percent titanium or tantalum solved in 45 ml of ethanol with stirring.
  • the resultant oxide on a titanium substrate. 25 solution is brushed onto an expanded titanium mesh While many of the variety of methods known for prosubstrate, previously cleaned by etching for minutes ducing mixed metal oxide coatings may be employed, in boiling (l8%) aqueous hydrochloric acid.
  • the soluthe preferred method of preparing the multicomponent tion is applied to the mesh by brushing, followed by coating composition of the substrate is by deposition drying the anode for 3 minutes at 1 10 C and firing in from a solution of the appropriate thermochemically 30 air at 500 C and 7 minutes.
  • This brushing, drying, and decomposable salts For example, it is desirable to baking procedure is repeated untilacoating containing paint or brush an acidified alcoholic solution of said 1.7 grams of ruthenium per square foot of anode sursalts onto the substrate followed by drying at l00l40 face is obtained (usually 6-10 coats).
  • the electrodes are evaluated as anodes in baking in an oxidizing atmosphere, e.g., air, at 450 to 3 a 150 g/l sulfuric acid solution at 3 amperes per square 520 C, espically 500 C, for from 5 to l0, especially inch opposite a titanium mesh cathode and at an elecabout 7, minutes.
  • an oxidizing atmosphere e.g., air
  • This procedure may then be repeated trode gap of 2 inches.
  • the test is continued until the anany number of times until the desired coating thickness odes have passivated, i.e., a voltage of 8.0 volts or is obtained, for example, 6 to 10 coats. The preferred greater is obtained.
  • the lifetime of the anode that is, solvents for the thermally decomposable salts are the the number of hours of successful operation until paslower alkanols, such as ethanol, propanol, amyl alcosivation occurs, is reported in the following Table 1.
  • Anodes 4 and 5 may be employed, to which ing to the present invention, are greatly superior to eithere is generally added from 0 to percent by volther an anode combining the valve metal and platinum ume of an acid, such as concentrated hydrochloric acid group metal (anode l) or the platinum metal- (36%).
  • concentration of the salts from which the y- System (Anode Further, Anode 3illl1S- coating composition is derived is such as to give a metal trates that the range of components of the present incontent in solution within the range of 50 to 200 grams vention is critical to obtaining an anode having a long per liter.
  • the salts employed are generally any ther- ,0 lif mally decomposable inorganic or organic salt or organic ester of the metals in question such as the chlo- EXAMPLE 2 rides, nitrates, alkoxides, alkoxy halides, resinates, Four electrodes were prepared from the f ll i amines, and the like.
  • Specific and illustrative examples l i include potassium hexachlororuthenate, hexachloroi-.
  • Anode 6 50 ml n-butanol, 12.5 g SnCl -5H O, 0.9
  • Anode 8 50 ml n-butanol, 12.5 g SnCL'SH O, 0.91 g SbCl 7.0 g orthobutyl titanate, and 1.1 g RuCl -xl-l O (38% Ru).
  • Each anode is prepared by applying six coats of the solution by brush, with heating in air between each coat first at 1 C for 3 minutes followed by 7 minutes at 500 C.
  • Electrodes are evaluated as anodes in a horizontal mercury cell spaced 0.14 inch above and parallel to a mercury cathode flowing at a rate of 450 ml/minute.
  • the electrolyte is a 310 g/l brine solution having a pH within the range of 3-6 and a temperature of about 70 C.
  • electrolysis is conducted at 6 amperes per square inch for 500 hours, the loss being determined by weight differential. Results, together with the composition of each anode coating calculated on an oxide basis, appear in Table 2.
  • An electrode as in claim 1 wherein the supporting substrate is selected from the group consisting of nickel, steel, stainless steel, titanium, niobium, zirconium, and tantalum.
  • An electrode as in claim 1 wherein the platinum metal oxide is RuO 4.
  • An electrode as in claim 1 wherein the valve metal oxide is TiO 5.
  • An electrode as in claim 1 wherein the valve metal oxide is amorphous tantalum oxide.
  • An electrode as in claim 1 wherein the ratio of tin to antimony oxides is about 90:10.
  • An anode for use in oxygen-evolving applications which anode comprises an electrically conductive supporting substrate bearing on at least a portion of the surface thereof a coating consisting essentially of from 4.0 to 8.0 percent antimony oxide, calculated as Sb O
  • Anode Wear-Rate g/ton C 1 EXAMPLE 3 An anode coating solution if prepared from 45 ml ethanol, 4.5 g TaCI 1.1 g SbCl 15.1 g SnCl -5H O, and 7.6 g RuCl -xH O (38% Ru).
  • An etched titanium mesh substrate is coated by brushing, drying at 1 10 C for 3 minutes, and baking in air at 500 C for 7 minutes. The coating procedure is repeated until a coating having a platinum group metal content of 1 gram per square foot is obtained. This is labeled Anode l0.
  • Anode l l is prepared in an identical fashion but substituting 0.92 g of lrCl and 6.54 g RuCl 'xH O for the ruthenium content of Anode l0.
  • Anode 12 is likewise similar with the exception that 1.28 g of RhCl -3H O and 6.65 g RuCl -xH O comprise the platinum group metal content.
  • Anodes l0, l1, and 12 When evaluated according to the lifetime test described in Example 1 above, Anodes l0, l1, and 12 have lifetimes, respectively, of 185, 250, and 350 hours. This indicates the substantial improvement possible employing a mixture of platinum metal oxides in the coating.
  • An electrode comprising an electrically conductive supporting substrate bearing on at least a portion of the surface thereof a coating consisting essentially of from 1.0 to 10 percent antimony oxide, as Sb O on a on a weight basis, from 30 to 50 percent SnO from 20 to 40 percent of at least one platinum metal oxide, and from 15 to 25 percent of a valve metal oxide selected from the group consisting of titanium and tantalum oxides, with the proviso that the mole ratio of tin to antimony oxides is between 95:5 and :15.
  • anode as in claim 7 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of nickel, steel, stainless steel, titanium, niobium, zirconium, and tantalum.
  • An anode as in claim 7 wherein the platinum metal oxide is a combination of RuO and lrO 10.
  • valve metal oxide is amorphous tantalum oxide.
  • An anode for use in chlor-alkali electrolysis which anode comprises a valve metal substrate selected from the group consisting of titanium, niobium, zirconium, and tantalum bearing on at least a portion of the surface thereof a coating consisting essentially of from 4.0 to 10 percent antimony oxide, calculated as Sb O on a weight basis, from 60 to percent SnO from 1.0 to 25 percent of at least one platinum group metal oxide, and from 0.5 to 3.0 percent of a valve metal oxide selected from the group consisting of titanium and tan-' talum oxides, with the proviso that the mole ratio of tin to antimony oxides is between :5 and 85:15.
  • valve metal oxide is TiO

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
US352499A 1973-04-19 1973-04-19 Electrodes with multicomponent coatings Expired - Lifetime US3875043A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US352499A US3875043A (en) 1973-04-19 1973-04-19 Electrodes with multicomponent coatings
JP49038411A JPS5026769A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-04-19 1974-04-04
CA197,146A CA1044178A (en) 1973-04-19 1974-04-09 Electrodes with multicomponent coatings
DE2419021A DE2419021B2 (de) 1973-04-19 1974-04-19 Elektrode

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US352499A US3875043A (en) 1973-04-19 1973-04-19 Electrodes with multicomponent coatings

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JP (1) JPS5026769A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1044178A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2419021B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3940323A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-02-24 Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation Anode for electrolytic processes
US3943042A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-03-09 Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation Anode for electrolytic processes
US3950240A (en) * 1975-05-05 1976-04-13 Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation Anode for electrolytic processes
US3969216A (en) * 1974-12-27 1976-07-13 Doreen Veronica Barrett Flotation separation
DE2625820A1 (de) * 1975-06-09 1976-12-30 Tdk Electronics Co Ltd Elektrode
US4185142A (en) * 1978-08-09 1980-01-22 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Oxygen electrode rejuvenation methods
US4213843A (en) * 1978-03-24 1980-07-22 Permelec Electrode Ltd. Electrolysis electrodes and method of making same
US4378406A (en) * 1979-03-28 1983-03-29 University Of Florida Thin platinum films on tin oxide substrates
US4797182A (en) * 1986-04-17 1989-01-10 Eltech Systems Corporation Electrode with a platinum metal catalyst in surface film and its use
US6387517B1 (en) * 1997-02-10 2002-05-14 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Inorganic polymer material with tantalic acid anhydride base, in particular with high refractive index, mechanically abrasionproof, method of manufacture, optical materials comprising such material
WO2002063068A3 (en) * 2001-02-06 2003-02-27 United States Filter Corp Electrode coating and its use in the production of chlorate
US20040188247A1 (en) * 2003-03-24 2004-09-30 Hardee Kenneth L. Electrocatalytic coating with lower platinum group metals and electrode made therefrom
WO2007148085A3 (en) * 2006-06-19 2008-02-28 Clarizon Ltd Electrode, method of manufacture and use thereof
CN102320683A (zh) * 2011-06-03 2012-01-18 大连海事大学 钛基锡锑铂氧化物电极材料及其制备方法
WO2016207209A1 (en) * 2015-06-23 2016-12-29 Industrie De Nora S.P.A. Electrode for electrolytic processes
US11668017B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2023-06-06 Water Star, Inc. Current reversal tolerant multilayer material, method of making the same, use as an electrode, and use in electrochemical processes
RU2818275C1 (ru) * 2020-07-20 2024-04-27 Де Нора Пермелек Лтд Электрод для генерации кислорода

Families Citing this family (9)

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JPS5263176A (en) * 1975-11-20 1977-05-25 Hodogaya Chem Co Ltd Anode for electrolysis
JPS5268076A (en) * 1975-12-03 1977-06-06 Tdk Corp Electrode for electrolysis
JPS586786B2 (ja) * 1976-03-15 1983-02-07 ダイヤモンド・シヤムロツク・コ−ポレ−シヨン 改良された電極の製造方法
JPS5360069A (en) * 1976-11-08 1978-05-30 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd Method of adjusting falling time of bar-like article on chain conveyor
JPS5597486A (en) * 1979-01-21 1980-07-24 Tdk Corp Electrode for electrolysis and its manufacture
JPS60107809A (ja) * 1983-11-17 1985-06-13 Denka Seiyaku Kk 牛に嚥下させる多極磁石の製造方法及び装置
JPS60162787A (ja) * 1984-01-31 1985-08-24 Tdk Corp 電解用電極
JP4961825B2 (ja) * 2006-05-09 2012-06-27 アタカ大機株式会社 電気化学反応用陽極
JP7621071B2 (ja) * 2020-07-20 2025-01-24 デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 酸素発生用電極

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US3271289A (en) * 1959-07-22 1966-09-06 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Mercury cathode electrolytic cell having an anode with high corrosionresistance and high electrical and heat conductivity
US3616445A (en) * 1967-12-14 1971-10-26 Electronor Corp Titanium or tantalum base electrodes with applied titanium or tantalum oxide face activated with noble metals or noble metal oxides
US3627669A (en) * 1968-12-13 1971-12-14 Ici Ltd Electrodes for electrochemical cells
US3684543A (en) * 1970-11-19 1972-08-15 Patricia J Barbato Recoating of electrodes
US3725223A (en) * 1971-01-18 1973-04-03 Electronor Corp Baffles for dimensionally stable metal anodes and methods of using same
US3732157A (en) * 1968-05-06 1973-05-08 Nora Inter Co Electrolytic cell including titanium hydride cathodes and noble-metal coated titanium hydride anodes
US3751296A (en) * 1967-02-10 1973-08-07 Chemnor Ag Electrode and coating therefor
US3776834A (en) * 1972-05-30 1973-12-04 Leary K O Partial replacement of ruthenium with tin in electrode coatings
US3779889A (en) * 1972-04-07 1973-12-18 Diamond Shamrock Corp Electrolytic cell for the manufacture of oxyhalogens
US3793164A (en) * 1973-04-19 1974-02-19 Diamond Shamrock Corp High current density brine electrolysis

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US3853479A (en) * 1972-06-23 1974-12-10 Sherwood Medical Ind Inc Blood oxygenating device with heat exchanger
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3271289A (en) * 1959-07-22 1966-09-06 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Mercury cathode electrolytic cell having an anode with high corrosionresistance and high electrical and heat conductivity
US3751296A (en) * 1967-02-10 1973-08-07 Chemnor Ag Electrode and coating therefor
US3616445A (en) * 1967-12-14 1971-10-26 Electronor Corp Titanium or tantalum base electrodes with applied titanium or tantalum oxide face activated with noble metals or noble metal oxides
US3732157A (en) * 1968-05-06 1973-05-08 Nora Inter Co Electrolytic cell including titanium hydride cathodes and noble-metal coated titanium hydride anodes
US3627669A (en) * 1968-12-13 1971-12-14 Ici Ltd Electrodes for electrochemical cells
US3684543A (en) * 1970-11-19 1972-08-15 Patricia J Barbato Recoating of electrodes
US3725223A (en) * 1971-01-18 1973-04-03 Electronor Corp Baffles for dimensionally stable metal anodes and methods of using same
US3779889A (en) * 1972-04-07 1973-12-18 Diamond Shamrock Corp Electrolytic cell for the manufacture of oxyhalogens
US3776834A (en) * 1972-05-30 1973-12-04 Leary K O Partial replacement of ruthenium with tin in electrode coatings
US3793164A (en) * 1973-04-19 1974-02-19 Diamond Shamrock Corp High current density brine electrolysis

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3940323A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-02-24 Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation Anode for electrolytic processes
US3943042A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-03-09 Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation Anode for electrolytic processes
US3969216A (en) * 1974-12-27 1976-07-13 Doreen Veronica Barrett Flotation separation
US3950240A (en) * 1975-05-05 1976-04-13 Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corporation Anode for electrolytic processes
DE2625820A1 (de) * 1975-06-09 1976-12-30 Tdk Electronics Co Ltd Elektrode
US4061558A (en) * 1975-06-09 1977-12-06 Tdk Electronics Co., Ltd. Electrode
US4213843A (en) * 1978-03-24 1980-07-22 Permelec Electrode Ltd. Electrolysis electrodes and method of making same
US4185142A (en) * 1978-08-09 1980-01-22 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Oxygen electrode rejuvenation methods
US4378406A (en) * 1979-03-28 1983-03-29 University Of Florida Thin platinum films on tin oxide substrates
US4797182A (en) * 1986-04-17 1989-01-10 Eltech Systems Corporation Electrode with a platinum metal catalyst in surface film and its use
US6387517B1 (en) * 1997-02-10 2002-05-14 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Inorganic polymer material with tantalic acid anhydride base, in particular with high refractive index, mechanically abrasionproof, method of manufacture, optical materials comprising such material
US6572758B2 (en) * 2001-02-06 2003-06-03 United States Filter Corporation Electrode coating and method of use and preparation thereof
CN1541285B (zh) * 2001-02-06 2010-06-09 西门子水技术控股公司 电极涂层及其使用和制备方法
WO2002063068A3 (en) * 2001-02-06 2003-02-27 United States Filter Corp Electrode coating and its use in the production of chlorate
US20040188247A1 (en) * 2003-03-24 2004-09-30 Hardee Kenneth L. Electrocatalytic coating with lower platinum group metals and electrode made therefrom
US7258778B2 (en) 2003-03-24 2007-08-21 Eltech Systems Corporation Electrocatalytic coating with lower platinum group metals and electrode made therefrom
US7985327B2 (en) 2006-06-19 2011-07-26 Clarizon Limited Electrode, method of manufacture and use thereof
US20100065420A1 (en) * 2006-06-19 2010-03-18 Clarizon Limited Electrode, method of manufacture and use thereof
WO2007148085A3 (en) * 2006-06-19 2008-02-28 Clarizon Ltd Electrode, method of manufacture and use thereof
CN102320683A (zh) * 2011-06-03 2012-01-18 大连海事大学 钛基锡锑铂氧化物电极材料及其制备方法
WO2016207209A1 (en) * 2015-06-23 2016-12-29 Industrie De Nora S.P.A. Electrode for electrolytic processes
US10407784B2 (en) 2015-06-23 2019-09-10 Industrie De Nora S.P.A. Electrode for electrolytic processes
EA034359B1 (ru) * 2015-06-23 2020-01-30 Индустрие Де Нора С.П.А. Электрод для электролитических процессов
US11668017B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2023-06-06 Water Star, Inc. Current reversal tolerant multilayer material, method of making the same, use as an electrode, and use in electrochemical processes
US12305300B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2025-05-20 Water Star, Inc. Current reversal tolerant multilayer material, method of making the same, use as an electrode, and use in electrochemical processes
RU2818275C1 (ru) * 2020-07-20 2024-04-27 Де Нора Пермелек Лтд Электрод для генерации кислорода

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Publication number Publication date
JPS5026769A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-03-19
DE2419021B2 (de) 1978-03-02
DE2419021A1 (de) 1974-11-07
CA1044178A (en) 1978-12-12

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Effective date: 19881026