US3843364A - High temperature processing of photographic elements - Google Patents

High temperature processing of photographic elements Download PDF

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Publication number
US3843364A
US3843364A US00303405A US30340572A US3843364A US 3843364 A US3843364 A US 3843364A US 00303405 A US00303405 A US 00303405A US 30340572 A US30340572 A US 30340572A US 3843364 A US3843364 A US 3843364A
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silver halide
emulsion
compounds
layer
alkyl groups
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English (en)
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R Florens
H Vandenabeele
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Agfa Gevaert NV
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Agfa Gevaert NV
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/04—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein with macromolecular additives; with layer-forming substances
    • G03C1/053—Polymers obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. vinyl polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
    • C08F20/52—Amides or imides
    • C08F20/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C08F20/58—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen, e.g. N-methylolacrylamide, N-acryloylmorpholine

Definitions

  • a method is provided of producing photographic images by development at a temperature above 30 C. of an exposed photographic silver halidematerial comprising at least one silver halide emulsion layer wherein the said emulsion layer or a hydrophilic colloid layer in water-permeable relationship therewith comprises a polymeric compound, which is a homopolymer or copolymer of a N-hydroxyalkyl(meth) acrylamide or of a lower alkyl ether thereof, wherein the alkyl groups referred to are C -C alkyl groups.
  • the polymeric compound reduces the formation of pressure marks by processing at elevated temperature and the emulsion speed and gradation are not affected to a noteworthy extent.
  • the present invention relates to rapid processing at elevated temperature of exposed photographic radiationsensitive silver halide elements.
  • the silver halide emulsions for being processed after exposure at elevated temperature in an automatic processing machine are silver halide emulsions having a very low content of hydrophilic colloid e.g. gelatin.
  • the ratio of hydrophilic colloid, more particularly gelatin, to silver halide expressed as silver nitrate is generally comprised between 0.2 and 0.6.
  • the present invention thus provides a method of producing photographic images by exposure and processing at a temperature above C. of a photographic silver halide material comprising at least one silver halide emulsion layer wherein the said emulsion layer or a hydrophilic colloid layer in water-permeable relationship therewith comprises a polymeric compound as defined above.
  • the polymeric compounds for use according to the present invention are homopolymers or copolymers.
  • the polymeric materials may comprise in addition to the recurring units of N-hydroxyalkyl lmeth)acrylamides or ethers thereof, recurring units of other copolymerized monomers for example recurring units of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, acrylamide and methacrylamide as well as the N-alkylated derivatives thereof, alkyl acrylates and alkyl methacrylates, acrylonitrile, ethylene, vinyl acetate, vinyl ethers especially those whose aliphatic ether group comprises at most 4 C-atoms, styrene, butadiene, etc. i
  • the effectiveness of the polymeric compounds for use according to the present invention is due to the recurring units of an N-hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylam,ide or of an ether thereof, and therefore homopolymers are preferred. If copolymers are employed they comprise at least 15 mole percent, preefrably at least 50 mole percent, of these recurring units. The copolymerized monomers should be such that they have no deleterious effect on the photographic properties of the silver halide emulsion layers.
  • the molecular Weight of the polymeric compounds used is of minor importance and the best range can be easily determined by means of some simple tests, the compounds generally have a molecular weight comprised between 10 and 10
  • the following are representative examples of polymeric compounds for use in accordance with the present invention. They can be prepared according to known methods and as illustrated hereinafter.
  • poly(N-hydroxymethylacrylamide) 0.6 mole of polyacrylamide was dissolved at room temperature in 350 ml. of demineralized water. Sodium hydroxide (1 N) was added to bring the pH to 8.4 whereupon the solution was heated to C. With stirring and While keeping the solution at 35 C., 36 ml. of 40% aqueous formaldehyde and 100 ml. of water added. The pH of the solution had diminished to pH 5 and by addition of 1 N sodium hydroxide it was brought to pH 10. The mixture was stirred for 2 /2 hours at 35 C. whereupon it was neutralized to pH 7 by addition of 1 N hydrochloric acid. The solution was diluted to a volume of 1140 ml. By nitrogen analysis of the lyophilized poly meric material it was found that the polyacrylamide was almost completely converted into poly(N-hydroxymethylacrylamide) (theor.: 13.85; found: 13.55- 13.80).
  • the polymeric compounds for use according to the present invention may be present in the silver halide emulsion or another layer of the photographic material e.g. a gelatin antistress layer or intermediate layer, which is in water-permeable relationship with the said emulsion layer.
  • a gelatin antistress layer or intermediate layer which is in water-permeable relationship with the said emulsion layer.
  • they may be added during no matter what step of emulsion preparation, preferably just before coating on a suitable support e.g. paper, glass or film such as cellulose triacetate and polyethylene terephthalate.
  • the polymeric compounds of the use according to the present invention may be used in any type of light-sensitive material that after exposure is intended to be mechanically processed at elevated temperature.
  • Various silver salts may be used as light-sensitive salt, e.g. silver bromide, silver iodide, silver chloride, or mixed silver halides, e.g. silver chlorobromide or silver bromoiodide.
  • the invention is of particular importance for mechanical processing at elevated temperature of silver bromoiodide emulsions.
  • the emulsion may be a negative emulsion or a direct-positive emulsion, which comprises fogged silver halide. In directpositive emulsions fogging may be etfected by known means, e.g.
  • fogging may also occur by increasing the pH of the emulsion by means of alkaline substances such as sodium or potassium hydroxide.
  • the silver halides are dispersed in the common hydrophilic colloids such as gelatin, casein, zein, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, alginic acid, etc., gelatin, however, being favoured.
  • the common hydrophilic colloids such as gelatin, casein, zein, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, alginic acid, etc., gelatin, however, being favoured.
  • the amount of polymeric compound employed in the light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer or the col loid layer in water-permeable relationship therewith depends on the particular compound, the particular type of emulsion and the desired effect and can vary within very wide limits.
  • the optimum amount of each individual polymeric compound to be added is best determined for each particular type of emulsion by trial. Generally, the most suitable concentration in the particular colloid layer involved is comprised between 5 and 50% by weight relative to the weight of the hydrophilic colloid.
  • the polymeric compounds may be added in the form of loose powder but preferably they are added from an aqueous solution or dispersion (i.e. a latex).
  • the silver halide emulsions of the radiation-sensitive elements comprising the polymeric compounds in accordance with the present invention may be chemically as well as spectrally sensitized. They may be chemically sensitized by any of the accepted procedures.
  • the emulsions may be digested with naturally active gelatin or sulphur compounds may be added such as allyl thiocyanate, allyl thiourea, sodium thiosulphate, etc.
  • the emulsions may also be sensitized by means of reductors, e.g. tin compounds as described in our United Kingdom Patent Specification 789,823 filed Apr. 29, 1955 by Gevaert Photo-Producten N.V. and by means of small amounts of noble metal compounds, e.g.
  • noble metal compounds are ammonium chloropalladate, potassium chloroplatinate, potassium chloroaurate and potassium aurithiocyanate.
  • the emulsions may further comprise compounds that sensitize the emulsion by development acceleration for example alkylene oxide polymers.
  • alkylene oxide polymers may be of various type e.g. polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1500 or more, alkylene oxide condensation products or polymers as described among others in United States Patent Specifications 1,970,578 of Conrad Schoeller and Max. Wittner issued Aug. 21, 1934, 2,240,472 of Donald R. Swan issued Apr. 29, 1941, 2,423,- 549 of Ralph Kinsley Blake, William Alexander Stanton and Too Schulze issued July 8, 1947, 2,441,389 of Ralph Kinsley Blake issued May 11, 1948, 2,531,832 of William Alexander Stanton issued Nov. 28, 1950, and 2,533,990 of Ralph Kinsley Blake issued Dec.
  • the emulsions may be spectrally sensitized e.g. by means of the common methine dyes such as neutrocyanines, basic or acid carbocyanines, rhodacyanines, hemicyanines, styryl dyes, oxonol dyes and the like.
  • the common methine dyes such as neutrocyanines, basic or acid carbocyanines, rhodacyanines, hemicyanines, styryl dyes, oxonol dyes and the like.
  • Suchlike spectrally sensitizing dyes have been described by F. M. Hamer in The Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds (1964).
  • Direct-positive emulsions may comprise desensitizing dyes e.g. as described in United Kingdom Patent Specification 1,155,404 filed May 9, 1966 by Gevaert-Agfa N.V.
  • the emulsions may comprise the common emulsion stabilizers e.g. homopolar or salt-like compounds of mercury with aromatic and heterocyclic rings (e.g. mercaptotriazoles) simple mercury compounds, mercury sulphonium double salts and other mercury compounds of the king described in Belgian Patent Specifications 524,121 filed Nov. 7, 1953 by Kodak Co., 677,337 filed Mar. 4, 1966, 707,386 filed Dec. 1, 1967 and 709,195 filed Jan.
  • common emulsion stabilizers e.g. homopolar or salt-like compounds of mercury with aromatic and heterocyclic rings (e.g. mercaptotriazoles) simple mercury compounds, mercury sulphonium double salts and other mercury compounds of the king described in Belgian Patent Specifications 524,121 filed Nov. 7, 1953 by Kodak Co., 677,337 filed Mar. 4, 1966, 707,386 filed Dec. 1, 1967 and 709,195 filed Jan.
  • emulsion stabilizers are the azaindenes, particularly the tetraor pentaazaindenes and especially those substituted by hydroxyor amino groups. Suchlike compounds have been described by Birr in Z. wiss. Phot. 47, 2-58 (1952).
  • the emulsions may further comprise as stabilizers heterocyclic nitrogen-containing mercapto compounds such as benzothiazoline 2-thione and l-phenyI-S-mercapto-tetrazole, sulphinic acids such as benzenesulphinic acid and toluenesulphinic acid, thiosulphonic acids such as benzenethiosulphonic acid, toluenethiosulphonic acid, p-chlorobenzenethiosulphom'c acid sodium salt, propylthiosulphonic acid potassium salt, butylthiosulphonic acid potassium salt, etc.
  • heterocyclic nitrogen-containing mercapto compounds such as benzothiazoline 2-thione and l-phenyI-S-mercapto-tetrazole
  • sulphinic acids such as benzenesulphinic acid and toluenesulphinic acid
  • thiosulphonic acids such as benzenethiosulphonic
  • They may further comprise or by developed in the presence of compounds that are particularly effective as antifoggants for materials that are processed at elevated temperatures e.g. heterocyclic compounds with nitro-substituents e.g. nitroindazole and nitrobenzo-triazole as described in French Patent Specification 2,008,245 filed May 9, 1969 by Eastman Kodak Co., nitrobenzylidene pyridinium and nitrobenzylidene quinolinium compounds as well as the onium compounds described in published German Patent Application 2040876 filed Aug. 18, 1970 by Kunishiroku Photo Industry Co. Ltd.; further the nitrobenzene compounds described in co-pending Application 43,517/71 filed Sept. 17, 1971 by Agfa-Gevaert N.V. and the nitrile compounds described in co-pending Application 43,518/71 filed Sept. 17, 1971 by Agfa-Gevaert N.V.
  • compounds that are particularly effective as antifoggants for materials that are processed at elevated temperatures e.g.
  • the photographic silver halide materials may further comprise surface-active compounds, e.g. the fiuorinated surfactants of Belgian Patent Specification 742,680 filed Dec. 5, 1969 by Gevaert-Agfa N.V., plasticizers, matting agents, e.g. polymethyl methacrylate and silica particles, colour couplers, hardening agents e.g. formaldehyde, dialdehydes, halogen-substituted aldehyde acids such as mucochloric and mucobromic acid, etc.
  • surface-active compounds e.g. the fiuorinated surfactants of Belgian Patent Specification 742,680 filed Dec. 5, 1969 by Gevaert-Agfa N.V.
  • plasticizers e.g. polymethyl methacrylate and silica particles
  • colour couplers e.g. polymethyl methacrylate and silica particles
  • hardening agents e.g. formaldehyde, dialde
  • the hardening agent is generally an aldehyde hardener particularly aliphatic dialdehydes e.g. maleic aldehyde and glutaraldehyde which may be used as such or in the form of their bisulphite addition products.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A direct positive silver iodobromide emulsion containing 95 g. of silver halide (98 mole percent of silver bromide and 2 mole percent of silver iodide) was prepared. The ratio of hydrophilic colloid to silver halide expressed as silver nitrate was 0.45.
  • the two emulsions were coated under identical circumstances on a polyethylene terephthalate support and then overcoated with a gelatin antistress layer'comprising as coating aids etho-xylated nonylphenol having from 9 to 10 recurring ethylene oxide units and sodium isotetradecyl sulphate.
  • a gelatin antistress layer'comprising as coating aids etho-xylated nonylphenol having from 9 to 10 recurring ethylene oxide units and sodium isotetradecyl sulphate To the coating solution of the gelatin protective layer for emulsion B a supplementary amount of 640 mg. of formaldehyde per litre was added in order to re-establish the hardening partly lost by the addition of the polymeric compound to the emulsion.
  • the two materials were exposed through a continuous grey wedge with constant 0.15 by means of incandescent bulbs.
  • the exposed materials were processed in an automatic seconds processing machine. Development occurred for 23 seconds at 35 C. in Agfa-Gevaerts hardening developer for automatic processing G 138, which comprises hydroquinone and l-phenyl 3 pyrazolidinone as developing agents and glutaraldehyde as hardener.
  • the values given for the total speed are relative values with respect to reference material A, the total speed of which has been given a value of 100.
  • the total speed is denoted in the table by the letter S.
  • the maximum density and gradation are denoted by D and g.
  • the table also includes values for the abrasion resistance (A.R.). These values are the pressures (in gram) necessary to be applied to a steel ball having a diameter of A" to make it penetrate completely through the wet photographic element on which the ball is placed, when the ball is drawn over the material.
  • A.R. abrasion resistance
  • a 0. 03 l. 50 3. 20 290 B 0.03 1. 41 2. 90 230 EXAMPLE 2 A silver bromoiodide X-ray emulsion (2 mole percent iodide) comprising per kg. an amount of silver halide equivalent to g. of silver nitrate, 74 g. of gelatin, 545 mg. of S-methyl 7 hydroxy-s-triazole[1,5-a]pyrimidine, 6.5 mg. of 1 phenyl 5 mercaptotetrazole and 0.45 mg. of mercury cyanide was divided into three aliquot portions A, B and C.
  • the three emulsion portions were coated under identical circumstances on a polyethylene terephthalate support and then overcoated with a gelatin antistress layer comprising formaldehyde as hardening agent.
  • a gelatin antistress layer comprising formaldehyde as hardening agent.
  • a supplementary amount of 50 and 25 percent of formaldehyde was added respectively in order to reestablish the hardening partly lost by the addition of the polymeric compound to the emulsion.
  • Method of producing photographic images by development in a process which employs rollers at a temperature above 30 C. of an exposed photographic silver halide material comprising at least one silver halide emulsion layer wherein the said emulsion layer or a hydrophilic colloid layer in water-permeable relationship therewith comprises a polymeric compound, which is a polymer wherein at least 15 mole percent of the recurring units are of a N-hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylamide or of a lower alkyl ether thereof, wherein the alkyl groups referred to are C -C alkyl groups, whereby the pressure marks on said material are reduced.
  • polymeric compound is a homopolymer of a N-hydroxyalkyl(meth) acrylamide or of a lower alkyl ether thereof, wherein the alkyl groups referred to are C C alkyl groups.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
US00303405A 1971-11-08 1972-11-03 High temperature processing of photographic elements Expired - Lifetime US3843364A (en)

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GB5180171A GB1407967A (en) 1971-11-08 1971-11-08 Process for producing a photographic image in silver halide emulsions

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US (1) US3843364A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS4855722A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE790872A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2253942A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2159287B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1407967A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SU (1) SU504517A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3986877A (en) * 1973-09-25 1976-10-19 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Development promoting compounds for silver halide photography
US4172732A (en) * 1974-04-10 1979-10-30 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Photographic light-sensitive material
US4507384A (en) * 1983-04-18 1985-03-26 Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation Pattern forming material and method for forming pattern therewith
JP2739577B2 (ja) 1987-12-15 1998-04-15 富士写真フイルム株式会社 ハロゲン化銀写真感光材料

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS50140010A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1974-04-25 1975-11-10
JPS5499620A (en) * 1977-12-21 1979-08-06 Agfa Gevaert Nv Improved photosensitive recording material method of recording information by exposing said material informationnlike modulation active electromagnetic wave
CA1144412A (en) * 1978-12-20 1983-04-12 Anthony Adin Element including a layer containing aromatic o-dialdehyde dye former and a radiation responsive image-forming composition and a superimposed polymer layer
JP2715021B2 (ja) * 1991-11-01 1998-02-16 富士写真フイルム株式会社 白黒ハロゲン化銀写真感光材料
JP2715020B2 (ja) * 1991-11-01 1998-02-16 富士写真フイルム株式会社 ハロゲン化銀写真感光材料
RU2640042C2 (ru) * 2015-12-24 2017-12-26 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Российский научный центр рентгенорадиологии" Министерства здравоохранения российской федерации (ФГБУ "РНЦРР" Минздрава России) Способ приготовления набора концентрированного проявителя-регенератора для автоматической обработки рентгеновских фотоматериалов

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH454614A (de) * 1964-07-04 1968-04-15 Agfa Gevaert Ag Lichtempfindliches Material
GB1101409A (en) * 1965-06-01 1968-01-31 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Improvements in and relating to photographic light sensitive materials
GB1173522A (en) * 1966-03-08 1969-12-10 Ferrania Spa Gelatin-Silver Halide Photographic Emulsions and their preparation
US3647459A (en) * 1967-06-28 1972-03-07 Eastman Kodak Co Novel photographic elements and means for rapid processing of photographic elements

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3986877A (en) * 1973-09-25 1976-10-19 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Development promoting compounds for silver halide photography
US4172732A (en) * 1974-04-10 1979-10-30 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Photographic light-sensitive material
US4507384A (en) * 1983-04-18 1985-03-26 Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation Pattern forming material and method for forming pattern therewith
JP2739577B2 (ja) 1987-12-15 1998-04-15 富士写真フイルム株式会社 ハロゲン化銀写真感光材料

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BE790872A (nl) 1973-05-03
FR2159287A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-22
SU504517A3 (ru) 1976-02-25
GB1407967A (en) 1975-10-01
FR2159287B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-12-23
JPS4855722A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-08-04
DE2253942A1 (de) 1973-05-24

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