US3874910A - Spacer strip and method for making such spacer strips - Google Patents

Spacer strip and method for making such spacer strips Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3874910A
US3874910A US389566A US38956673A US3874910A US 3874910 A US3874910 A US 3874910A US 389566 A US389566 A US 389566A US 38956673 A US38956673 A US 38956673A US 3874910 A US3874910 A US 3874910A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
strips
grooves
sheet material
spacer
sheet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US389566A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Dieter Altmann
Eberhard Haupt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
HAUPT WILHELM
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE2241201A external-priority patent/DE2241201A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19722245742 external-priority patent/DE2245742A1/de
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US05/530,208 priority Critical patent/US3976855A/en
Priority to US05/530,207 priority patent/US3945088A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3874910A publication Critical patent/US3874910A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C51/00—Shaping by thermoforming, i.e. shaping sheets or sheet like preforms after heating, e.g. shaping sheets in matched moulds or by deep-drawing; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C51/26—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C51/30—Moulds
    • B29C51/34—Moulds for undercut articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C51/00—Shaping by thermoforming, i.e. shaping sheets or sheet like preforms after heating, e.g. shaping sheets in matched moulds or by deep-drawing; Apparatus therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C51/00—Shaping by thermoforming, i.e. shaping sheets or sheet like preforms after heating, e.g. shaping sheets in matched moulds or by deep-drawing; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C51/10—Forming by pressure difference, e.g. vacuum
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D13/00—Electric heating systems
    • F24D13/02—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating
    • F24D13/022—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating resistances incorporated in construction elements
    • F24D13/024—Electric heating systems solely using resistance heating, e.g. underfloor heating resistances incorporated in construction elements in walls, floors, ceilings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
    • F24D3/12—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating
    • F24D3/14—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating incorporated in a ceiling, wall or floor
    • F24D3/141—Tube mountings specially adapted therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/16—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor the conductor being mounted on an insulating base
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2007/00—Flat articles, e.g. films or sheets
    • B29L2007/001—Flat articles, e.g. films or sheets having irregular or rough surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
    • B29L2031/3055—Cars
    • B29L2031/3061—Number plates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]

Definitions

  • the present spacer strips are used to form, for example, electrically heated mats, whereby the strips hold the elongated heating elements in a fixed position relative to each other.
  • the strips are provided with grooves into which the elements are inserted with a press-fit and preferably with an elastically yielding press-fit.
  • the strips are further provided along the ends with coupling means for connecting several strips in series with each other.
  • the present strips are formed by heating thermoplastic sheet material and stretching the sheet material over a grooving tool plate then the sheet is pressed or sucked into the grooves of the tool plate. After cooling and removal of the grooved sheet, the sheet is cut into strips whereby the cut extends substantially across the grooves.
  • the strips are also provided with further grooves for receiving strap bars, whereby a plurality of strips may be connected in parallel to each other or whereby the strips may be secured to structural members.
  • the present invention relates to spacer strips, more specifically to spacer strips used for constructing electrically heated mats.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for economically manufacturing such spacer strips.
  • German Patent Application P 2127567 discloses electrically heated mats or rather structural elements for the production of such mats.
  • These known mats comprise electrical heating elements in the form of meandering heating loops having legs arranged in parallel to each other wherein these legs are secured to cross bars extending at right angles relative to the longitudinal length of the heating loops. ln this fashion, the heating loops and the cross bars form together a grid type mat which may be installed as desired.
  • the prior art mats as described above permit their production in any desired shape due to said cross bars. Further, the final assembly of the mats. that is, the insertion of the heating conductors into the cross bars may be done depending on the particular circumstances. In other words, the complete mats may be assembled in the work shop, especially where relatively simple heating surfaces are involved. On the other hand, the cross bars also permit an assembly at the construction site, especially where more involved surfaces are to be covered with these heating mats as is frequently the case in hospital rooms or the like.
  • the heating mats according to the prior art have other advantages. They are easily transported because they may be rolled up or plugged together and so forth. These mats further avoid separating layers in the flooring plaster due to the large mesh grid formation. This feature has the further ad vantage that the mats may be installed in a single work process.
  • means are provided for relieving the heating conductors from a bearing function within the grid arrangement. This relief is accomplished in that the cross bars which secure the heating conductors in position are interconnected with each other by spacing lands extending in the longitudinal direction of the mat or rather in the direction of the heating conductors.
  • the grid is pre-assembled in such a manner that it may be rolled up and that the grid may be cut with due regard to the area to be heated whereupon the heating conductors are simply pressed into the holding means of the cross bars in order to secure the heating conductors in accordance with the shape of the area to be heated.
  • the holding means of the cross bars are arranged at relatively close but equal spacings, whereby sufficient flexibility is provided for rerouting the heating conductors in order to make necessary openings, for instance for wash stands, toilet bowl areas and the like, without causing an unpermissible heat density or heat congestions.
  • heating mats comprising in the one system interconnecting cross bars and in the other system such cross bars in combination with longitudinally interconnecting lands, there are known grid-shaped heating mats wherein the LII heating conductors are mounted to concrete reinforcing steel grids.
  • electrical heating means such as heating pads and electric blankets, wherein the heating conductors are embedded in rather pliable materials such as fabrics or the like.
  • cross bars with their holding means for securing the heating conductors or resistors and their structurel features are critical for the technical and economical characteristics of the above described two prior art systems.
  • a first type of cross bars in which the heating resistors or elements are secured in equally spaced slots provided in band or strip material arranged in an upright position, whereby said slots are self-locking.
  • the band or strip material is also provided with slots, however the slots are not self-locking and therefore U- shaped clamping members are used to cover the slots.
  • the cross bars also comprise a band or strip material, however, in this arrangement the band or strip material is maintained in a flat position and provided with equally spaced three-sided incisions which are preferably located in the center of the flat strip material, whereby tongues are formed which correspond to the cross section of the cable or heating conductor.
  • the just described three basic arrangements may, of course, be modified in many different ways.
  • the first and second type described above have the disadvantage that their use requires a relatively plain surface for the installation.
  • spacing lands are employed they must be provided with plug incisions, whereby the whole system is weakened unless additional rather costly connecting means are employed, for example, along the angled butt connections, by means of welding or gluing, whereby the welding would involve a fillet weld or joint.
  • the third type of interconnection described above has the disadvantage that the making of said incisions also involves a rather technical effort, whereby the formation of said tongues usually requires the application of heat.
  • spacer strips which may be easily interconnected with each other in series to form mats of any desired width and which strips may also be easily connected in parallel to each other to form mats of any desired length, without interferring with the desirable roll up feature of the mats for their easy transport;
  • thermoplastic sheet material such as polyethylene
  • element receiving grooves which are preferably equally spaced from each other.
  • the cross section of the grooves corresponds substantially to the cross section of the heating elements.
  • the sheets are cut into strips, substantially in a direction extending across the longitudinal extension of the grooves, whereby the grooves extend across the spacer strips with open ends.
  • the method according to the invention is rather economical and has the additional advantage that the heating elements may be secured in exact positions relative to each other, whereby each securing element has the same shape and thus provides the same uniform clamping action.
  • Another advantage of this method is seen in that the width of the spacer strips may be selected in accordance with any particular requirements. Thus, narrow or wide strips may be cut from the same sheet without the need for additional tools or the like.
  • the spacer strips according to the invention comprise the element receiving grooves, preferably in the shape of open faced loops which are equally spaced from each other, except at the end of the strip where a coupling means, for example a loop of smaller diameter, is spaced from the next adjacent groove by about one half of the normal spacing between adjacent grooves.
  • the smaller loop fits into the groove of the loop of the next adjacent spacer strip, whereby a plurality of spacer strips may be connected in series with each other.
  • the present spacer strips are provided with additional grooves for the securing of spacer lands, all of which may have the same length or they may have different length and different shapes.
  • the spacer lands in the additional grooves make it possible to strengthen the entire grid structure in accordance with the individual static requirements thus providing a grid structure which is independent of the static characteristics of the individual heating conductors.
  • these spacer lands make it possible due to their different length and- /or shape, to arrange the heating mat in such a manner that it deviates from a straight line in any desired direction.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a sectional view through the sheet material provided with the grooves according to the invention, said section extending substantially along line 11 in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a plan view onto a sheet of thermoplastic material provided with the grooves according to the invention but prior to the cutting operation;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a view similar to that of FIG. 1 and shows the coupling of two spacer strips in series with each other;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view through a tool for forming the thermoplastic sheets in accordance with the present method.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of a mat, according to the invention and as viewed in the direction of the arrow A in FIG. I.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a rear plan view onto a thermoplastic sheet or panel 1, as viewed in the direction of the arrow B in FIG. 1.
  • the margin 2 of panel 1 is clamped onto a tool plate, as will be described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 4.
  • the first step of the method according to the invention comprises forming the loops 3' into the sheet of thermoplastic material such as polyethylene.
  • the loops define grooves 3 adapted to receive the electrical conductors of the electrically heated mat.
  • additional grooves 6 may be formed into the body of the strip material. These grooves 6 are adapted to receive connecting spacer lands 7 as illustrated in FIGS. I and 5.
  • each spacer strip The spacings between adjacent loops along the length of each spacer strip are approximately equal to each other, except for the spacings between the last two loops 4 and 5. It will be noted that the loop 5 is smaller in size than the remaining loops. This feature makes it possible to couple several spacer strips to each other in series as illustrated in FIG. 3. For this purpose, the marginal portions adjacent to the loop 4 and adjacent to the loop 5 are removed from the spacer strips. By spacing the loops 4 and 5 from the next adjacent loop 3 approximately one half the normal spacing between the loops 3', it is possible to interconnect adjacent spacer strips without any interruption in the even distribution of the heating elements.
  • the sheets are removed from the tool plate and cut into strips as best seen in FIG. 5. These strips may have any desired width depending on the required structural rigidity of the finished mats.
  • a tool 10 having a tool plate 11, the top surface of which is provided with grooves I2 in the shape of the loops to be formed. These grooves 12 in the tool plate 11 are connected through channels 13 to a space 14 in a housing 15 which may, for example, be evacuated through a port 16.
  • the tool comprises a clamping frame 17 which clamps the edges 2 of the panel 1 down onto the tool plate 11 in the direction of the arrows C.
  • the details of the clamping means are well known in the art.
  • the sheet may be stretched outwardly prior to applying the clamping frame 17.
  • the stretching could be accomplished by hand or other well known means, in order to smooth out the sheet or panel in the direction of the arrows D all around the tool plate.
  • respective tool members 18 which are movable up and down by well known means, for example, by a piston cylinder arrangement.
  • the panel 1 is not shown in FIG. 4 for simplicity's sake.
  • the temperature of the panel will be raised by means not shown but well known in the art in order to facilitate the flow of the panel material into the grooves 12 of the tool plate 11.
  • a pressure may be applied, for example, by a tool member lowered from above onto the panel 1.
  • the preferred embodiment of practicing the present method involves applying a reduced pressure to the space 14, whereby the panel will be sucked into the grooves 12. From the shape of the loops 3 and the interconnecting strip portions between adjacent loops it will be noted what deforming work has been done on the thermoplastic sheet material.
  • the sheet material is cooled down again and the sheet will deform sufficiently in an elastic manner to remove the loops 3 from the grooves 12. Thereafter, the cutting takes place preferably in a direction extending perpendicu larly to the longitudinal extension of the loops 3.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a somewhat schematic plan view of a heating mat according to the invention, whereby the view is in the direction of the arrow A in FIG. 1, that is onto the open faced grooves 3 which receive the electrical conductor 19, preferably in a press or snap-fit manner, whereby these conductors are securely held in the grooves 3.
  • the spacer strips 20 may have any desired width and several of these strips may be connected to each other by the spacer lands 7 or 7' which fit into the relatively shallow grooves 6 shown in FIG. 1.
  • a press-fit between the grooves 6 and the spacer lands 7 or 7' would be preferred.
  • the spacer lands 7, 7' may have any desired length or shape and they may be distributed throughout the entire mat in any desired fashion. This feature has the advantage that the mat may be shaped to cover curved areas to be heated.
  • a practically suitable dimension of standard stock panels, for example, of polyethylene material was 1,000 X 600 mm, and the grooves where spaced from each other by 25 mm. This panel was then cut into spacer strips having a width of 10 mm.
  • the present spacer strips will preferably be used as cross strips extending across the length of the heating mat. However, they may also be used as longitudinal connecting strips, whereby also a sufficient stability is achieved due to the secure connection between the spacer strips and the heating elements so that undesirable deformations of the mat may be avoided.
  • loops have an omega shape
  • any type of groove shape suitable to assure said press or snap fit may be employed for securely receiving the electrical heating conductors.
  • a method of making spacer strips, especially for electrically heated mats, which strips receive and hold elongated elements in proper relationship relative to each other comprising deforming thermoplastic sheet material to produce a plurality of elastically deformable grooves in said sheet material wherein said grooves extend substantially in parallel to each other and at given spacings from each other in said sheet material, and cutting the grooved sheet material into a plurality of independent strips so that the cuts extend substantially across the longitudinal extension of the grooves.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)
US389566A 1972-08-22 1973-08-20 Spacer strip and method for making such spacer strips Expired - Lifetime US3874910A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/530,208 US3976855A (en) 1972-08-22 1974-12-06 Electrical heating mat
US05/530,207 US3945088A (en) 1972-08-22 1974-12-06 Spacer strip, especially for electrical heating mats

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2241201A DE2241201A1 (de) 1972-08-22 1972-08-22 Verfahren zur herstellung von stegen als hilfsmittel zur bildung von elektrisch beheizbaren matten
DE19722245742 DE2245742A1 (de) 1972-09-18 1972-09-18 Ausbildung von stegen als hilfsmittel zur bildung von elektrisch beheizbaren matten

Related Child Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/530,208 Continuation-In-Part US3976855A (en) 1972-08-22 1974-12-06 Electrical heating mat
US05/530,207 Division US3945088A (en) 1972-08-22 1974-12-06 Spacer strip, especially for electrical heating mats

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3874910A true US3874910A (en) 1975-04-01

Family

ID=25763732

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US389566A Expired - Lifetime US3874910A (en) 1972-08-22 1973-08-20 Spacer strip and method for making such spacer strips

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3874910A (en, 2012)
CA (1) CA994845A (en, 2012)
CH (1) CH560590A5 (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR2196889B1 (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB1376291A (en, 2012)
NL (1) NL7311303A (en, 2012)
SE (1) SE397064B (en, 2012)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3976855A (en) * 1972-08-22 1976-08-24 Firma Wilhelm Haupt Electrical heating mat
FR2455970A1 (fr) * 1979-05-11 1980-12-05 Sirec Procede pour realiser a partir d'un film souple de matiere thermoplastique, sur une machine de conditionnement automatique, des conditionnements et emballages de forme generale partiellement cylindrique
EP0899515A3 (de) * 1997-08-30 2001-03-28 Wirsbo-VELTA GmbH & Co. KG Wärmetauscher, insbesondere als Heizungselement
US20220365110A1 (en) * 2021-05-14 2022-11-17 Chunghwa Precision Test Tech. Co., Ltd. Probe card device and disposable adjustment film thereof
USRE49987E1 (en) 2013-11-22 2024-05-28 Invensas Llc Multiple plated via arrays of different wire heights on a same substrate

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2644660B1 (fr) * 1989-03-17 1991-05-24 Deleage Pierre Cable chauffant, plus particulierement destine au chauffage direct par rayonnement
EP0837821B1 (en) * 1995-07-07 1999-10-20 Convenience Food Systems B.V. Method for producing a packaging item

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3348265A (en) * 1962-06-20 1967-10-24 King Packaging Ltd Vacuum molding machines
US3515778A (en) * 1967-03-02 1970-06-02 Du Pont Continuous molding of thermoplastic resin
US3619444A (en) * 1968-12-23 1971-11-09 Monsanto Co Forming a thickened section on a container flange
US3751541A (en) * 1967-11-29 1973-08-07 Hegler Wilhelm Process of forming plastic tubing which is partially corrugated

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1072060A (fr) * 1953-01-12 1954-09-08 Perfectionnements apportés à la fixation des fils électriques sur les murs et autres applications
FR1280662A (fr) * 1960-11-18 1962-01-08 Procédé de fabrication de plaques en matière plastique se raccordant entre elles latéralement et plaques obtenues par ce procédé

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3348265A (en) * 1962-06-20 1967-10-24 King Packaging Ltd Vacuum molding machines
US3515778A (en) * 1967-03-02 1970-06-02 Du Pont Continuous molding of thermoplastic resin
US3751541A (en) * 1967-11-29 1973-08-07 Hegler Wilhelm Process of forming plastic tubing which is partially corrugated
US3619444A (en) * 1968-12-23 1971-11-09 Monsanto Co Forming a thickened section on a container flange

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3976855A (en) * 1972-08-22 1976-08-24 Firma Wilhelm Haupt Electrical heating mat
FR2455970A1 (fr) * 1979-05-11 1980-12-05 Sirec Procede pour realiser a partir d'un film souple de matiere thermoplastique, sur une machine de conditionnement automatique, des conditionnements et emballages de forme generale partiellement cylindrique
EP0899515A3 (de) * 1997-08-30 2001-03-28 Wirsbo-VELTA GmbH & Co. KG Wärmetauscher, insbesondere als Heizungselement
USRE49987E1 (en) 2013-11-22 2024-05-28 Invensas Llc Multiple plated via arrays of different wire heights on a same substrate
US20220365110A1 (en) * 2021-05-14 2022-11-17 Chunghwa Precision Test Tech. Co., Ltd. Probe card device and disposable adjustment film thereof
US11506685B1 (en) * 2021-05-14 2022-11-22 Chunghwa Precision Test Tech. Co., Ltd. Probe card device and disposable adjustment film thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2196889A1 (en, 2012) 1974-03-22
CA994845A (en) 1976-08-10
FR2196889B1 (en, 2012) 1977-08-12
GB1376291A (en) 1974-12-04
NL7311303A (en, 2012) 1974-02-26
SE397064B (sv) 1977-10-17
CH560590A5 (en, 2012) 1975-04-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3976855A (en) Electrical heating mat
DE3837562C2 (de) Flächenelement für einen beheizbaren Hohlraumboden
US4713921A (en) Stud for walls
JPS6036477Y2 (ja) トリム
KR930023127A (ko) 다중압출다이 및 이의 제조방법
DE1025821B (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vielkanalrohren, insbesondere fuer Waermeaustauscher
ATE415530T1 (de) Strukturen aus metallpaneelen
US3874910A (en) Spacer strip and method for making such spacer strips
TW267199B (en) Method of manufacturing paper making screen plate and paper making screen plate
CN113719065B (zh) 人字形表面装饰材料及其制造方法
US7820302B2 (en) Planar metal element and profile element
CA2320126C (en) Continuous process for forming structure suitable for use as a core member
US4642887A (en) Method of manufacturing loop-formed metal foil elements
US3945088A (en) Spacer strip, especially for electrical heating mats
DE2429611A1 (de) Mehrlagiger heizkoerper aus kunststoff und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
DE19928712C1 (de) Freistehende Wabenstruktur aus flexiblen Folienstreifen und Herstellungsverfahren
DE69709294T2 (de) Vorrichtung zum erneuten Profilieren von Wellpappen
IL42661A (en) Structural element
EP0939176B1 (en) Method for making a constructional panel for high strength wall and covering assemblies
JPH0976025A (ja) 板を変形する方法およびそれに適した板
US3813273A (en) Method for constructing a honeycomb structure and a device for carrying out said method
JPS6326683B2 (en, 2012)
DE29825103U1 (de) Elektrische Heizungsanordnung zum Beheizen von Innenräumen mit einer als Heizwiderstand dienenden elektrisch leitfähigen Flächenbeschichtung
DE2830717A1 (de) Bauplatte aus thermoplastischem, schweissbarem kunststoff
WO2020039065A1 (de) Flächenheizungsplatte für unterschiedliche heizungssysteme