US3851150A - Electrical resistance tubular heating conductor with axially varying power distribution - Google Patents

Electrical resistance tubular heating conductor with axially varying power distribution Download PDF

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Publication number
US3851150A
US3851150A US00304312A US30431272A US3851150A US 3851150 A US3851150 A US 3851150A US 00304312 A US00304312 A US 00304312A US 30431272 A US30431272 A US 30431272A US 3851150 A US3851150 A US 3851150A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
heating conductor
electrical resistance
metallic layer
power distribution
axially varying
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00304312A
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English (en)
Inventor
Holzen G Von
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Forschung an der Eidgenoessischen Technischen Hochschule
Original Assignee
Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Forschung an der Eidgenoessischen Technischen Hochschule
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
    • C25D7/04—Tubes; Rings; Hollow bodies
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C17/00—Monitoring; Testing ; Maintaining
    • G21C17/06—Devices or arrangements for monitoring or testing fuel or fuel elements outside the reactor core, e.g. for burn-up, for contamination
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An electrical resistance tubular heating conductor of axially varying power distribution having a constant wall thickness body and an axially varying metal coating thereon is made by depositing the metal coating in an axial direction at a varying rate.
  • the present invention concerns a current-bearing heating conductor whose power distribution varies axially and which comprises a metallic tubular body of at least approximately constant wall thickness and provided with a metal layer of axially varying thickness, and further concerns a method of manufacture thereof and a system for the performance of the said method.
  • Tests are being performed in suitable circuits for the purpose of investigating the heat transfer from reactor fuel elements to the surrounding coolant. For such tests it is necessary instead of the reactor fuel elements to use electrically heated elements which simulate as accurately as possible the distribution of heat production such as arises in the nuclear reactor owing to the neutron flowdistribution. Generally, the heat production varies along the elements in the form of a continuous function, such as a cosine function.
  • Heating elements are built up in stairway fashion from individual tubular pieces joined up by welding or soldering. This results in a tube of discontinuously varying wall thickness. The heating power, following the local wall thickness distribution, is therefore also distributed in stairway fashion. This method can only give an approximation of the distribution required. Moreover, it is highly labor intensive and provides heating elements of low mechanicalstrength.
  • the secondmethod consists in machining a tube around its outer diameter by grinding or turning,'with the object of achieving the varying wall thickness necessary for the power distributionrequired. This method is very expensive and demands a high degree of accuracy in the machining process.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a firstclass product as well as a cheaper and simple method for the manufacture thereof. Accordingly, the heating conductor claimedhereunder is characterized in that the body and the metal layer are directly interconnected metallically.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a heating conductor
  • FIG. 2 shows a system for the manufacture of heating conductors according to FIG. 1, with the principal system units represented;
  • the thickness of the layer 3 may be 20 microns at the end of the body tube 1 and 0 micron in the middle, for instance. Viewed in longitudinal section, the thickness variation may follow a cosine function.
  • the heating tube shown in FIG. 3 presents a difference of 2.54 times between the highest local power in the tube middle and the lowest local power at the tube ends.
  • the silver layer 3' may be protected by providing it and the body tube 1' with a thin-walled tube 5 which is drawn on or hammered on.
  • Such a heating element may be manufactured galvanically as follows, for-instance:
  • the chamber 9 is sealed by O-rings 10 with respect to the body tube.
  • the rate of advance of the chamber 9 is determined by a frequencycontrolled drive 15 controlled by a sound tapebearing a previously recorded program, as later explained.
  • the program is produced by tone generators.
  • the tube 1 to be coated is rotated at constant speed by a drive 16, in order to produce a layer 3 which is uniformly thick around the circumference.
  • the points where the rate of advance of the chamber 9 is slow receive a greater layer thickness 0', and vice versa.
  • the tube 1 is rinsed with water from pipes 17 for the purpose of removing any residual electrolyte from the surface of the tube or heating conductor.
  • the system is arranged in a collecting tank 19.
  • the electrolyte 7 circulates through the system.
  • a pump 27 draws the electrolyte from an electrolyte container 25, and a pressure controller 28 fitted into the pipe 30 serves to control the circulation quantity of the electrolyte 7.
  • the return flow is effected through the return pipe 32 to the electrolyte container 25.
  • the system is arranged on a stand 21 presenting lateral bearing supports 22 and 23 which stand in the collecting tank 19, as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the electric connection is effected from the positive pole 34 direct to the silver electrode 1 1, while the negative pole 35 is connected to the bearing support 23.
  • the program is first recorded on a sound tape, which is then used to control the chamber.
  • a sound tape which is then used to control the chamber.
  • the next step is to calculate the variation of the control frequency in correlation with time: f (t).
  • the function f (t) found is recorded on the sound tape intended for control. This results in a sound tape bearing the control frequency correlated with time, f (t),'which can be used to control the feed motor of the drive 15. Accordingly, the entire system, comprising electrolyte 7, chamber 9, silver electrode 11 and drive 15, moves in a programmed fashion ensuring that the layer 3 is deposited to the varying thickness required.
  • said tubular body and a metallic layer of electrical resistance material coated on said tubular body and metallically and integrally connected thereto, said metallic layer forming a tube and being of continuously axially varying thickness, largest at both ends, and having an axial section appearing as a smooth bent curve.
  • the heating conductor of claim 1 further comprising a protective tube located over said metallic layer.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
US00304312A 1971-11-19 1972-11-07 Electrical resistance tubular heating conductor with axially varying power distribution Expired - Lifetime US3851150A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1685871 1971-11-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3851150A true US3851150A (en) 1974-11-26

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US00304312A Expired - Lifetime US3851150A (en) 1971-11-19 1972-11-07 Electrical resistance tubular heating conductor with axially varying power distribution

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3851150A (fr)
AT (1) AT310890B (fr)
CH (1) CH545577A (fr)
DE (1) DE2254232A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1401468A (fr)
IT (1) IT969250B (fr)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4007369A (en) * 1975-04-23 1977-02-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Tubular oven
US4233497A (en) * 1978-12-04 1980-11-11 Lowell Herman H Electric heating element
US4384192A (en) * 1981-03-02 1983-05-17 Teledyne Still-Man Manufacturing Electric heating element
US4720624A (en) * 1983-09-20 1988-01-19 Doryokuro Kakunenryo Kaihatsu Jigyodan Non-uniform resistance heating tubes
US4754124A (en) * 1983-08-04 1988-06-28 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Resistance heaters
US5129732A (en) * 1989-11-14 1992-07-14 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fuer Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V. Sensor for determining the temperature averaged on the basis of mass flow density
US5504307A (en) * 1990-07-13 1996-04-02 Ebara Corporation Heat transfer material for heating and heating unit and heating apparatus using same material
WO2003053762A1 (fr) * 2001-12-19 2003-07-03 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Appareil et procede pour chauffer un volant
US6686562B1 (en) * 1999-08-20 2004-02-03 W.E.T. Automotive Systems Ag Heating element
US6740856B1 (en) 2000-10-31 2004-05-25 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Preformed heating element and method of making
US20040155029A1 (en) * 2003-02-06 2004-08-12 Haag Ronald H. Preformed heating element and method of making
US20050199610A1 (en) * 2004-03-10 2005-09-15 Kevin Ptasienski Variable watt density layered heater
US7019261B2 (en) 2003-02-06 2006-03-28 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for a steering wheel with a preformed heating element
CN110415843A (zh) * 2019-08-08 2019-11-05 中国核动力研究设计院 阻力调节机构及其构成的反应堆闭式燃料组件水力学模拟装置
CN113939049A (zh) * 2021-10-13 2022-01-14 中国核动力研究设计院 一种轴向非均匀发热电加热棒及其制备工艺、应用
CN117807777A (zh) * 2023-12-27 2024-04-02 东北电力大学 实现核反应堆燃料棒轴向非均匀加热的试验件设计方法

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS63503158A (ja) * 1986-04-18 1988-11-17 レイケム・コーポレイション 熱回復性デバイス

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE645326C (de) * 1929-06-11 1937-05-28 Fritz Bayer Dr Ing Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kontakt- und Anschlussstellen hochohmiger Schichtwiderstaende
US2537671A (en) * 1950-03-10 1951-01-09 Jack Variable resistance device
US2569773A (en) * 1948-11-20 1951-10-02 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Electroconductive article
US2689803A (en) * 1951-11-03 1954-09-21 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Method of producing a film of uniform electroconductivity on refractory bases
US2891375A (en) * 1956-01-06 1959-06-23 Moulinage Et Retarderie De Cha Apparatus for the production of high-bulk yarn
US2978664A (en) * 1958-11-05 1961-04-04 Texas Instruments Inc Resistive element
US3336558A (en) * 1964-12-10 1967-08-15 Beckman Instruments Inc Non-linear resistance element
US3432922A (en) * 1967-04-05 1969-03-18 Nippon Kogaku Kk Method for producing resistances of the multi-layer type
US3629776A (en) * 1967-10-24 1971-12-21 Nippon Kogaku Kk Sliding thin film resistance for measuring instruments

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE645326C (de) * 1929-06-11 1937-05-28 Fritz Bayer Dr Ing Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kontakt- und Anschlussstellen hochohmiger Schichtwiderstaende
US2569773A (en) * 1948-11-20 1951-10-02 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Electroconductive article
US2537671A (en) * 1950-03-10 1951-01-09 Jack Variable resistance device
US2689803A (en) * 1951-11-03 1954-09-21 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Method of producing a film of uniform electroconductivity on refractory bases
US2891375A (en) * 1956-01-06 1959-06-23 Moulinage Et Retarderie De Cha Apparatus for the production of high-bulk yarn
US2978664A (en) * 1958-11-05 1961-04-04 Texas Instruments Inc Resistive element
US3336558A (en) * 1964-12-10 1967-08-15 Beckman Instruments Inc Non-linear resistance element
US3432922A (en) * 1967-04-05 1969-03-18 Nippon Kogaku Kk Method for producing resistances of the multi-layer type
US3629776A (en) * 1967-10-24 1971-12-21 Nippon Kogaku Kk Sliding thin film resistance for measuring instruments

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4007369A (en) * 1975-04-23 1977-02-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Tubular oven
US4233497A (en) * 1978-12-04 1980-11-11 Lowell Herman H Electric heating element
US4384192A (en) * 1981-03-02 1983-05-17 Teledyne Still-Man Manufacturing Electric heating element
US4754124A (en) * 1983-08-04 1988-06-28 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Resistance heaters
US4720624A (en) * 1983-09-20 1988-01-19 Doryokuro Kakunenryo Kaihatsu Jigyodan Non-uniform resistance heating tubes
US5129732A (en) * 1989-11-14 1992-07-14 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fuer Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V. Sensor for determining the temperature averaged on the basis of mass flow density
GB2238133B (en) * 1989-11-14 1994-08-03 Deutsche Forsch Luft Raumfahrt Apparatus for determining the temperature averaged on the basis of mass flow density
US5504307A (en) * 1990-07-13 1996-04-02 Ebara Corporation Heat transfer material for heating and heating unit and heating apparatus using same material
US6686562B1 (en) * 1999-08-20 2004-02-03 W.E.T. Automotive Systems Ag Heating element
US6740856B1 (en) 2000-10-31 2004-05-25 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Preformed heating element and method of making
EP1458605A1 (fr) * 2001-12-19 2004-09-22 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Appareil et procede pour chauffer un volant
EP1458605A4 (fr) * 2001-12-19 2007-06-27 Delphi Tech Inc Appareil et procede pour chauffer un volant
WO2003053762A1 (fr) * 2001-12-19 2003-07-03 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Appareil et procede pour chauffer un volant
US6815642B2 (en) * 2001-12-19 2004-11-09 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for heating a steering wheel
US20050082269A1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2005-04-21 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for heating a steering wheel
US7019261B2 (en) 2003-02-06 2006-03-28 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for a steering wheel with a preformed heating element
US20040155029A1 (en) * 2003-02-06 2004-08-12 Haag Ronald H. Preformed heating element and method of making
US20050199610A1 (en) * 2004-03-10 2005-09-15 Kevin Ptasienski Variable watt density layered heater
US20060175321A1 (en) * 2004-03-10 2006-08-10 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Methods of forming a variable watt density layered heater
US7132628B2 (en) * 2004-03-10 2006-11-07 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Variable watt density layered heater
US20070023419A1 (en) * 2004-03-10 2007-02-01 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Variable watt density layered heater
US8008607B2 (en) 2004-03-10 2011-08-30 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Methods of forming a variable watt density layered heater
CN110415843A (zh) * 2019-08-08 2019-11-05 中国核动力研究设计院 阻力调节机构及其构成的反应堆闭式燃料组件水力学模拟装置
CN110415843B (zh) * 2019-08-08 2021-01-26 中国核动力研究设计院 阻力调节机构及其构成的反应堆闭式燃料组件水力学模拟装置
CN113939049A (zh) * 2021-10-13 2022-01-14 中国核动力研究设计院 一种轴向非均匀发热电加热棒及其制备工艺、应用
CN117807777A (zh) * 2023-12-27 2024-04-02 东北电力大学 实现核反应堆燃料棒轴向非均匀加热的试验件设计方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1401468A (en) 1975-07-16
CH545577A (fr) 1974-01-31
IT969250B (it) 1974-03-30
DE2254232A1 (de) 1973-05-24
AT310890B (de) 1973-10-25

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