Classifications

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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/20—Organic compounds containing halogen
  • C10L1/206—Organic compounds containing halogen macromolecular compounds

Definitions

• Kerosene which acts as a solvent for n-paraffin wax, has traditionally been a component of middle distillate" fuel oils. Recently, with the increased demand for kerosens for use in jet fuels, the amount of kerosene used inmiddle distillate fuel oils has decreased. This, in turn, has frequently required the addition of wax crystal modifiers, e.g.;, pour point depressant additives, to the fuel oil to make up for the lackof kerosene.
• wax crystal modifiers e.g.;, pour point depressant additives
• distillate oil pourdepressants are copolymers of ethylene with various other monomers, e.g. copolymers of ethylene and vinyl esters of lower fatty acids such as vinyl acetate (U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,479); copolymers of ethylene and alkyl acrylate (Canadian Pat. No. 676,985); terpolymers of ethylene with vinyl esters and alkyl fumarates (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,304,261 and 3,341,309); polymers of ethylene with other lower olefins, or homopolymers of ethylene (British Pat. Nos. 848,777 and 993,744); chlorinated polyethylene (Belgium Pat. No. 707,371 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,337,313); etc.
• copolymers of ethylene and vinyl esters of lower fatty acids such as vinyl acetate (U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,479); copo
• Prior art flow improvers also include the use of naturally occurring waxes or nitrogen compounds.
• Typical of prior art flow improvers are those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,250,599 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,615,799 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,917,375 including mixtures of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers or of polymers of esters of acrylates or methacrylates together with microcrystalline waxes or normal paraffins.
• U.S. Pat. No. 3,444,082 discloses the use of certain nitrogen-containing compounds as does British Pat. No. 1,140,171.
• Other prior patents'of interest include U.S. Pat. No. 3,166,387, British Pat. No. 1,154,966, etc. It has now been found that materials other than nitrogen-containing materials or naturally occurring compositions can be used to improve the performance of flow improvers.
• novel fuel oil composition of this invention comprises:
• pressant polymer of 1 molecular weight 500-50,000 selected. from the. groupisconsisting ofz an ethylene polymer
• a copolymerizable comonomer selected a from r the group. consisting of i. a. vinyl ester. of a. C perferablyr C monocarboxylic. acid, ii. an ethylenically unsaturatedtesterr /X: C H2 0 wherein X is H, halogen, or alkyl, Y ishalogeniorr -COOR and.R is C ,perferably;C alkyl orlaryl,
• R is H or lower alkyl andR is. H orC preferably C t alkyl; and.
• aC preferably C olefinhydrocarbon
• a non.-nitrogen-containing, oil-soluble auxiliary flow-improving compound containing at least one. straight-chain (CH polymethylene segment where n is-lO-30. and. a. bulky substituent on said polymethylene: segment selected. from the group consisting of (i) non-polarhydrocarbon moieties substantially free of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, and (ii) polar moieties containing halogen,.oxy;. gen, sulfur, or phosphorous.
• the middle distillate fuel oils which may betreated by the technique of this novel invention may commonly have a fluidity, prior to treatment, of 0-20 percent, say. 0-10 percent typically 5 percent as measuredbyt a standard test herein designated the Enjay Programmed Flue idity Test.
• This test may be carried out in an hour-glass.- shaped cylindrical device having upper and lower chambers separated by a partition defining a capillary orifice. 40 ml. of oil are poured into the lowerchamber, and the device containing the oil is thenichilledxfroma temperature of 10F. above its ASTM cloud point atu a rate of 4F. per hour, to a temperature of 10F. below. its cloud point.
• the device is inverted, allowingzthenowr cloudy oil to flow by gravity into the empty lower chamber.
• the volume percent of the oil passing, throughthe orifice in three minutes is note.d..lfthe wax is in large crystals, it of course blocks the orifice and slows the oil flow. Small crystals,.on the other hand; give good flow.
• CFPPT ColdLFilter' Plugging Point Test
• a 350 mesh screen Stretched across the mouth of the funnel is a 350 mesh screen having-an area of about 0.45 sqaure inch.
• a vacuum of about 7 of water is applied to the upper end of the pipette by means of a vacuum line while the screen is immersed in the oil sample. Due to the vacuum, oil is drawn across the screen up into the pipette to a mark indicating 20 ml. of oil.
• the test is repeated with each two degrees drop in temperature until the oil fails to fill the pipette to the aforesaid mark due to clogging of the screen with wax crystals.
• the results of the test are reported as the operability limit or cold filter plugging point, which is the temperature in F. at which the oil fails to fill the pipette in prescribed time.
• the preferred fuel oil compositions which may be treated by the process of this invention may include middle distillate fuels having a boliing point in the range of 250-750F. Commonly, the 10-90 percent boiling range of the middle distillate will fall within the range of 250-750F., eg, 300-700F. Typical of these compositions may be those commonly designated middle dsitillate fuel oil.
• the oil-soluble, pour point depressant which may be the first component of the composition or system used in practice of this invention, typically present, per 100 parts of oil, in amount of 0.001 0.5 parts, preferably 0.005 0.3 parts, say 0.02, may be selected from the group consisting of:
• an ethylenically unsaturated ester a C,. preferably C wherein X is H, halogen, or alkyl, Y is halogen or COOR and R is C preferably C alkyl or aryl,
• R-CCOOR R-iii. an ethylenically unsaturated compound R-CCOOR" R-ii-OOOR wherein R is H or lower alkyl and R" is H or C preferably C alkyl;
• the first component is an olefin polymer
• it may preferably be an alpha-olefin polymer; preferably, it may be a polymer of ethylene or a copolymer thereof with one of the compounds listed in Table I:
• Preferred olefin polymer is polyethylene having a molecular weight T4,, of 50010,000, typically 8002,500, say 1,500.
• the first component is a hydrogenated olefin polymer
• it may be one obtained by hydrogenation of the olefin polymer.
• the hydrogenated polymer may include hydrogenated polybutadiene and hydrogenated copolymers of ethylene-butadiene, butadiene-styrene, butadiene-isoprene, ethylene-styrene, butadiene-butene-l, etc.
• the molecular weight 1T1 may be 50050,000.
• a preferred illustrative composition may be polybutadiene having a molecular weight of 3,000 which has been hydrogenated.
• the first component is a halogenated olefin polymer, eg a halogenated alpha olefin polymer
• it may be one obtained by halogenation (e.g., chlorinating or brominating) the olefin polymer.
• halogenation e.g., chlorinating or brominating
• the so-prepared halogenated alpha olefin polymer may contain 2-30 percent, preferably 5-15 percent, say 10 percent by weight of halogen.
• a preferred halogenated olefin polymer may be chlorinated polyethylene, typically containing 10-30 percent, say 20 percent by weight of chlorine and characterized by a molecular weight M, of 500-50,000, more specifically 1,500-l5,000, say 5,000.
• the polymer may be a copolymer of an olefin, more preferably ethylene, with a second copolymerizable monomer.
• the copolymer may contain 3-40 moles of olefin, say ethylene, and one mole of copolymerizable comonomer and optionally one or more moles of other copolymerizable monomer.
• the comonomer may, in one embodiment,
• Typical of such comonomers may be those listed in the following table.
• the comonomer may be an alkyl acrylate, typically as set forth in the following table:
• Methyl acrylate Isobutyl acrylate Lauryl acrylate C Oxo-alkyl acrylate
• X is halogen, e.g. chlorine
• Y is -COOR
• Methyl chloroacrylate isobutyl chloroacrylate
• X is alkyl, typically lower alkyl having 1-8 car- 0 bon atoms, e.g., methyl
• Y is COOR
• the comonomer may be a methacrylate, typically as set forth in the following table:
• Methyl methacrylate Methyl ethacrylate isobutyl methacrylate Lauryl methacrylate is H or alkyl preferably having one to 16 carbon atoms.
• comonomer polymerized with ethylene is an olefin hydrocarbon having more than two carbon atoms, it may be selected from the compounds of Table .1 supra.
• the preferred of such comonomers may be propylene.
• the preferred copolymers may be copolymers of ethylene-propylene containing 3-40 moles of ethylene and one mole of propylene, e.g. 5 moles of ethylene and one mole of propylene, having a molecu lar weight M,, of 500-50,000, preferably 1,500-15,000, say 5,000.
• the comonomer may be a chloroacrylate, typically as 30
• the preferred oil-soluble, first component, pourpoint depressant may be typically selected from the following table:
• copolymer of about 5 moles of ethylene with one mole of vinyl acetate having a molecular weight of about M of 2,000.
• This oil-soluble pour-point depressant first component may be present in amount of 0001-05 parts, preferably 0.005-0.30 parts, say 0.02 parts per parts of oil.
• the second component of the composition added to the middle distillate fuel oil may be a non-nitrogencontaining oil-soluble auxiliary flow-improving compound containing at least one straight chain (CH :polymethylene segment, wherein n is 10-30, and a bulky substituent on said polymethylene segment selected from the group consisting of (l) non-polar hydrocarbon moieties substantially free of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons and (ii) polar moieties containing or including halogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorous.
• the second component of the composition may be a hydrocarbon, halohydrocarbon, ester, acid (including anhydride), ether, ketone, etc.
• oil-soluble pour point depressants may frequently contribute only little or marginal improvement in flow properties when used alone in difficult or unresponsive fuels such as some of the commonly available European fuels, e.g., a distillate fuel characterized by a 10 percent boliing point of 384F., a 90 percent boiling point of 643F., an aniline point of 163.5F., a pour point of +F., and a cloud point of 26F. (Fuel C).
• the second component may normally be one which generally yields little or no flow-improving properties, it is unexpected that it should be able to enhance the flow-improving ability of the first component.
• the ability of the combination of this invention to achieve outstanding results in practice of this invention may vary depending upon the particular fuel and the particular combination.
• the most desirable results may normally be achieved when the fuel is one generally acknowledged to be difficult, i.e., non-responsive to the impact of prior art flow improvers and/or when the flow improver (which may be satisfactory for normal fuels) fails, for some unexplained reason to provide the desired effect in the particular fuel oil.
• the second component may be a non-nitrogencontaining, oil-soluble auxiliary flow-improving compound containing at least one (Cl-l polymethylene segment wherein n is -30 and a bulky substituent on said polymethylene segment selected from the group consisting of i non-polar hydrocarbon moieties free of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, and
• the second component may contain at least one (CH polymethylene segment wherein n is 10-30, preferably 14-24. Commonly such segments may include those derived from groups such as hexadecyl, octadecyl, pentacosyl, etc.
• the molecule may include a bulky substituent, i.e., one which terminates or interrupts the chain (e.g., is positioned between two adjoining chains or is a side chain on a chain).
• the bulky substituent may be one which has a discontinuity or steric configuration to provide a non-continuous envelope along the molecule.
• Such bulky substituents may include aromatic rings such as phenyl, the double bond, halogen including chloro, bromo, etc., oxygen as in an acid, anhydride, alcphol or ester residue, ethers as in polyoxyethylene moieties, etc.
• the second component is a hydrocarbon
• it may typically be one of those in the following table:
• compositions may include those having the following designations: sorbitan monostearate; sorbitan tristearate; polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate.
• the second component is an acid (including anhydrides), it may typically include the following:
• a preferred polyether may have the formula R- (OCH,CH,) ,OH wherein R is stearyl.
• the second component is a ketone, it may commonly be prepared by acylation.
• a particularly useful group of products may be those prepared by the Friedel-Craft-type acylation (preferably in the presence of aluminum chloride) of longchain (e.g., containing more than 30 carbon atoms) symmetrical internal olefins with an acyl halide typically Typical of the ketones may be those listed in the following table:
• tive proportions thereof may vary dependingupon the. properties of the fuel oil. Commonly-the formulation may contain l-99 percent, preferably 4-97 percent, of the first component, the remainder being. the second component.
• novel fuel oil compositions which may be prepared by the process of this invention may contain the following proportions of ingredients (per 100 parts of oil):
• first component and the second component may be employed in the form of a concentrate in a diluent-solvent which is soluble in the oil to which the concentrate is to be added.
• concentrates may contain 5 to parts,
• This diluent-solvent may be an inert liquid in: which the first and the second components are soluble or dispersible.
• each of the first and second componentsof the composition may be separately formulated in diluent-solvent, it is preferred that they be formulated as a concentrate in a single diluent-solvent; and in the preferred embodiment, the diluent-solvent may be theoil to which the composition is to be added.
• this solvent may be a material such as Solvent 325 Neutral, a light lubricating oil base stock, a vacuum gas oil, a heavy aromatic naphtha, Varsol, kerosene, ora distillate heating oil.
• Solvent 325 Neutral a material such as Solvent 325 Neutral, a light lubricating oil base stock, a vacuum gas oil, a heavy aromatic naphtha, Varsol, kerosene, ora distillate heating oil.
• solvents will be obvi ous to those skilled in the art.
• both the first and the second components may be added to a fuel oil in amount (as a mixture in one diluent-solvent or each in a separate diluent solvent) sufficient to improve the flow properties of the oil.
• this amount is about 0.002 to 1.0 parts by weight, typically 0.04 parts by weight per parts of oil.
• the preferrd temperature may be 60200F., say F.
• the preferred temperature may be -300F., say 200F.
• Fuel A Number 2 Heating Oil A middle distillate oil having an IBP of 374F., a 10 percent boiling point of 42IF., a 90 percent boiling point of 569F., a final boiling point of 614F., a cloud point of 2F., a pour point of F., an aniline point of l36F., and containing 3.1 percent wax.
• Fuel B A middle distillate fuel oil having a -6F. cloud point, a pour point of F., an aniline point of 137F., a 10 percent boiling point of 474F., and a 90 percent boiling point of 556F.
• Fuel C A European middle distillate fuel oil having a 10 percent point of 384F., a 90 percent boiling point of 643F., an aniline point of 163.5F., a pour point of +5F., and a cloud point of 26F.
• Fuel D A middle distillate fuel oil from a European source having a 10 percent boiling point of 384F., a 90 percent boiling point of 610F., an aniline point of 157F., a pour point of 0F., and a cloud point of 16F.
• Fuel E A middle distillate fuel oil from a European source having a 10 percent boiling point of 372F., a 90 percent boiling point of 594F., an aniline point of 150.5F., a pour point of 10F., and a cloud point of +6F.
• middle distillate pour-depressing materials were oil concentrates employed as the first component of the compositions, which concentrates contained the following active ingredients:
• III- A polymer consisting essentially of ethylen e and isobutyl acrylate having a molecular weight M of about 3,000 and an isobutyl acrylate content of about 4 percent.
• Example 1 presence in the base oil (Fuel B used as base oil in Examples l-l3) of 0.10 parts, per 100 parts of base oil, of first component I gives a rating of 74 when measured by the Enjay Programmed Fluidity Test supra, i.e., in the test time, 74 percent of the fuel passed through the orifice.
• the original fuel oil is rated at 0-20.
• first component I and second component 1 gives a rating of 100 i.e., although the total amount of additive employed is only 40 percent of that employed in Example I, the amount of oil passing through the orifice in test time is 100 percent in contrast to 74 percent of Example 1.
• nent nent 14 I C 20 15 l S C 6 16 I 6 C l2 17 I l C 14 18 I 3 C 10 19 l 4 C 16 20 l D 10 21 I 5 D 2 22 I 6 D 4 23 I l D 2 24 I 2 D 4 25 I 3 D 0 26 I 4 D 6 27 I E 2 28 l 5 E 8 29 I 6 E 4 30 I l E 4 31 1 2 E 6 32 l 3 E 12 33 l 4 E 8 34 Ill D 2 35 Ill 4 D 2 36 III E 4 37 Ill 5 E 8 38 Ill 6 E 8 39' Ill 1 E -l 40 ll] 2 E -8 41 Ill 3 E 8 42 Ill 4 E 8 Rating of Oils with No Additive Oil Rating C 26 D 12 E 6 *Control From the above table it may be apparent that the novel technique of this invention permits attainment of unexpected results.
• Base Oil C has a rating (with neither first nor second component being present) of 26F.
• presence in the base oil (Oil C) of 0.015 parts of first component per 100 parts of base oil yielded a rating of 20.
• Addition of the same total amount (of a 50-50 mixture by weight) of First Component l and Second Component desirably decreased the rating to 6F.
• pour point depressant concentrate material containing the following active ingredient was employed as the first component of the compositions:
• a copolyrner of ethylene-vinyl acetate of M of about 2,000, containing about 38 percent by weight of vinyl acetate, and pontaining about 5 moles of ethylene to one mole of vinyl acetate.
• the second component employed in a 5050 percent mixture by weight of a total weight of additive per 100 parts of oil with the noted first compo nent
• the rating is given, based upon the results of the Enjay Programmed Fluidity Test supra. For the tests which are passes, the rating is given in terms of percent.
• Example 43 presence in the base oil Fuel A of 0.04 parts per 100 parts of base oil, of first component I alone gives a rating of 100 when measured by The Enjay Programmed Fluidity Test supra, i.e., in the test time, 100 percent of the fuel passed through the orifice. (The original fuel oil would be rated at 0-20.). When the concentration of component I was 0.02 parts, the base oil failed the test, i.e., less than about 75 percent passed through the orifice. Testing of Fuel A with second component (B) alone at high con centrations (even up to 0.1 percent) does not give a pass rating. For example, the component of Example 64 gives an 0 rating in the test at 0.1 concentration when used alone.
• Control Example 43 Comparison of Control Example 43 with e.g., experimental Examples 49,50, 56 61, 63, etc. reveals that the flow properties may be substantially increased by practice of the instant invention. It has also been found, for example that use of lesser amounts (e.g., 0.01 parts total of first component and the second component of Example 50) yields a rating of 100 in The Enjay Programmed Fluidity Test. This indicates that improvement of at least fourfold is achieved.
• lesser amounts e.g. 0.01 parts total of first component and the second component of Example 50
• first component (I) with second component (2) may be found, as noted in Table XIV to permit attainment of outstanding results in Fuel B (which is generally considered a difficultly responsive fuel) whereas the same combination in the same concentration may be found to give a lesser result when used in Fuel A (which is considered to be more responsive to flow improvers than is Fuel B).
• the novel invention permits attainment of improvement, the amount of improvement depending for example upon whether the oil is, e.g., a heating oil or a diesel 'oil.
• the oil e.g., a heating oil or a diesel 'oil.
• the Fludiity Test is significant
• a CFPP test is significant i.e., the determinative test for a given oil may depend upon whether the problems most frequently associated with the oil arise because the oil is to be passed through a small tube (as in the case of a heating oil) or through a screen (as in the case of a diesel oil).
• oil-soluble flow-improving compound While as previously indicated, it is only necessary that the oil-soluble flow-improving compound have a C to C straight-chain group and a bulky substituent as previously specified, particularly preferred are those compounds having a total of 12 to 200 carbon atoms, preferably 30-l25 carbon atoms, which contains at least one of said C to C straight-chain groups and which include:
• Alkyl aromatics including those having 1 to 4 alkyl groups each of which is a C,-C alkyl and one of which is a C -C: alkyl, per aromatic nucleus which can have 1 to 3 rings such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc.
• Halohydrocarbons with l to 4 halogens per molecule which hydrocarbons can be straightor branchedchain, aliphatic, alkaryl, etc., including the alkyl aromatics of (1) supra and the acids of (3) infra.
• Acids and their anhydrides having 1 to 3 carboxylic groups, which may be aliphatic, aryl, alkaryl, cycloaliphatic groups, etc.
• Esters such as those of acids such as (3) above and preferably of C to C fatty acids, preferably straightchain and saturated, with alcohols having 1 to 6 hydroxy groups of which at least one hydroxy group has been esterified, and which alcohol contains one to 30 carbon atoms which may be straightor branchedchain aliphatic, aryl, alkaryl, etc.
• useful alcohols include the sorbitols, mannitols, etc., including their mono-dehydrated forms such as sorbitan, etc.
• Polyethers or alkoxylated materials wherein l to 30 alkoxy groups of two to 26 carbon atoms such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, docosanyl alpha olefin oxide, are attached to another moiety, e.g. the acids of (3) above or the alcohols of (4), i.e., C alcohols with 1-6 hydrogen groups.
• Halogenation or hydrohalogenation particularly chlorination and bromination to yield derivatives of the above wherein the halogen or hydrogen halide, e.g., HCl, is added to at least one of the ethylenically unsaturated double bonds.
• halogen or hydrogen halide e.g., HCl
• a saturated C alkanol derivative e.g. esters of acids of (3); and polyethers of the alkoxy materials of (5).
• the first component is relatively expensive while the second component may be less expensive.
• the combination of the first and second component frequently gives a performance advantage, particularly in fuel oils which normally give a poor response to the polymeric pour depressant per se. in ad- 30 dition, the combination also frequently will give an economic advantage, even in oils which are very responsive to the polymeric flow improver, by simply permitting the substitution of a part of the expensive polymeric first component with less expensive second component while still obtaining the desired performance.
• yet another advantage is obtained by simply placing another tool in the hands of the additive formulator for tailoring the additive composition to obtain the optimum, economic performance for a particular fuel oil, or class of fuel oils.
• a fuel oil composition comprising a. a major portion of a middle distillate fuel boiling in the range 250750F. and a flow improving amount of a flow-improving system containing:
• copolymer comprising 3-40 molar proportions of ethylene and a molar proportion of a copolymerizable comonomer selected from the group consisting of:
• a non-nitrogen-containing oil-soluble auxiliary flowimproving compound having a total of 12 to 200 carbon atoms, containing at least one straight chain (CH polymethylene segment wherein n is 10-30 and a bulky substituent on said polymethylcne segment, said compound being selected from the group consisting of:
• esters of C to C fatty acids with C, to C alcohols having 1 to 6 hydroxy groups wherein at least one hydroxy group has been esterified
• R is a C, to C hydrocarbon group
• a fuel oil according to claim 1 wherein said first component is said polymer of 3 to 40 moles of ethylene and said copolymerizable monomer and said second component is an ester of C, to C fatty acid with C, to C alcohol having 1 to 6 hydroxy groups wherein at least one hydroxy group has been esterified.
• composition adapted to be used as a flow improver comprising 0-100 parts of inert diluent-solvent and 10-70 parts of a mixture of:
• copolymer comprising 3-40 molar proportions of ethylene and a molar proportion of a copolymerizable comonomer selected from the group consisting of:
• a non-nitrogen-containing oil-soluble auxiliary flow-improving compound having a total of 12 to 200 carbonatoms, containing at least one striaght chain (CH polymethylene segment wherein n is 10-30 and a bulky substituent on said polymethylene segment, said compound being selected from the group consisting of:
• alkyl aromatics having 1 to 4 alkyl groups, each in the C to C range, per aromatic nucleus,
• esters of C to C fatty acids with C to C alcohols having 1 to 6 hydroxy groups wherein at least one hydroxy group has been esterified
• composition according to claim 21 wherein said copolymerizable monomer is either vinyl acetate or isobutyl acrylate, and said second component is alkoxylated with 1 to 30 alkoxy groups selected from the group consisting of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
• composition according to claim 22 wherein said second component is a sorbitan ester of stearic or palmitic acid ethoxylated with ethylene oxide.

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• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

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• 1970
  • 1970-11-16 US US00090115A patent/US3762888A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1971
  • 1971-11-03 GB GB5109271A patent/GB1364883A/en not_active Expired
  • 1971-11-08 CA CA127,148A patent/CA965948A/en not_active Expired
  • 1971-11-13 DE DE19712156425 patent/DE2156425A1/de active Granted
  • 1971-11-15 IT IT31113/71A patent/IT940603B/it active
  • 1971-11-15 FR FR7140827A patent/FR2114718A5/fr not_active Expired
  • 1971-11-16 JP JP9119571A patent/JPS5419406B1/ja active Pending

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