US3810380A - Method of and apparatus for drawing wire - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for drawing wire Download PDF

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Publication number
US3810380A
US3810380A US00272081A US27208172A US3810380A US 3810380 A US3810380 A US 3810380A US 00272081 A US00272081 A US 00272081A US 27208172 A US27208172 A US 27208172A US 3810380 A US3810380 A US 3810380A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wire
speed
blocks
block
slip
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00272081A
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English (en)
Inventor
J Newberry
A Ettie
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Balfour Beatty PLC
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BICC PLC
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Publication date
Priority claimed from GB3403171A external-priority patent/GB1394058A/en
Priority claimed from GB3599771A external-priority patent/GB1394059A/en
Priority claimed from GB3599871A external-priority patent/GB1394060A/en
Application filed by BICC PLC filed Critical BICC PLC
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Publication of US3810380A publication Critical patent/US3810380A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, wire, rods, tubes or like semi-manufactured products by drawing
    • B21C1/02—Drawing metal wire or like flexible metallic material by drawing machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by drums
    • B21C1/04—Drawing metal wire or like flexible metallic material by drawing machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by drums with two or more dies operating in series
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, wire, rods, tubes or like semi-manufactured products by drawing
    • B21C1/02—Drawing metal wire or like flexible metallic material by drawing machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by drums
    • B21C1/12—Regulating or controlling speed of drawing drums, e.g. to influence tension; Drives; Stop or relief mechanisms

Definitions

  • each drawing block has an effective surface that is tapered from one end of its rotation axis to the other and has independently adjustable driving means having a working range in which the angular velocity of the drawing block can change in response to variations in the speed of wire frictionally engaged therewith without any substantial change in the torque of the driving means and independently of the other drawing blocks.
  • Preferred driving means are turbine motors or pneumatic displacement motors, preferably supplied from a common source of working fluid, and electric torque motors.
  • This invention relates to apparatus for reducing the diameter of wire by drawing and a method of operating the apparatus.
  • the invention is especially, but not exclusively, applicable to drawing wires that are of very small diameter and consequently of very low tensile strength.
  • Copper wire is currently being manufactured in diameters down to about 0.0075 mm (0.0003 inch), at which diameter it has a breaking load only of the order of a gram weight, and even finer wires would be desirable for some applications. With such fine wires it is difficult to maintain in the wires a tension that is always sufficient to avoid presence of slack wire and yet never sufficient to break the wire, especially when the wire speed must be kept substantially constant as for example to obtain satisfactory curing of an enamel coating on the wire. It is the main object of the invention as applied to processing of very fine wires to overcome or at least considerably alleviate these difficulties.
  • the invention provides a wire-drawing machine comprising at least two dies; at least one drawing block for drawing the wire through each die, each said drawing block. having an effective surface that is tapered from one end of its rotation axis to the other; independently adjustable driving means for each said drawing block having a working range in which the angular velocity of the drawing block can change in response to variations in the speed of wire frictionally engaged therewith without any substantial change in the torque of the driving means and independently of the other drawing blocks; and means for taking up drawn wire from the last drawing block.
  • each drawing block is preferably but not necessarily uniform unver the effective surface.
  • the tapered effective surface extends throughout 'the effective axial length of the drawing block, but the use for example of a symmetrical block having a concave peripheral surface is not excluded.
  • the angle of taper is not critical and the permissible range may vary to some extent depending upon the material and size of the wire but is generally in the range 0.3 l0 semi angle. For copper or aluminum wires having a diameter of around 0.025 mm (0.001 inch) very good results have been obtained using tapers of either 1/2 or 6.
  • the drive'means for the drawing block is preferably a motor having an appropriate (flat) torque/speed characteristic but alternatively a drive arrangement that obtains such a characteristic by the use of a slip ping clutch can be adopted.
  • Turbines, pneumatic piston motors and electric torque motors with flat torque/- speed characteristics are avilable and good results have been obtained with each of them.
  • a turbine When a turbine is used in a machine for drawing very fine wires, its working fluid is preferably air or another gas but for larger wires a liquid, for example water, may be preferable.
  • turbines or pneumatic displacement motors When turbines or pneumatic displacement motors are used they are preferably supplied with working fluid from a common source, preferably at an adjustable pressure so that the supply of fluid for all the turbines may be adjusted in unison. In such cases the same supply preferably feeds a turbine (or other) motor that drives the take-up for the drawn wire.
  • variable transformer or a variable autotransformer
  • individual speed controllers may also be variable transformers (or autotransformers).
  • electronic controls can be used in either case of both cases.
  • the invention also provides a method of drawing wire using the machine described comprising the fol lowing steps:
  • step (3) slip can occur during step (3) without stretching of the wire, the tendency at this stage being for the wire to run down the block, i.e. towards its narrow end; when slip ceases, in step (4), the wire runs up the block, and this provides sufficient indication that the necessary adjustment is achieved and subsequently maintained, and the same test is effective to indicate the need for readjustment (as a result of wear) during subsequent running of the machine.
  • An important application of this invention is to the processing of wire by an in-line process in which the diameter of the wire is reduced by drawing and the drawn wire is passed, without being reeled and subsequently unreeled, into subsequent processing apparatus, such as an enamelling machine, that requires to operate at a substantially predetermined wire speed.
  • This aspect of the invention is especially useful when applied to the manufacture of enamelled copper and aluminum wire (also known as magnet wire) of very small diameter.
  • passing the or each wire directly into subsequent processing apparatus including means determining the speed of the or each wire, during drawing as well as during subsequent processing, at such a value that the speed of the or each wire through each die through which it passes is so related to the reduction in cross-section effected at that die that the wire is not significantly heated.
  • the wire after leaving the last drawing block the wire is subjected to at least one further processing step, after which the wire is received by the take-up, the take-up is driven by a fluid turbine, and in addition a constant speed drive is coupled to the wire downstream of the last of the drawing dies after the machine has been accelerated to substantially the required operating speed by the turbine drive.
  • the corresponding apparatus will consist essentially of an applicator for coating the wire with liquid enamel and means for converting the coating to a solid, cured condition.
  • the coated wire will be passed through an oven to evaporate solvent from the enamel and to cure the polymeric coating on the wire, but alternatively the wire may be preheated to obtain flash evaporation of the solvent immediately the wire emerges from the applicator, or a solventless" enamel (in which the liquid constitutent of the enamel is copolymerisible with the polymeric devisitu tent of the enamel) can be used.
  • a solventless enamel in which the liquid constitutent of the enamel is copolymerisible with the polymeric devisitu tent of the enamel
  • a further possibility with appropriate enamels is to use ultra-violet or electron or other high-energy radiation instead of(or in addition to) heat to cure the enamel coating.
  • a conventional enamel of any of the usual classes applied to the wire by a metering applicator (which may be of the type using a metering roll or of the type that is closed, apart from passages for the entry and exit of the wire, and usually pressurised, and to which in each case the liquid enamel is supplied at substantially the same rate that the wire carries it away) and cured by means of an oven, which is preferably of a horizontal design.
  • the constant speed drive may be coupled to the wire at any point in its path between the final rawing die and the take-up or it could be coupled through the take-up itself provided that appropriate steps were taken to allow for variation in winding diameter, since if properly adjusted the turbine drive spontaneously adopts the speed set by the constant-speed drive.
  • the wire is passed back and forth between pulleys for the application drying and curing of several coats of enamel using a common oven or other heat source, it is especially convenient to connect the constant speed drive to one of those pulleys.
  • the other one of these pulleys or in extreme cases each of these pulleys and any additional wire guides may also be equipped with a drive of the same kind as is used for the drawing blocks.
  • the constant speed drive may be of any kind that will maintain a speed that is constant within the tolerance of the system. It may be driven, for example, by a synchronous electric motor, a hydraulic or pneumatic displacement motor controlled by a centrifugal regulator, or any type of motor with electronic feedback speed control. For simplicity a synchronous electric motor is preferred. When several wires are to be processed simultaneously in parallel, a single prime mover may be used in the constant-speed drive for all the wires. Appropriate gearing may be used to obtain different constant speeds for individual wires if required, as for example when the wires are of different sizes.
  • FIG. 4 is a view in the direction lVlV in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional elevation on the line VV in FIG. 2;
  • FIGS. 6-9 are diagrams showing alternative layouts and threading arrangements
  • FIGS. l01l are details of a modified form of ma-.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing the torque/speed characteristic of a motor used in the machine in accordance with FIGS. 1041; 7
  • FIG. 14 is a detail showing a part of the apparatus of FIG. 13 in a different condition
  • FIG. is another view of part of the apparatus of FIGS. 13 and I4;
  • FIG. 16 is a detail of a further of FIG. 13.
  • the drawing machine comprises a suitable support 1 on which the mounted two rows of drawing blocks, the blocks of the upper row being referenced 2 and those of the lower row 3.
  • Wire 4 to be drawn is taken from any suitable supply (which is not shown in detail because it forms no part of our invention) and passes over a pulley 5, through a first die-holder 6 and then in a single loop 7 around the first upper and the first lower drawing blocks; it then continues through a second die holder 8 and in a loop 9 round the second pair of drawing blocks, and so on through die holders l0 and loops 11 until it reaches the final die holder 12, from whence it passes in the manner shown round the last upper draw-ing block 13 and the last lower drawing block 14 which feeds the drawn wire to a traverse pulley 15 which is reciprocated on its own axis in a conventional manner to lay the drawn wire on the take-up reel 16.
  • each of the drawing blocks 2, 3 is mounted in an individual low-friction bearing journal 17 and is rigidly coupled to an impeller 18 (see alsoFIG. 4).
  • Compressed air from a compressor 19 is supplied through a main pressure regulating valve 20 to a manifold 21 and from the manifold by way of individual control valves 22 to jets 23 which cause streams of air to impinge tangentially on theimpellors 18 so as to urge them to rotate; the direction of rotation is the same (clockwise as seen in FIG. 1) for all the blocks except the last lower block 14 which rotates in the opposite direction.
  • the take-up reel 16 is driven by an identical impeller powered by an air jet supplied from the manifold 21 in exactly the same manner.
  • FIGS. 6-9 show alternative wire-wrap arrangements providing different extents of wrap of the wire on the drawing blocks.
  • FIG. 6 shows a very simple arrangement in which the wire makes a single turn round one drawing block only between successive dies; this arrangement can be obtained without structural alteration to the machine of FIGS. l-5 by using only the upper row of drawing blocks.
  • FIG. 7 shows another arrangement that can be obtained without structural alteration to the machine: instead of being looped round drawing blocks that are vertically one above the other they are looped round diagonally relected blocks.
  • part of the apparatus total wrap is the same, but the increased length of the first contact arc may be advantageous in some instances.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 require minor structural alterations, in particular the positions of the die-holders 6 is changed and the direction of rotation of alternate drawing blocks (3 in FIG. 8, 2 in FIG. 9) is reversed. In FIG. 8 the spacing of the drawing blocks is also changed (or alternate blocks in each row could be used). It will be observed that these arrangements produce a total wrap of less than one turn per die-holder. v
  • the effective surfaces of all the drawing blocks are tapered, preferably uniformly.
  • the direction of taper is not critical but it is convenient for the direction of taper to be reversed from each block that the wire engages to the next block; if alternative threading patterns are required it may therefore be desirable that the blocks should be readily reversible. All the patterns illustrated, except that shown in for FIG. 6, should have opposite tapers on the blocks in the upper and'lower rows. If reversal of taper is not used, there is a tendency for cumulative wire movements to occur and this may necessitate using drawing blocks of greater axial length and therefore of greater inertia.
  • FIG. 10 shows a suitable form of drawing block in which the tapered effective surface 23 is formed by a ring 24 of a ceramic material, for example aluminum oxide. Alternatively a metal ring flame-sprayed with tungsten carbide could be used.
  • the taper has been exaggerated in the drawing in the interest of clarity; a taper of 05 is preferred, but as indicated above a much larger taper could be used.
  • the ring 24 is mounted between flanges 25, 26 both threaded on the drive shaft 27 and it can be readily reversed by unscrewing the flange 26.
  • the motor illustrated in-FIGS. l0 and 11 is obtainable from Desoutter Bros. Ltd. ofThe Hyde, London NW9,' England as Air motor MM/l 7000.
  • FIG. 12 shows a torque/speed curve for this motor at an inlet air pressure of 30 lbs/square inch (200 kN/m gauge, and it will be observed that the torque is constant within i 5 percent over a range from about 275 rpm to about 2,000 rpm.
  • the dies prefferably be lubricated during operation, preferably by squirting a lubricant directly into the die apertures; the drawing blocks however should be kept free of lubricant.
  • the air supply pressure at the compressor 19 is adjusted to 80 kN/m (12 psi) and the valve 20 is closed.
  • the wire is then threaded by hand from the supply (preferably a flyer take-off) over pulleys, through the first drawing die 6 and the in the loop 7 round the first pair of drawing blocks, after which the valve 20 is operated (preferably by a foot pedal) whilst tension is applied manually to the free end of the wire to obtain sufficient wire for threading through the next stage, and so on until all the drawing stages have been threaded, after which the wire is passed over the traverse guide and secured to the stationary take-up reel 16.
  • the air supply pressure is next adjusted to a value in the region of 100 kN/m l5 psi), which results in driving all the drawing blocks at speeds of about 250- rpm; at this speed slip between the wires and the drawing blocks is acceptable.
  • the valve controlling the supply of air from the manifold 21 to the turbine that drives the take-up is now adjusted to obtain a convenient take-up speed, which should preferably be as high as is consistent with ensuring that the peripheral speed of no drawing block falls below the speed of the part of the wire that engages it.
  • a convenient take-up speed which should preferably be as high as is consistent with ensuring that the peripheral speed of no drawing block falls below the speed of the part of the wire that engages it.
  • the flow through each of the bleed valvessupplying the turbines that drive the drawing blocks is reduced until slip ceases; this should be done in succession starting at the block 14 nearest the take-up and proceeding back along the wire, as succeeding adjustments then have no major effect upon preceding adjustments; minor readjustments may be required however during and after the major adjustments to ensure that slip does not recur and that the wire tension at the output remains within acceptable limits.
  • air supply pressure is gradually raised to say 350 kN/m (50 psi) to accelerate the machine to full speed, after which only occasional attention is required until the whole length of the wire has been drawn.
  • FIGS. 13 16 show a drawing machine in accordance with the invention arranged for operation in-line with enamelling apparatus.
  • wire taken from the supply 33 is drawn in the drawing machine 34 which is identical with that just described except that the final drawing stage (comprising die 12 and drawing blocks 13 and 14) and the take-up (15,16) are omitted. From the last regular pair ofthe drawing blocks 2, 3 the drawn wire passes directly to enamelling apparatus,
  • the enamelling apparatus comprises front pulleys 35 and back" pulleys 36 around which the wire is looped to make several passes through an oven 37.
  • Applicators 38 sketched by way of example as wheel type metering applicators, apply one coat of enamel to the wire on each pass.
  • the coated wire eventually passes from the back pulley 36 via a traverse guide 40 to a take-up reel 41.
  • the take-up reel is powered by a turbine similar to those that drive the drawing blocks and comprising an impeller 42 and a jet 43 supplied by a control valve 44 from an extension 45 of the manifold 21 in the drawing machine.
  • the machine is substantially identical with the drawing machine shown in FIGS. 1 5 except for the interposition of the enamelling apparatus between the last drawing stage and the take-up and it can be operated in exactly the same way.
  • this would not permit consistent satisfactory production of enamelled wire because the Wire speed could not be controlled sufficiently accurately to ensure satisfactory curing of the enamel.
  • an electric synchronous constant-speed motor 46 is provided; this drives a shaft 47 which is common to several wire lines," that is sets of drawing and enamelling apparatus that are independent except that they share the oven 37.
  • a drive pulley 48 on the shaft 47 and this drives a jockey pulley 49 through a garter spring or other form of resilient belt 50.
  • the jockey pulley 49 is mounted on a lever freely pivotted on a fixed support at a pivot 52 so placed that the tension in the spring belt 50 urges the jockey pulley either into the driving position shown in FIG. 13 or into the disengaged position shown in FIG. 14. In the disengaged position a stop on the lever 53 engages a fixed frame member to limit movement, whereas in the driving position the jocket pulley is urged into frictional engagement with the back pulley 36 of the enamelling machine.
  • the lever 51 is placed in the disengaged position during threading up and starting of the machine and is moved into the engaged position after the machine has been accelerated to approximately the correct running speed by the turbine drive of the take-up and the motors of the drawing machines; thereafter the motor 46 determines the wire speeds and the speeds of the other motors are stabilized accordingly.
  • a method of drawing wire comprising:
  • a method of drawing wire comprising:
  • step 4 the speeds of said plurality of blocks are reduced in a sequence determined by the path of said wire through the machine beginning at the drawing block nearest to said take-up and proceeding backwards along said path of the wire.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
US00272081A 1971-07-20 1972-07-14 Method of and apparatus for drawing wire Expired - Lifetime US3810380A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB3403171A GB1394058A (en) 1971-07-20 1971-07-20 Machine for and method of drawing wire
GB3599771A GB1394059A (en) 1971-07-30 1971-07-30 Apparatus for processing wires
GB3599871A GB1394060A (en) 1971-07-30 1971-07-30 Manufacture of processed wire

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US00272081A Expired - Lifetime US3810380A (en) 1971-07-20 1972-07-14 Method of and apparatus for drawing wire

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AU (1) AU454493B2 (show.php)
BE (1) BE786396A (show.php)
CA (1) CA956270A (show.php)
CH (1) CH557205A (show.php)
DD (1) DD100887A5 (show.php)
DE (1) DE2235463C3 (show.php)
ES (2) ES404982A1 (show.php)
FR (1) FR2146399B1 (show.php)
IT (1) IT961463B (show.php)
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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3955393A (en) * 1973-11-16 1976-05-11 British Insulated Callender's Cables Limited Wire drawing machine for in-line operation
US3979940A (en) * 1972-10-19 1976-09-14 British Insulated Callender's Cables Limited Wire drawing machinery
CN104826882A (zh) * 2015-04-28 2015-08-12 杭州汉邦科技有限公司 一种新型拉丝抽尘环保系统
CN105021456A (zh) * 2015-06-09 2015-11-04 铜陵华洋特种线材有限责任公司 漆包线润滑预拉伸测试工装
CN107962072A (zh) * 2017-12-28 2018-04-27 合肥柚胜自动化科技有限公司 一种压线机的进出线张紧机构
CN116197256A (zh) * 2022-11-30 2023-06-02 株洲艾美新材料有限公司 一种铍铜合金单模拉丝机
CN119634473A (zh) * 2025-02-14 2025-03-18 山东汇龙电工股份有限公司 一种适用于电力变压器大规格漆包圆铝线拉丝设备及工艺

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN117244954B (zh) * 2023-11-16 2024-01-12 佛山朕华照明材料有限公司 一种多模热拉丝机

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US2079455A (en) * 1933-02-23 1937-05-04 Gen Electric Rolling mill
US2114290A (en) * 1929-07-25 1938-04-19 News Projection Corp Fluid controlled tape puller
US2175069A (en) * 1938-06-02 1939-10-03 Verner G Anderson Wire-drawing machine
US2220048A (en) * 1932-03-02 1940-10-29 Gen Cable Corp Apparatus for drawing wire
US2250886A (en) * 1939-12-08 1941-07-29 Morgan Construction Co Wire-drawing machine
US2263246A (en) * 1939-11-06 1941-11-18 Morgan Construction Co Wire-drawing machine
US2311775A (en) * 1939-10-27 1943-02-23 Nat Standard Co Wire drawing machine
US2417780A (en) * 1944-10-28 1947-03-18 Edward G Parvin Reeling control mechanism
US2688680A (en) * 1950-04-06 1954-09-07 Aetna Standard Eng Co Speed control for wire drawing blocks
US2708024A (en) * 1943-07-20 1955-05-10 Marshall Richards Machine Comp Wire drawing apparatus
US2759139A (en) * 1948-08-12 1956-08-14 Clark Controller Co Control circuits
US2796222A (en) * 1955-06-16 1957-06-18 Web Controls Corp Combination speed control and torque control device
US3586221A (en) * 1969-08-28 1971-06-22 Air Reduction Torque control of multiple motors for uniform feed of welding wire

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2114290A (en) * 1929-07-25 1938-04-19 News Projection Corp Fluid controlled tape puller
US2220048A (en) * 1932-03-02 1940-10-29 Gen Cable Corp Apparatus for drawing wire
US2079455A (en) * 1933-02-23 1937-05-04 Gen Electric Rolling mill
US2175069A (en) * 1938-06-02 1939-10-03 Verner G Anderson Wire-drawing machine
US2311775A (en) * 1939-10-27 1943-02-23 Nat Standard Co Wire drawing machine
US2263246A (en) * 1939-11-06 1941-11-18 Morgan Construction Co Wire-drawing machine
US2250886A (en) * 1939-12-08 1941-07-29 Morgan Construction Co Wire-drawing machine
US2708024A (en) * 1943-07-20 1955-05-10 Marshall Richards Machine Comp Wire drawing apparatus
US2417780A (en) * 1944-10-28 1947-03-18 Edward G Parvin Reeling control mechanism
US2759139A (en) * 1948-08-12 1956-08-14 Clark Controller Co Control circuits
US2688680A (en) * 1950-04-06 1954-09-07 Aetna Standard Eng Co Speed control for wire drawing blocks
US2796222A (en) * 1955-06-16 1957-06-18 Web Controls Corp Combination speed control and torque control device
US3586221A (en) * 1969-08-28 1971-06-22 Air Reduction Torque control of multiple motors for uniform feed of welding wire

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3979940A (en) * 1972-10-19 1976-09-14 British Insulated Callender's Cables Limited Wire drawing machinery
US3955393A (en) * 1973-11-16 1976-05-11 British Insulated Callender's Cables Limited Wire drawing machine for in-line operation
CN104826882A (zh) * 2015-04-28 2015-08-12 杭州汉邦科技有限公司 一种新型拉丝抽尘环保系统
CN105021456A (zh) * 2015-06-09 2015-11-04 铜陵华洋特种线材有限责任公司 漆包线润滑预拉伸测试工装
CN107962072A (zh) * 2017-12-28 2018-04-27 合肥柚胜自动化科技有限公司 一种压线机的进出线张紧机构
CN107962072B (zh) * 2017-12-28 2023-11-10 大畏机床(江苏)有限公司 一种压线机的进出线张紧机构
CN116197256A (zh) * 2022-11-30 2023-06-02 株洲艾美新材料有限公司 一种铍铜合金单模拉丝机
CN119634473A (zh) * 2025-02-14 2025-03-18 山东汇龙电工股份有限公司 一种适用于电力变压器大规格漆包圆铝线拉丝设备及工艺

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ES413720A1 (es) 1976-06-01
DD100887A5 (show.php) 1973-10-12
CA956270A (en) 1974-10-15
DE2235463B2 (show.php) 1980-02-28
IT961463B (it) 1973-12-10
DE2235463A1 (de) 1973-02-08
BE786396A (fr) 1972-11-16
AU4482772A (en) 1974-01-24
NL160182C (nl) 1979-10-15
FR2146399B1 (show.php) 1977-08-26
NL160182B (nl) 1979-05-15
FR2146399A1 (show.php) 1973-03-02
DE2235463C3 (de) 1980-10-23
AU454493B2 (en) 1974-10-31
CH557205A (de) 1974-12-31
ES404982A1 (es) 1975-07-01
NL7209912A (show.php) 1973-01-23

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