US3859060A - Nickel-chromi um-cobalt-molybdenum alloys - Google Patents

Nickel-chromi um-cobalt-molybdenum alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
US3859060A
US3859060A US169842A US16984271A US3859060A US 3859060 A US3859060 A US 3859060A US 169842 A US169842 A US 169842A US 16984271 A US16984271 A US 16984271A US 3859060 A US3859060 A US 3859060A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
alloy
cobalt
nickel
temperatures
molybdenum
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US169842A
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English (en)
Inventor
Herbert Louis Eiselstein
James Crombie Hosier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Huntington Alloys Corp
Original Assignee
International Nickel Co Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=22617418&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US3859060(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority to BE787254D priority Critical patent/BE787254A/xx
Application filed by International Nickel Co Inc filed Critical International Nickel Co Inc
Priority to US169842A priority patent/US3859060A/en
Priority to CA129,901A priority patent/CA974096A/en
Priority to IT51966/72A priority patent/IT961870B/it
Priority to GB3651872A priority patent/GB1336409A/en
Priority to SE7210163A priority patent/SE374934B/xx
Priority to FR7228349A priority patent/FR2149935A5/fr
Priority to DE2238609A priority patent/DE2238609C2/de
Priority to DE2265686A priority patent/DE2265686C2/de
Priority to DE2265684A priority patent/DE2265684C2/de
Priority to DE2265685A priority patent/DE2265685C2/de
Priority to JP47079054A priority patent/JPS5227614B2/ja
Priority to AT679172A priority patent/AT317563B/de
Publication of US3859060A publication Critical patent/US3859060A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Priority to JP51090125A priority patent/JPS5242441A/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3033—Ni as the principal constituent
    • B23K35/304—Ni as the principal constituent with Cr as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
    • C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12944—Ni-base component

Definitions

  • alloys which are characterized by compositions which produce the gamma prime phase are not ordinarily considered usable at temperatures at which the gamma prime phase dissolves to any substantial extent. Accordingly, service applications in which the precipitation hardening alloys are employed are generally limited to an upper temperature range of possibly 1,600 F. Of course, many other criteria of usefulness must be applied to a particular alloy depending upon the service requirements. Thus, in certain applications, such as in gas turbine combustion cans where very high operating temperatures (e.g., 2,000 F. and above) are encountered, oxidation resistance and long-time structural stability of the alloy become of major importance. In such service, temperatures are encountered which are sufficiently high to cause substantially complete solution of precipitation hardening phases such as gamma prime.
  • cyclic oxidation also becomes a problem since it is found that many alloys which may be satisfactory against oxidation at the high temperature involved have such a constitution that the protective oxide breaks down or becomes mechanically separated when cyclic oxidation conditions are encountered, leading to further oxidation of metal upon subsequent heating. Accordingly, under conditions of cyclic oxidation, alloys which might appear to be satisfactory during longterm exposure to oxidation at a very high temperature are found in fact tobe unsatisfactory when cyclic oxidation is encountered. It is known that cyclic conditions are encountered in jet engine operation as in start-up and shut-down.
  • parts which operate at very high temperatures are also subjected to heating and cooling through intermediate temperatures, e.g., 1,400 F.
  • intermediate temperatures e.g. 1,400 F.
  • stability in the intermediate temperature ranges of alloys intended for service at very high temperatures is also of interest to designers for many reasons, including, for example, repair weldability particularly of light-section parts.
  • the present invention is directed to an alloy consisting essentially of, by weight, about 20% to about 24% chromium, about 0.8% to about 1.5% aluminum, about 9.5% or about 10% to about 15% or even about 20% cobalt, about 7% to about 12% molybdenum, not more than 0.15% carbon, up to about 0.6% titanium, up to about 0.006% boron, up to about 0.1% zirconium, up to about 0.05% magnesium, and the balance essentially nickel.
  • the alloy should have a low content of incidental elements and impurities such as sulfur (0.015% max.), phosphorus (0.03% max.), and should not contain more than about 1% of copper.
  • the iron content of the alloy should also be limited and for best stress-rupture properties, particularly at 2,000 F., should not normally exceed about 5%, or even about 2%. Titanium, magnesium, boron and zirconium within the aforementioned ranges may be employed individually or in combination as deoxi' dizers in producing the alloy. In view of the low contents of aluminum and titanium in the alloy, essentially no age hardening occurs therein. The contents of cobalt and of molybdenum are extremely important in terms of conferring substantial elevated temperature strength to the alloy.
  • the molybdenum content should be within the range of about 7% to about 12% and the cobalt content should be within the range of about 9.5% or about 10% to about 15%, or even about 20%, as it is found from experimental data that within these ranges of cobalt and molybdenum the best strength combinations are provided.
  • Chromium and aluminum within the aforementioned ranges are also important in the alloy particularly from the standpoint of providing oxidation resistance, particularly cyclic oxidation resistance, thereto. It is found that tungsten additions are not particularly effective in relation to the effect of this element upon strength. It appears from the available experimental data that tungsten in amounts up to about 8% is not sufficiently useful to compensate for the increased cost and increased density resulting from the use of this element.
  • the carbon content can be up to about 0.15%.
  • the carbon content is maintained in the range of about 0.04% to about 0.1%, e.g., about 0.06% to about 0.08%. Columbium adversely affects cyclic oxidation resistance of the alloy, and, accordingly, is not present in more than impurity amounts.
  • Preferred alloys produced in accordance with the invention contain about 0.06% to about 0.08% carbon, about 22.0% chromium, about 1.0% aluminum, about 0.35% titanium, about 12.5% cobalt, about 9.0% molybdenum, about 0.003% boron, and the balance essentially nickel.
  • Preferred alloys also provide hour rupture lives as follows: at 1,500
  • Alloys in accordance with the invention are preferably produced by vacuum melting as more consistent properties are thereby produced, although air melting may be employed.
  • the alloys are readily workable both hot and cold. Furthermore, the alloys are highly resis-' tant to the effects of cyclic oxidation for prolonged time at 2,000 E, and do not develop embrittling phases after prolonged exposure to temperatures in the range of about 1,200 F. to about l,600 F.
  • the alloys are readily weldable by common gas-shielded arc-welding processes, including the metal-inert gas (MIG) process, using'filler metal of matching composition or other standard welding materials.
  • MIG metal-inert gas
  • the alloy provided in accordance with the invention is also useful itself as a MIG filler metal, e.g., in the form of wire, strip, etc., in welding other nickel-chromium alloys, and nickel-chromium-iron alloys, especially alloys which have demonstrated a tendency toward cracking when EXAMPLE I
  • a series of 10 kilogram melts was produced having compositions as given in the following Table 1. Alloys 1 through 7 were produced by air induction melting, while Alloys 8 through 10 were produced by vacuum induction melting. The resulting ingots were all successfully forged to 9/ 1 6 inches square bar stock for mechanical testing. In some cases cold rolled strip 0.125 inches thick was also produced from this material for cyclic oxidation testing.
  • welds produced using the alloy of the invention as filler material are as strong at room temperature and at temperatures up to about 2,000 F. and as oxidation resistant in the weld metal as the wrought alloy of the invention.
  • the alloy can Hotforged square bar material from the heats as set forth in Table 1 were subjected to an anneal at 2,150 F. for 1 hour followed by air cooling, and short-time tensile tests were performed thereon at room temperature and at 2,000 F. with the results set forth in the following Table 11.
  • Ksi Ksi Ksi Ksi Ksi Ksi be used as a MIG filler metal in welding alloys containing about 19% to chromium, up to about 2% aluminum, e.g., about 0.8% to about 1.7% aluminum, up to about 0.6% titanium, up to about 15% molybdenum,
  • EXAMPLE II This example illustrates the special utility of the alloy provided in accordance with the invention as a MIG welding filler metal.
  • EXAMPLE III A five thousand pound heat was produced in a commercial vacuum induction furnace and was cast to form The sheet in the cold rolled condition had no difficulty passing a severe bend test upon itself after annealing in the temperature range of 1,800 F. to 2,l50 F.
  • EXAMPLE IV A further 5,000 pound heat was produced in a commercial vacuum induction furnace and was flux cast in air to form an ingot about 11 inches X 45 inches X 50 inches.
  • the heat (Alloy No. 12) contained about 0.07% carbon, about 0.13% iron, about 0.04% silicon, about 22.51% chromium, about 1.05% aluminum, about 0.41% titanium, about 0.029% magnesium, about 12.67% cobalt, about 8.91% molybdenum, about 0.0051% boron and the balance essentially nickel.
  • the ingot was press forged to a slab about 9.5 inches X 42 inches in section and was then hot rolled to a slab 2 inches by 50 inches in section at 2,200 F. with no difficulty.
  • Hot rolled rod material from alloys 6, 8, 9,- 10, 1 l and 12 annealed at 2, 150 F. for 1 hour were subjected to long-time exposure at 1,200, l,300, 1,400, 1,500 and l,600 F. and then subjected to impact testing with 0 tion furnaces or electroslag furnaces. It is useful in applications such as gas turbine combustion liners, in ducting systems for aircraft, etc. It is particularly useful in any application in which cyclic oxidation at temperatures about 1,800 F., e.g., 2,000 F. and higher, are encountered.
  • the alloy has good resistance to corrosion therein.
  • the alloy displayed good resistance to various concentrations of nitric acid, together with good resistance to sulfuric acid in concentrations up to 30% at 80 C. and up to 10% at boiling temperatures.
  • Moderate resistance was found to hydrochloric acid in concentrations to 30% or more at 80 C. as well as an excellent resistance to all concentrations of phosphoric acid at 80 C. even in the presence of up to 1% hydrofluoric acid. Accordingly, the alloy is useful in areas where resistance to acid corrosion is required.
  • a welding material in wire or strip form for use in inert gas shielded metal arc welding consisting essentially of by weight, about 20% to about 24% chromium,
  • EXAMPLE VI 20% cobalt, about 7% to about 12% molybdenum, not more than 0.15% carbon, up to about 0.6% titanium, up to about 0.006% boron, up to about 0.1% zirconium, up to about 0.05% magnesium and the balance essentially nickel.
  • An alloy in accordance with claim 2 containing about 0.06% to about 0.08% carbon, about 22% chr0- mium, about 1% aluminum, about 0.4% titanium, about 12.5% cobalt, about 9% molybdenum, up to about 0.006% boron and the balance essentially nickel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
US169842A 1971-08-06 1971-08-06 Nickel-chromi um-cobalt-molybdenum alloys Expired - Lifetime US3859060A (en)

Priority Applications (14)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE787254D BE787254A (fr) 1971-08-06 Alliages de nickel-chrome
US169842A US3859060A (en) 1971-08-06 1971-08-06 Nickel-chromi um-cobalt-molybdenum alloys
CA129,901A CA974096A (en) 1971-08-06 1971-12-10 Nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloys
IT51966/72A IT961870B (it) 1971-08-06 1972-08-04 Lega di nickel cromo cobalto molibdeno
GB3651872A GB1336409A (en) 1971-08-06 1972-08-04 Nickel-chromium alloys
SE7210163A SE374934B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1971-08-06 1972-08-04
FR7228349A FR2149935A5 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1971-08-06 1972-08-04
DE2265686A DE2265686C2 (de) 1971-08-06 1972-08-05 Verwendung einer Nickel-Chrom-Legierung
DE2238609A DE2238609C2 (de) 1971-08-06 1972-08-05 Nickel-Chrom-Legierung
DE2265684A DE2265684C2 (de) 1971-08-06 1972-08-05 Nickel-Chrom-Legierung
DE2265685A DE2265685C2 (de) 1971-08-06 1972-08-05 Verwendung einer Nickel-Chrom-Legierung
JP47079054A JPS5227614B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1971-08-06 1972-08-07
AT679172A AT317563B (de) 1971-08-06 1972-08-07 Nickel-Chrom-Legierung
JP51090125A JPS5242441A (en) 1971-08-06 1976-07-28 Process for welding nickel alloy

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US169842A US3859060A (en) 1971-08-06 1971-08-06 Nickel-chromi um-cobalt-molybdenum alloys

Publications (1)

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US3859060A true US3859060A (en) 1975-01-07

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US169842A Expired - Lifetime US3859060A (en) 1971-08-06 1971-08-06 Nickel-chromi um-cobalt-molybdenum alloys

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US (1) US3859060A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
JP (2) JPS5227614B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
AT (1) AT317563B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
BE (1) BE787254A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
CA (1) CA974096A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
DE (4) DE2265686C2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
FR (1) FR2149935A5 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
GB (1) GB1336409A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
IT (1) IT961870B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
SE (1) SE374934B (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Cited By (36)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4249943A (en) * 1978-10-11 1981-02-10 Williams Gold Refining Company Incorporated Non-precious ceramic alloy
US4355224A (en) * 1980-08-15 1982-10-19 Huntington Alloys, Inc. Coated electrode
US4735771A (en) * 1986-12-03 1988-04-05 Chrysler Motors Corporation Method of preparing oxidation resistant iron base alloy compositions
US4750954A (en) * 1986-09-12 1988-06-14 Inco Alloys International, Inc. High temperature nickel base alloy with improved stability
WO1989009843A1 (en) * 1988-04-04 1989-10-19 Chrysler Motors Corporation Oxidation resistant iron base alloy compositions
US4877461A (en) * 1988-09-09 1989-10-31 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Nickel-base alloy
US4891183A (en) * 1986-12-03 1990-01-02 Chrysler Motors Corporation Method of preparing alloy compositions
US4969964A (en) * 1989-05-19 1990-11-13 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Heat treatment method for reducing polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking
US5372662A (en) * 1992-01-16 1994-12-13 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Nickel-base alloy with superior stress rupture strength and grain size control
US5540789A (en) * 1992-05-28 1996-07-30 United Technologies Corporation Oxidation resistant single crystal superalloy castings
WO2000014290A1 (en) * 1998-09-04 2000-03-16 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Advanced high temperature corrosion resistant alloy
EP1090711A1 (en) * 1999-10-04 2001-04-11 General Electric Company Superalloy weld composition and repaired turbine engine component
US6258317B1 (en) 1998-06-19 2001-07-10 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Advanced ultra-supercritical boiler tubing alloy
US6478897B1 (en) * 1999-01-28 2002-11-12 Sumitomo Electric Engineering, Ltd. Heat-resistant alloy wire
EP1410872A1 (en) * 2002-10-16 2004-04-21 Hitachi, Ltd. Welding material, gas turbine blade or nozzle and a method of repairing a gas turbine blade or nozzle
US20040101433A1 (en) * 2000-10-20 2004-05-27 Ulrich Brill Austenitic nickel/chrome/cobalt/molybdenum/tungsten alloy and use thereof
US20110142713A1 (en) * 2008-07-30 2011-06-16 Kenji Kawasaki WELDING MATERIALS FOR Ni-BASED ALLOY
US20120267420A1 (en) * 2011-03-23 2012-10-25 Justin Lee Cheney Fine grained ni-based alloys for resistance to stress corrosion cracking and methods for their design
CN103612027A (zh) * 2013-12-12 2014-03-05 攀枝花钢城集团有限公司 药芯焊丝及其制备方法和应用
US20140205490A1 (en) * 2012-07-31 2014-07-24 General Electric Company Nickel-based alloy and turbine component having nickel-based alloy
US9738959B2 (en) 2012-10-11 2017-08-22 Scoperta, Inc. Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
US9802387B2 (en) 2013-11-26 2017-10-31 Scoperta, Inc. Corrosion resistant hardfacing alloy
US10100388B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2018-10-16 Scoperta, Inc. Coating compositions
US10105796B2 (en) 2015-09-04 2018-10-23 Scoperta, Inc. Chromium free and low-chromium wear resistant alloys
US10173290B2 (en) 2014-06-09 2019-01-08 Scoperta, Inc. Crack resistant hardfacing alloys
US10329647B2 (en) 2014-12-16 2019-06-25 Scoperta, Inc. Tough and wear resistant ferrous alloys containing multiple hardphases
US10345252B2 (en) 2013-10-10 2019-07-09 Scoperta, Inc. Methods of selecting material compositions and designing materials having a target property
US10465267B2 (en) 2014-07-24 2019-11-05 Scoperta, Inc. Hardfacing alloys resistant to hot tearing and cracking
US10465269B2 (en) 2014-07-24 2019-11-05 Scoperta, Inc. Impact resistant hardfacing and alloys and methods for making the same
US10851444B2 (en) 2015-09-08 2020-12-01 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for powder manufacture
US10954588B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2021-03-23 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Oxidation controlled twin wire arc spray materials
US11279996B2 (en) 2016-03-22 2022-03-22 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Fully readable thermal spray coating
US11939646B2 (en) 2018-10-26 2024-03-26 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Corrosion and wear resistant nickel based alloys
US12076788B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2024-09-03 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability
US12227853B2 (en) 2019-03-28 2025-02-18 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Thermal spray iron-based alloys for coating engine cylinder bores
US12378647B2 (en) 2018-03-29 2025-08-05 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Reduced carbides ferrous alloys

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BE787254A (fr) 1971-08-06 1973-02-05 Wiggin & Co Ltd Henry Alliages de nickel-chrome
JPS5443843A (en) * 1977-09-14 1979-04-06 Nippon Steel Corp Gas shielding method at mig arc welding of high nickel alloy wire
EP0009881B2 (en) * 1978-10-03 1987-07-08 Deloro Stellite Limited Cobalt-containing alloys
DE3233751A1 (de) * 1982-09-11 1984-03-15 Messer Griesheim Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Zusatzwerkstoff mit leicht oxidierbaren elementen
EP0365716A1 (en) * 1984-08-08 1990-05-02 Latrobe Steel Company Nickel-cobalt base alloys
CA1253221A (en) * 1985-03-22 1989-04-25 Lewis E. Shoemaker Welding electrode
JPH0613911U (ja) * 1992-07-28 1994-02-22 日本プラスト株式会社 吹出グリルの取付構造
JP4805803B2 (ja) * 2006-12-19 2011-11-02 株式会社東芝 Ｎｉ基合金およびタービンロータ
US20160326613A1 (en) * 2015-05-07 2016-11-10 General Electric Company Article and method for forming an article
CN113512670B (zh) * 2021-09-14 2021-12-07 河北钢研德凯科技有限公司北京分公司 可焊接的铸造高温合金及其应用

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Cited By (54)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4249943A (en) * 1978-10-11 1981-02-10 Williams Gold Refining Company Incorporated Non-precious ceramic alloy
US4355224A (en) * 1980-08-15 1982-10-19 Huntington Alloys, Inc. Coated electrode
US4750954A (en) * 1986-09-12 1988-06-14 Inco Alloys International, Inc. High temperature nickel base alloy with improved stability
AU592451B2 (en) * 1986-09-12 1990-01-11 Inco Alloys International Inc. High temperature nickel base alloy with improved stability
US4735771A (en) * 1986-12-03 1988-04-05 Chrysler Motors Corporation Method of preparing oxidation resistant iron base alloy compositions
WO1989009841A1 (en) * 1986-12-03 1989-10-19 Chrysler Motors Corporation Method of preparing oxidation resistant iron base alloy compositions
US4891183A (en) * 1986-12-03 1990-01-02 Chrysler Motors Corporation Method of preparing alloy compositions
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IT961870B (it) 1973-12-10
DE2265686C2 (de) 1983-03-10
CA974096A (en) 1975-09-09
JPS5715998B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1982-04-02
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DE2238609C2 (de) 1985-01-31
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DE2265685C2 (de) 1991-03-07

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