US3836977A - Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction - Google Patents

Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3836977A
US3836977A US00373203A US37320373A US3836977A US 3836977 A US3836977 A US 3836977A US 00373203 A US00373203 A US 00373203A US 37320373 A US37320373 A US 37320373A US 3836977 A US3836977 A US 3836977A
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United States
Prior art keywords
columns
elements
arrays
conductive
reflector
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00373203A
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English (en)
Inventor
H Wheeler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BAE Systems Aerospace Inc
Original Assignee
Hazeltine Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=23471414&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US3836977(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Hazeltine Corp filed Critical Hazeltine Corp
Priority to US00373203A priority Critical patent/US3836977A/en
Priority to CA192,725A priority patent/CA1011452A/en
Priority to AU65806/74A priority patent/AU482746B2/en
Priority to GB784774A priority patent/GB1393081A/en
Priority to SE7403002A priority patent/SE389769B/xx
Priority to FR7411382A priority patent/FR2234671B1/fr
Priority to IL44559A priority patent/IL44559A/en
Priority to JP49045020A priority patent/JPS591001B2/ja
Priority to IT7422142A priority patent/IT1010296B/it
Priority to BR4532/74A priority patent/BR7404532D0/pt
Priority to DE2427505A priority patent/DE2427505C2/de
Priority to DD179369A priority patent/DD112551A5/xx
Priority to PL1974172119A priority patent/PL90789B1/pl
Priority to CS744437A priority patent/CS191234B2/cs
Priority to SU742037857A priority patent/SU814289A3/ru
Priority to NLAANVRAGE7408568,A priority patent/NL183113C/nl
Publication of US3836977A publication Critical patent/US3836977A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Priority to JP49110388A priority patent/JPS63967B2/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/062—Two dimensional planar arrays using dipole aerials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Disclosed is an antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through the reflector.
  • One embodiment of the invention includes a planar grid of parallel conductive columns having linearly polarized antenna elements mounted on the columns, with the polarization. of the elements parallel to the columns.
  • Colinear arrays of tuned reflective elements are interspersed with the columns to cause suppression of radiation leakage through the grid of conductive columns.
  • the planar grid and colinear arrays collectively form a reflector which is open to passage of wind but closed to passage of electromagnetic wave energy.
  • the antenna system additionally includes a plurality of colinear arrays of selectively tuned reflective elements, the arrays being substantially parallel to the columns and selectively interspersed with the columns, the tuning of said elements and the location of said arrays with respect to the columns being selected to cause suppression of leakage of the radiated wave energy through the grid of conductive columns.
  • the antenna system includes means for supporting the antenna elements, the columns and the arrays.
  • the antenna requires a reflector of junction with the accompanying drawings and its scope a substantial physical size in which case the use of a solid conductive surface as a reflector causes the reflector to be subjected to substantial wind forces.
  • the wind forces on the antenna require the use of extensive mechanical structure to maintain the reflector surface in the desired contour and prevent damage to the reflector.
  • wind loading makes it more difficult to rotate a mechanically steered antenna, necessitating the use of a large motor for rotation.
  • an antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through the reflector.
  • the antenna system includes a reflective grid of substantially parallel conductive columns and at least one linearly polarized antenna element for radiating wave energy, arranged with the powill be pointed out in the appended claims.
  • FIG. 1 is an antenna system constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 indicates one suitable technique for mounting an antenna element onto a conductive column.
  • FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c illustrates a colinear array of reflective elements.
  • FIG. 4 is a top view of the FIG. 1 antenna system illustrating its operation.
  • the antenna system of FIG. 1 includes a plurality of dipoles 10, which are antenna elements for radiating wave energy.
  • the dipoles 10 are mounted on conductive columnsll, which form a planar grid.
  • Interspersed with the conductive columns 11 are colinear arrays 12 of reflective elements 13.
  • the colinear arrays 12 and conductive columns 11 are held in position by supporting structure 14.
  • the planar grid of conductive columns and colinear arrays has an open construction; that is, the spacing between columns and arrays is greater than the cross section of the arrays and columns, preferably much greater.
  • the conductive columns 11, colinear arrays I2 and supporting structure I4 form a planar-shaped reflector for wave energy. All of the dipoles 10 are mounted on the conductive columns 11, facing one side of this planar reflector.
  • the reflector has a size and shape similar to the size and shape of a conventional solid metallic reflector for a planar array of dipole elements.
  • the location and number of dipoles 10 are chosen in accordance with principles familiar to those skilled in the antenna art, as are the amplitude and phase of wave energy signals supplied to each of the dipoles 10.
  • the dipoles 10 in the FIG. I antenna are arranged so that the polarization of the elements is parallel to the conductive columns 11.
  • Linearly polarized elements other than dipoles may be used in antenna systems which embody the present invention, as long as the elements are arranged to have a polarization which is parallel to the conductive columns 11.
  • An example of another element type which might be used is a resonant loop antenna.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one technique for mounting a typical dipole element 10 onto a conductive column 11.
  • the conductive column 11 is hollow so that the transmission line 15, which supplies wave energy to the dipole 10, may pass through the conductive column 11.
  • the transmission line I5 may also be located outside the conductive column 11 and present substantially no interference to the radiation properties of the antenna so long as the transmission line 15 is in close proximity to the conductive column 11 and is grounded to the conductive column 11.
  • FIG. 3 illustrate a portion of one of the colinear arrays 12 of reflective elements I3.
  • the colinear array I2 is formed by using a nonconducting core 16 of insulating material.
  • Mounted to the outside of the core I6 are reflective elements 13, which comprise elongated conductive cylinders.
  • the length, diameter and spacing of the reflective elements I3 are chosen so that the reflective elements 13 will be tuned to cause the suppression of radiation through the grid of conductive columns 11 in the FIG. 1 antenna.
  • the reflective elements 13 need not be cylindrical in shape but may have another shape which is more convenient to the particular embodimet. In some applications the reflective elements 13 might be elongated strips of conductive material formed on a flat nonconducting surface.
  • the tuning of the reflective elements I3 is the significant feature of the present invention. It is well known in the art that an elongated conductor, which is effectively a half wavelength long at the operating frequency, is self-resonant; that is, the currents in the halfwavelength conductor in the presence of an electromagnetic field will be substantially greater than in a continuous conductor. In the case of a half-wavelength reflective element, the natural inductance of the conductor is tuned out by its own self-capacitance to result in resonance wherein the reflective element has a minimum amount of impedance.
  • the half-wavelength element When placed in an electromagnetic field of wave energy of the proper frequency, the half-wavelength element carries a maximum amount of current.v This current results in secondary radiation which may interfere with the incident electromagnetic field in certain directions. Because of the higher amount of current associated with a resonantly-tuned reflective element, the interference with the incident wave energy is greater than with a nonresonant element. It is, therefore, evident that the amount of interference of a reflective element with an incident wave energy field may be adjusted by selectively tuning or detuning ofthe reflective element, that is, by adjusting its length. The amount of secondary radiation of a reflective element changes slowly with frequency, hence the interference effect will be present over a finite frequency band.
  • the colinear array of reflecting elements 13, shown in FIG. 3a consists of conductive elements 13, which are less than a half wavelength in length. These elements may also be tuned to be resonant by suitable adjustment of the spacing between adjacent elements in the colinear array. This spacing provides a capacitance which can be used to tune the inductance of the shortened elements 13.
  • the amount of secondary radiation from the colinear array of FIG. can be similarly adjusted as the secondary radiation of the isolated half wavelength resonant reflecting element.
  • the FIG. 3a colinear array has more desirable properties than a colinear array of half-wavelength elements since it has inherently a broader bandwidth of resonance. Bandwidth may also be increased by increasing the diameter of the reflective elements, but this has the effect of increasing wind resistance.
  • FIG. 3b and BC Alternates to the FIG. 3a colinear array are shown in FIG. 3b and BC.
  • the capacitance required for tuning the inductance of the reflective elements 13 is provided by fixed capacitors 17.
  • the FIG. 30 array is similar in design to the FIG. 3a array but additionally includes a protective cover 18 of dielectric material to prevent deterioration of the array tuning by a coating of precipitation on the colinear array.
  • FIG. 1 antenna system may be easily explained after having considered the properties of the colinear arrays 12.
  • linearly polarized Wave energy radiated by the dipoles It would be partially reflected and partially transmitted through the grid of conductive columns II.
  • the colinear arrays 12 are selectively tuned so that the secondary radiation from the elements 13 of the colinear arrays 12 will be equal in amplitude to the wave en ergy passing through the grid of conductive columns II.
  • the location of the colinear arrays 12 selectively is adjusted so that the phase of the secondary radiation from the reflective elements 13 will be opposite to the phase of the wave energy passing through the grid of conductive columns II.
  • the colinear arrays 12 will be approximately co-planar with the conductive columns 11.
  • the secondary radiation from the colinear arrays 13, interferes with the wave energy passing through the grid of conductive columns 11 and causes a substantial reduction in the leakage of wave energy signals through the reflector.
  • the colinear arrays 12 may be thus adjusted in amplitude and phase to cause perfect cancellation of the wave energy leakage in a particular direction or a substantial cancellation over a particular range of angular directions.
  • the dipoles 10 of the FIG. 1 antenna radiate a single antenna beam. Since in the FIG. 1 embodiment the dipole spacing is equal to the spacing of the conductive columns 11, this spacing will usually be chosen to be less than one wavelength at the operating frequency to avoid the presence of undesired extra antenna beams called grating lobes.” A spacing of less than one wavelength will usually allow substantial cancellation of leakage radiation by placing a single column of reflective elements in each space between adjacent conductive columns in the grid. In this case, the reflective elements are most effective if they are arranged to be equidistant from the nearest pair of conductive columns.
  • a reflector having the structure shown in FIG. 1 is most desirabe in the case where the antenna is in the form of a planar array of elements.
  • the array of elements 10 when supplied with wave energy signals of equal phase, will have a main desired antenna beam 22 which is perpendicular to the plane of the grid 21 of conductive columns 11. Leakage of wave energy through the grid 21 of conductive columns 11 will also cause an antenna beam 19, called a back lobe, in the direction opposite to the desired antenna beam 22.
  • the wave energy signal passing through the grid 21 of conductive columns will be substantially in focused phase and the undesired beam 19 will have a substantial amplitude with respect to the desired beam 22.
  • the colinear arrays 12 of reflective elements 13 are interspersed with the grid 21 of conductive columns 11, the
  • the undesired beam 19 will be substantially reduced in magnitude because of the reduction of radiation leakage through the grid 21 of conductive columns 11 and a beam will be formed which has an acceptable low amplitude with respect to the main beam 22.
  • the ground plane comprised conductive columns 0.20 wavelengths in diameter, spaced 0.88 wavelengths apart at the operating frequency.
  • the reflective elements were conductive cylinders 0.05 wavelengths in diameter and 0.26 wavelengths long. The reflective elements were tuned by adjusting the gap between elements which was approximately 0.01 wavelengths.
  • a single linearly polarized antenna element was used which was placed 0.20 wavelengths from one of the conductive columns.
  • the present invention is advantageously applied to the planar array of radiating elements, as shown in FIG. 1. It will be evident to those skilled in the art. however, that the invention may be used to form reflectors of substantially open construction for use in other antenna systems.
  • One such alternate embodiment would comprise a focusing reflector with a substantially open construction and a linearly polarized antenna element for illuminating the reflector with wave energy.
  • Another alternate embodiment would comprise a nonplanar array of antenna elements having a non-planar reflecting surface constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • An antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through said reflector, comprising:
  • At least one linearly polarized antenna element for radiating wave energy arranged with the polarization of said element substantially parallel to said columns;
  • An antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through said reflector, comprising:
  • antenna elements for radiating wave energy, said antenna elements being mounted on at least some of said columns with the polarization of said elements substantially parallel to said columns;
  • An antenna system as specified in claim 2 which additionally includes transmission lines for supplying energy to said antenna elements, said transmission lines being located within the conductive columns supporting the corresponding antenna elements.
  • each of said arrays is equidistant from said adjacent conductive columns.
  • each of said arrays comprises a column of insulating material having a plurality of conductive reflective elements mounted thereon.
  • An antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through said reflector, comprising:
  • flective elements comprising columns of insulating material having a plurality of conductive reflective elements mounted thereon, said arrays being paral tion leakage through said reflector, comprising:
  • each of said refleca plurality of diPOIB elemehts for radiating tive elements being effectively near l/2-wavelength wave energy signals, said dipoles bemg mounted 0 invlength at the operating frequency of said antenna said columnswlth the polarization of said dipoles system and Said arrays being Substantially parallel Parallel to sand columns; to said columns and selectively interspersed with and means for Suppomng columns and Sand said columns, the length of said conductive elerays; ments and the location of said arrays with respect whereby when wave.
  • An antenna system having a reflector with an ra 5 open construction and improved suppressiim of radia' l3.
  • antenna system having a reflector with an leakage hrough said reflector compnsmgz open construction and improved suppression of radiaa planar gm of substamlaily equally Spaced tion leakage through said reflector, comprising:
  • An antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through said reflector comprising:
  • At least one linearly polarized antenna element for radiating wave energy arranged with the polarization of said element substantially parallel to said columns;
  • An antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through said reflector, comprising:
  • antenna elements for radiating wave energy, said antenna elements being mounted on at least some of said columns with the polarization of said elements substantially parallel to said columns;
  • columns being selected to cause suppression of leakage of said radiated wave energy through said grid of conductive columns;
  • An antenna system as specified in claim 2 which additionally includes transmission lines for supplying energy to said antenna elements, said transmission lines being located within the conductive columns supporting the corresponding antenna elements.
  • each of said arrays is equidistant from said adjacent conductive columns.
  • each of said reflective elements is a conductive element
  • said reflective elements are conductive elements less than one-half wavelength in length at the operating frequency of said antenna system and are selectively tuned by adjusting the spacing between adjacent elements in said colinear array.
  • each of said arrays comprises a column of insulating material having a plurality of conductive reflective elements mounted thereon.
  • An antenna system having a reflector with an open construction and improved suppression of radiation leakage through said reflector comprising:
  • a plurality of colinear arrays of selectively tuned reflective elements comprising columns of insulating material having a plurality of conductive reflective elements mounted thereon, said arrays being parallel to said conductive columns and selectively interspersed with said conductive columns, one of said arrays being located in every space between adjacent conductive columns and each of said arrays being equidistant from the nearest pair of said columns;
  • dipoles for radiating wave energy signals, said dipoles being mounted on said columns with the polarization of said dipoles parallel to said columns;
  • said reflective elements cause suppression of radiation leakage through said grid of conductive columns.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
US00373203A 1973-06-25 1973-06-25 Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction Expired - Lifetime US3836977A (en)

Priority Applications (17)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00373203A US3836977A (en) 1973-06-25 1973-06-25 Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction
CA192,725A CA1011452A (en) 1973-06-25 1974-02-18 Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction
AU65806/74A AU482746B2 (en) 1974-02-20 Antenna system having a reflector witha substantially open construction
GB784774A GB1393081A (en) 1973-06-25 1974-02-21 Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction
SE7403002A SE389769B (sv) 1973-06-25 1974-03-06 Antennsystem
FR7411382A FR2234671B1 (nl) 1973-06-25 1974-03-29
IL44559A IL44559A (en) 1973-06-25 1974-04-03 A hexagonal system that uses a recycler
JP49045020A JPS591001B2 (ja) 1973-06-25 1974-04-20 ツウフウシキコウゾウ ノ ハンシヤキ オ ユウスル アンテナシステム
IT7422142A IT1010296B (it) 1973-06-25 1974-04-30 Sistema di antenna avente un riflettore con una forma co struttiva sostanzialmente aperta
BR4532/74A BR7404532D0 (pt) 1973-06-25 1974-05-31 Aperfeicoado sistema de antena possuindo um refletor de construcao substancialmente aberta
DE2427505A DE2427505C2 (de) 1973-06-25 1974-06-07 Reflektorantenne mit parallelen Reflektorstäben
DD179369A DD112551A5 (de) 1973-06-25 1974-06-21 Antennensystem mit einem in offener bauweise ausgebildeten reflektor
PL1974172119A PL90789B1 (nl) 1973-06-25 1974-06-22
CS744437A CS191234B2 (en) 1973-06-25 1974-06-24 Aerial system with the reflector having the open structure
SU742037857A SU814289A3 (ru) 1973-06-25 1974-06-24 Антенна система
NLAANVRAGE7408568,A NL183113C (nl) 1973-06-25 1974-06-25 Antennestelsel voorzien van een reflector met open constructie.
JP49110388A JPS63967B2 (nl) 1973-06-25 1974-09-25

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00373203A US3836977A (en) 1973-06-25 1973-06-25 Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction

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US00373203A Expired - Lifetime US3836977A (en) 1973-06-25 1973-06-25 Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction

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US (1) US3836977A (nl)
JP (2) JPS591001B2 (nl)
BR (1) BR7404532D0 (nl)
CA (1) CA1011452A (nl)
CS (1) CS191234B2 (nl)
DD (1) DD112551A5 (nl)
DE (1) DE2427505C2 (nl)
FR (1) FR2234671B1 (nl)
GB (1) GB1393081A (nl)
IL (1) IL44559A (nl)
IT (1) IT1010296B (nl)
NL (1) NL183113C (nl)
PL (1) PL90789B1 (nl)
SE (1) SE389769B (nl)
SU (1) SU814289A3 (nl)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4186400A (en) * 1978-06-01 1980-01-29 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Aircraft scanning antenna system with inter-element isolators
US4516132A (en) * 1983-02-24 1985-05-07 Cossar Electronics Limited Antenna with a reflector of open construction
US5285212A (en) * 1992-09-18 1994-02-08 Radiation Systems, Inc. Self-supporting columnar antenna array
US5606333A (en) * 1995-02-17 1997-02-25 Hazeltine Corporation Low wind resistance antennas using cylindrical radiating and reflector units
WO1997041622A1 (en) * 1996-04-29 1997-11-06 Radio Design Innovation Ab Antenna system
US5757246A (en) * 1995-02-27 1998-05-26 Ems Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for suppressing passive intermodulation
US6067053A (en) * 1995-12-14 2000-05-23 Ems Technologies, Inc. Dual polarized array antenna
US8121821B1 (en) 2007-12-19 2012-02-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Quasi-static design approach for low Q factor electrically small antennas
US8368156B1 (en) 2007-12-19 2013-02-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Dipole moment term for an electrically small antenna

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3836977A (en) * 1973-06-25 1974-09-17 Hazeltine Corp Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction
DE3224545A1 (de) * 1982-07-01 1984-01-05 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Gruppenantenne
JPS60111503A (ja) * 1983-11-21 1985-06-18 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> アレイアンテナ装置
JPS60184308U (ja) * 1984-05-17 1985-12-06 三菱電機株式会社 ホ−ンアンテナ
JPS60184309U (ja) * 1984-05-17 1985-12-06 三菱電機株式会社 ホ−ンアンテナ
DE4218544A1 (de) * 1992-06-05 1993-12-16 Abb Patent Gmbh Kurzwellen-Sendeantenne
KR100264817B1 (ko) * 1998-06-09 2000-09-01 박태진 광대역 마이크로스트립 다이폴 안테나 어레이
US9281083B2 (en) 2009-04-06 2016-03-08 Terrapower, Llc Traveling wave nuclear fission reactor, fuel assembly, and method of controlling burnup therein
JP6941494B2 (ja) * 2017-07-18 2021-09-29 日本放送協会 エンドツーエンド日本語音声認識モデル学習装置およびプログラム
CN111507104B (zh) 2020-03-19 2022-03-25 北京百度网讯科技有限公司 建立标签标注模型的方法、装置、电子设备和可读存储介质

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FR704953A (fr) * 1930-01-24 1931-05-29 Radio Ind Projecteur d'ondes
US2115789A (en) * 1935-06-04 1938-05-03 Telefunken Gmbh Directional antenna system
US2210666A (en) * 1936-01-14 1940-08-06 Lorenz C Ag High frequency radiation structure
US2213859A (en) * 1937-05-15 1940-09-03 Lorenz C Ag Antenna system
US2558727A (en) * 1942-07-01 1951-07-03 Edwin J Bernet Antenna

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DE480201C (de) * 1924-08-04 1929-07-30 Walter Hahnemann Einrichtung zum eindeutigen gerichteten Senden und Empfangen mittels elektrischer Wellen
BE335661A (nl) * 1925-07-06
US3836977A (en) * 1973-06-25 1974-09-17 Hazeltine Corp Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR704953A (fr) * 1930-01-24 1931-05-29 Radio Ind Projecteur d'ondes
US2115789A (en) * 1935-06-04 1938-05-03 Telefunken Gmbh Directional antenna system
US2210666A (en) * 1936-01-14 1940-08-06 Lorenz C Ag High frequency radiation structure
US2213859A (en) * 1937-05-15 1940-09-03 Lorenz C Ag Antenna system
US2558727A (en) * 1942-07-01 1951-07-03 Edwin J Bernet Antenna

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4186400A (en) * 1978-06-01 1980-01-29 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Aircraft scanning antenna system with inter-element isolators
US4516132A (en) * 1983-02-24 1985-05-07 Cossar Electronics Limited Antenna with a reflector of open construction
US5285212A (en) * 1992-09-18 1994-02-08 Radiation Systems, Inc. Self-supporting columnar antenna array
US5606333A (en) * 1995-02-17 1997-02-25 Hazeltine Corporation Low wind resistance antennas using cylindrical radiating and reflector units
US5757246A (en) * 1995-02-27 1998-05-26 Ems Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for suppressing passive intermodulation
US6067053A (en) * 1995-12-14 2000-05-23 Ems Technologies, Inc. Dual polarized array antenna
WO1997041622A1 (en) * 1996-04-29 1997-11-06 Radio Design Innovation Ab Antenna system
US6088002A (en) * 1996-04-29 2000-07-11 Radio Design Innovation Tj Ab Antenna system
US8121821B1 (en) 2007-12-19 2012-02-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Quasi-static design approach for low Q factor electrically small antennas
US8368156B1 (en) 2007-12-19 2013-02-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Dipole moment term for an electrically small antenna
US9053268B1 (en) 2007-12-19 2015-06-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Analytic antenna design for a dipole antenna

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IL44559A (en) 1976-09-30
SU814289A3 (ru) 1981-03-15
GB1393081A (en) 1975-05-07
JPS5034141A (nl) 1975-04-02
FR2234671B1 (nl) 1980-03-14
JPS591001B2 (ja) 1984-01-10
IL44559A0 (en) 1974-06-30
BR7404532D0 (pt) 1975-01-21
DD112551A5 (de) 1975-04-12
DE2427505A1 (de) 1975-01-16
JPS50137655A (nl) 1975-10-31
AU6580674A (en) 1975-08-21
NL183113B (nl) 1988-02-16
CA1011452A (en) 1977-05-31
SE389769B (sv) 1976-11-15
NL183113C (nl) 1988-07-18
PL90789B1 (nl) 1977-01-31
DE2427505C2 (de) 1985-08-01
IT1010296B (it) 1977-01-10
NL7408568A (nl) 1974-12-30
FR2234671A1 (nl) 1975-01-17
JPS63967B2 (nl) 1988-01-09
CS191234B2 (en) 1979-06-29
SE7403002L (nl) 1974-12-27

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