US3759043A - Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works - Google Patents

Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works Download PDF

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Publication number
US3759043A
US3759043A US00852580A US3759043DA US3759043A US 3759043 A US3759043 A US 3759043A US 00852580 A US00852580 A US 00852580A US 3759043D A US3759043D A US 3759043DA US 3759043 A US3759043 A US 3759043A
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Prior art keywords
blocks
molds
plates
concrete
river
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US00852580A
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K Tokunaga
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/14—Preformed blocks or slabs for forming essentially continuous surfaces; Arrangements thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/129—Polyhedrons, tetrapods or similar bodies, whether or not threaded on strings

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works are composed of a set of plates coming into contact with concrete, each having a simple geometrical shape in its plan view, and various type of molds can be obtained by the combination of the plates.
  • the concrete blocks manufactured by the molds can be easily combined to form regular geometrical designs having specific percentages of voids respectively, resulting in their vast application in all sorts of marine and river works.
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • FIG. 1i is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 1i
  • FIG. 48 4 EEEEAQQQELJ EEEEEEEEN 024ml Tom/N 96A INVENTOR s; EEEEEEU ATTORNEYS Patented Sept. 18, 1973 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 W W T; A
  • This invention relates to molds for manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks in use for structures in the sea, coasts, and rivers.
  • wave-absorbing blocks for use in break- ,waters, groins, sea walls, coastal embankments etc.
  • foot-protecting blocks for use in revetments for river banks etc. and the flow-regulating blocks for use in spur dikes in rivers etc. can be roughly classified into three types, that is, the projecting type, the hollow type and the compromise type.
  • the examples of the projecting, hollow and compromise types of conventional blocks are the so-called tetrapod," the hollow-triangle block and the hollow square blocks.
  • the molds according to the present invention can be used for manufacturing blocks of any one of the three types abovementioned and the kinds of blocks manufactured thereby are innumerable This is one of the remarkable features of the present invention, unexpected of the conventional molds.
  • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION rent energies and to reduce the dynamic pressure of 40 waves and currents. In addition, they have effect to increase the stability of blocks themselves and also to reduce the agitations of bed materials and scouring of foundations, and, at the same time, to decrease subsidences of structures themselves. 7
  • the molds are fundamentally composed of only five rectangular plates and three L-shaped plates with their surfaces coming'into contact with concrete.
  • various types of concrete blocks are manufactured by depositing concrete in molds which are formed by combining the rectangular plates and L-shaped plates in any desired manner.
  • blocks made by the molds of the present invention are as desirable as the conventional concrete blocks. Then, regarding economy, too, the concrete blocks made by the molds of the present invention are superior to the conventional ones in the 10 cost of both production and installation, particularly when it is considered that the shape of the conventional block are generally complicated so that they are not suitable to be formed in large size, and yet the manufacture of their molds is verycostly.
  • Certain kinds of blocks manufactured by molds according to the present invention are simple in their shape and the total area of the molds is fairly small compared with that of the conventional blocks. For instance, it is 38, 29, 18 and percent less than the area 20 of the hollow-triangle blocks, hollowsquare blocks,
  • the manufacturing yard of the blocks has needed a considerably large area. Since the shapes of the conventional blocks are such that there is no alternative for them but to be manufactured individually one by one, a large yard area is required for manufacturing them. However, since the blocks made according to the present invention can be manufactured by arranging them side by side so as to be closely contacted with each other, the yard area is one-third to one-sixth as large as that needed for tetrapods or hexapod blocks. Therefore, the manufacturing cost of the blocks according to the present invention can be economized from the point of the manufacturing yard.
  • the advantage of manufacturing blocks in close contact with each other as in the manner in accordance with the present invention is not only a reduction in the area of a block-manufacturing yard, but also the simplicity of the mold manufacturing process itself, since the molds, when the blocks having been previously deposited are used, are not necessary, except the mere application of craft paper or similar material between their contact surfaces.
  • various type blocks of any shape can be manufactured by the molds according to the present invention, they can be selectively made to have shapes conforming to the condition of the marine, coast or river in wave absorbing feet protection of structures or flow regulation. Such a feature of the blocks is also an advantage of the present invention over the known blocks.
  • the application of the blocks to the construction of breakwaters can be carried out in three different methods, that is, constructing the body of a breakwater with blocks in pell-mell, constructing the body of a breakwat'er with an orderly formation of the blocks of various kinds, and constructing by covering the surface of a breakwater body made of various conventional blocks or materials other than conventional blocks with the blocks according to the present invention for the purpose of wave absorption.
  • the pell-mell construction firstly mentioned can save the work period remarkably when it is used for a breakwater of a harbour which faces the open sea where calm days are limited throughout a year, because, due to the pell-mell construction, theinstalling of the blocks is not required to be carried out by divers, only necessiating the free throwing of them so that a breakwater body is formed.
  • the orderly formation secondly mentioned can save the construction cost by making the cross sectional area of the breakwater body small when it is used for a breakwater of a harbour in a closed sea where it is calm throughout the year, but only being rough when in typhoon season or during strong winds.
  • the covering the surface of a breakwater method is a method being able to be applied for a breakwater at whatever harbour, and by using it a breakwater body can be made to have a small cross section due to the fact of the decrease in the intensive wave pressure and wave overtopping.
  • the energy of waves attacking the breakwater constructed of the blocks according to the present invention is dissipated and dispersed by the numerous projections and voids formed by hetero-shaped blockswith the result that there arises no large spray as in the conventional breakwaters.
  • the intensity of wave pressure is decreased and the breakwater body itself can be economically reduced in cross sectional area.
  • the blocks are mutally combined, since there exist projections and voids which are capable of being interlocked with each other, they stand against the wave force so that there is no possibility of separation of the blocks.
  • the specially formed blocks made by the molds according to the present invention are blocks which can be vastly utilized in the river work. That is, they can be utilized in revetments of river banks, protections of slopes themselves and their feet, protection of river floors, spur dikes, spillways, intake structures, and jetties at river mouths.
  • the foot-protection work, the floor protection work and the spur dike form the essential parts of river works, so they are very improtam.
  • the hetero-shaped blocks according to the present invention are utilized in all of these works. Since these blocks can be made to be adjusted their percentage of void, coefficient of roughness, stability coefficient against overturning, sliding and etc. by freely combining these specially shaped blocks, they can be made to be most suitable to the condition of the foundation, bed characteristics, and hydraulic condition of specific rivers.
  • FIG. 1 shows a plan view of configuration of respecitve surfaces of a mold according to the present invention which come into contact with concrete;
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an L-type block which constitutes one of the fundamental types manufactured by using two sets of molds according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a -type block which also constitutes another fundamental type manufactured by using two sets of molds according to the present invention
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 show respectively front elevational, plan and side elevational views of the L-type block shown in FIG. 2;
  • FIGS. 7 to 9 show respectively front elevational, plan and side elevational views of the -type block shown in FIG. 3;
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 show developements of the external surfaces of the L- and -type blocks respectively shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively;
  • FIGS. 12 to 40 show various blocks manufactured by combining the molds according to the present invention in perspective view.
  • FIGS. 41 and 57 show various geometrical designs obtained by combining the L-type blocks and -type blocks in plan view.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a set of plates composing the surfaces of a mold according to the present invention, wherein are shown the plane shapes coming into contact with concrete.
  • the plates are composed of five rectangles I, 2, 5, 6 and 7, and three L- shapes 3, 4 or 4' as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the dimensions of respective sides and angles between adjoining two sides of each of the plates are properly selected so that they form a mold when assembled, as will be fully explained hereafter, and the preferred dimensions are given it FIG. 1, wherein a respresents any numerical value, and dimensions put in brackets denote those which can be selected as desired.
  • FIG. 2 The first fundamental mold obtained by combining two of each plate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 is shown in FIG. 2 in perspective view and in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 in front elevational, plan and side elevational views.
  • the mold has a shape that a guadratic prism with a square cross section is bent to the right in a horizontal plane and then made to stand up vertically at its end.
  • this mold hereafter an L-shaped mold" and a block manufactured by it an L-shaped block.
  • the second fundamental mold obtained by combining two of each plate 1, 2, 3, 4', 5, 6 and 7 is shown in FIG. 3 in perspective view and in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 in front elevational, plan and side elevational views.
  • the mold has a shape that a quadratic prism with a sqaure cross section is bent to the left in horizontal plane andthenmade to stand up vertically atits end.
  • this mold hereafter a -shaped mold and a block manufactured by it a 1 -shaped mold.”
  • the L-shaped block and F -shaped block constitute two fundamental types of blocks manufactured by the molds according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 show respectively developments of the outer surface of the L-shaped block and P -shaped block.” Comparing the developments shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, it will be seen that both Figures are symmetrical.
  • FIG. 12 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold" and 1 -shaped mold but with four plates 2 and 4.
  • FIG. 13 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold and P -shaped mold but with four plates 2 and 7.
  • FIGS. 14-19 show in perspective view blocks obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold and P -shaped mold but with eight plate 2 for FIGS. 14 and 15; four plates 3 and 7 for FIG. 6; four plates 1 and 3 for FIG. 17; two plates 1 and 3 and four plates 7 for FIG. 18; and four plates 2 and 7 for FIG. 19.
  • FIGS. 20-23 show in perspective view blocks ob
  • FIG. 38 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of -type mold but with two plates 1.
  • FIGS. 39 and 40 show blocks obtained by using one set of L-shaped mold and I -shaped mold except in the former, two plates 3 and, in the latter, two plates 1.
  • FIGS. 12-40 we have described above and shown in FIGS. 12-40 in perspective view the various blocks manufactured by using the molds according to the present invention and also indicated the number of sets of molds along with the plates not being used in respective blocks shown in FIGS. 12-40. Since these blocks can be all composed of a number of L-type block and -type block, instead of manufacturing them by building up the molds solidly to deposit concrete therein, they can also be manufactured by securing mutually the blocks separately manufactured as L- or I -type block or blocks by any suitable manner.
  • FIGS. 41-57 there are shown geometrical plan designs obtained by combining a number l, 3 and 7, FIG. 21 uses eight plates 1 and 7, FIG. 22
  • FIGS. 41 and 42 show designsobtained by combining the same number of L- and P -type blocks upward, whereby the blocks are arranged so as to be Eshape and I shape respectively.
  • the solid percentage of void which is defined as ratio of hollow volume of the block to the solid volume of the external contour thereof is 59 percent for the former, while that for the latter 57 percent.
  • the solid percentage of void thus defined will be hereafter designated as v.
  • FIG. 43 shows a design obtained by combining the same number of L-type blocks upward and P -type blocks downward, v being 49.5 percent.
  • FIGS. 44-46 shows designs obtained by combining the same number of L- and F -type blocks downward, each in a different manner, v for each case being 42.9, 65.3 and 53.0 percent, respectively.
  • FIG. 47 shows a design obtained by arranging a number of P -type blocks downward on the L-type blocks of the same number which are arranged upward in one row, whereby v is 14.0 percent.
  • FIG. 48 shows a design obtained by arranging the same number of L- and I -type blocks downward on the blocks shown in FIG. 43, v being 37.7 percent.
  • FIG. 49 shows a design obtained by massively arranging P -type blocks upward, g bei ng 38.5 percent.
  • FIGS. 50-52 show designs obtained by arranging I -type blocks upward in three different manners, whereby v are 46.2, 42.5 and 65.6 percent, respectively.
  • each of said plates having a flat, planar concrete contacting surface of a predetermined geometrical design, the peripheral edges of said concrete contacting surfaces of each of said plates having predetermined length ratios, said edges of said plates operatively associated to be abutted to form a number of enclosed mold shapes, said geometrical designs of said concrete contacting surfaces comprising three L- shapes, four rectangles and one'square.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
US00852580A 1968-09-19 1969-08-25 Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works Expired - Lifetime US3759043A (en)

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Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3896624A (en) * 1973-05-03 1975-07-29 Dall Chin Chang Polyhedral, porous, and hollow block
US4269537A (en) * 1979-01-26 1981-05-26 Neill Raymond J O Revetment unit
WO1981001807A1 (en) * 1979-12-19 1981-07-09 Hardigg Ind Inc Truss panel
US4532748A (en) * 1982-01-06 1985-08-06 Rotherham William D B Building block
US4594023A (en) * 1984-10-11 1986-06-10 Neill Raymond J O Breakwater construction element
US4644718A (en) * 1984-12-21 1987-02-24 Penguin Swimming Pools Limited Foundation arrangement
US5201843A (en) * 1992-02-11 1993-04-13 Hair Roberta A Interlocking paving stone for open drainage ground cover pattern
US5286139A (en) * 1992-02-03 1994-02-15 Hair Roberta A Interlocking paving stone for closed and open drainage patterns
US5384997A (en) * 1992-05-18 1995-01-31 The Burns & Russell Company Column and corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such
US5398474A (en) * 1991-11-21 1995-03-21 The Burns & Russell Company Wall corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such
US5441362A (en) * 1993-09-30 1995-08-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Concrete armor unit for protecting coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
AT400460B (de) * 1984-01-05 1996-01-25 Ebenseer Betonwerke Gmbh Formstein für gitterförmige flächenbeläge
US5548936A (en) * 1991-11-21 1996-08-27 The Burns & Russell Company Of Baltimore City Composite for turning a corner or forming a column, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such
US6059490A (en) * 1998-05-05 2000-05-09 Kauppi; Frederick J. Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway and methods of constructing and using the same
US6190600B1 (en) 1999-03-12 2001-02-20 Confer Plastics, Inc. Circular interconnect
US6401421B1 (en) * 1997-11-26 2002-06-11 Miroslav Zeman Construction element
WO2004009910A2 (en) * 2002-07-24 2004-01-29 Hbg Civiel B.V. Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
NL1029538C2 (nl) * 2005-07-15 2007-01-16 Konink Bam Groep Nv Golfbeschermingsconstructie, werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een teenelement voor een golfbeschermingsconstructie, en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een golfbeschermingsconstructie.
EP1828485A1 (en) * 2004-11-19 2007-09-05 Anome B.V. Dump element, method for forming a spatial structure from dump elements, as well as spatial structure formed from dump elements
US20080229698A1 (en) * 2004-05-10 2008-09-25 Ercument Fevzi Ulguner Modular Building Elements For Constructing Retaining Wall and the Construction Method Thereof
US20090217601A1 (en) * 2006-01-13 2009-09-03 Perotti Joan M Block Used For Landscape and Related Applications
US20100104366A1 (en) * 2007-01-31 2010-04-29 Melby Jeffrey A Armor Unit
ES2359800A1 (es) * 2010-12-30 2011-05-27 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Pieza para retención de sedimientos en diques arrecife sumergidos.
ES2385696A1 (es) * 2008-07-17 2012-07-30 Berenguer Ingenieros S.L. Pieza artificial para la formacion de mantos de proteccion de una o mas capas de los diques rompeolas y de las defensas de riberas costeras, lagunares y fluviales
US20130118109A1 (en) * 2010-08-03 2013-05-16 Hch Spolka Z.O.O. System of construction elements for the dry construction of structures
US8490359B2 (en) 2011-08-05 2013-07-23 Joan M. Perotti Landscape edging block system
US9644334B2 (en) 2013-08-19 2017-05-09 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Methods of and systems for controlling water flow, breaking water waves and reducing surface erosion along rivers, streams, waterways and coastal regions
US10053832B2 (en) 2011-01-10 2018-08-21 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Molded concrete U-wall construction block employing a metal reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein for multiple purposes
US20200149238A1 (en) * 2016-12-06 2020-05-14 Arc Marine Ltd Apparatus for an artificial reef and method
US11959237B2 (en) 2019-05-24 2024-04-16 Koninklijke Bam Groep N.V. Crest element for a breakwater, armour layer assembly for a breakwater, breakwater, method of cresting a breakwater, and method of providing an armour on a breakwater

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2449164A1 (fr) * 1979-02-14 1980-09-12 Sogreah Bloc artificiel pour structures maritimes et fluviales
FR2863632B1 (fr) * 2003-12-12 2007-01-26 Dept De La Martinique Ouvrage pour la protection du littoral

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FR322881A (fr) * 1902-07-08 1903-02-17 Georges Houdin Nouveau conduit de fumée, dit wagon resserré
US955230A (en) * 1908-10-13 1910-04-19 Hector Van Caeyseele Building blocks and wall.
GB148922A (en) * 1918-01-16 1921-08-11 Maurice Charles Arthur Brissar Improvements in or relating to machines for moulding concrete blocks
US1389817A (en) * 1920-11-22 1921-09-06 Isaiah E Deal Concrete-molding form
GB384191A (en) * 1931-07-17 1932-12-01 Marc Aurele Alfred Fay Improvements in building elements, more particularly for use in assembling constructional appliances
US2874442A (en) * 1955-06-13 1959-02-24 Cemenstone Corp Apparatus for making concrete structural shapes
US2891397A (en) * 1955-12-05 1959-06-23 Hauer Erwin Franz Trellis
US3176468A (en) * 1962-02-27 1965-04-06 Takashi Takada Block for absorbing water flow energy
CH424649A (fr) * 1965-11-17 1966-11-15 J Staempfli Alexandre Procédé de construction de digues
US3449857A (en) * 1967-11-14 1969-06-17 Blackstone Corp Modular blocks with mating channel structure
US3488964A (en) * 1967-11-27 1970-01-13 Giken Kogyo Kk Concrete block

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR322881A (fr) * 1902-07-08 1903-02-17 Georges Houdin Nouveau conduit de fumée, dit wagon resserré
US955230A (en) * 1908-10-13 1910-04-19 Hector Van Caeyseele Building blocks and wall.
GB148922A (en) * 1918-01-16 1921-08-11 Maurice Charles Arthur Brissar Improvements in or relating to machines for moulding concrete blocks
US1389817A (en) * 1920-11-22 1921-09-06 Isaiah E Deal Concrete-molding form
GB384191A (en) * 1931-07-17 1932-12-01 Marc Aurele Alfred Fay Improvements in building elements, more particularly for use in assembling constructional appliances
US2874442A (en) * 1955-06-13 1959-02-24 Cemenstone Corp Apparatus for making concrete structural shapes
US2891397A (en) * 1955-12-05 1959-06-23 Hauer Erwin Franz Trellis
US3176468A (en) * 1962-02-27 1965-04-06 Takashi Takada Block for absorbing water flow energy
CH424649A (fr) * 1965-11-17 1966-11-15 J Staempfli Alexandre Procédé de construction de digues
US3449857A (en) * 1967-11-14 1969-06-17 Blackstone Corp Modular blocks with mating channel structure
US3488964A (en) * 1967-11-27 1970-01-13 Giken Kogyo Kk Concrete block

Cited By (49)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3896624A (en) * 1973-05-03 1975-07-29 Dall Chin Chang Polyhedral, porous, and hollow block
US4269537A (en) * 1979-01-26 1981-05-26 Neill Raymond J O Revetment unit
WO1981001807A1 (en) * 1979-12-19 1981-07-09 Hardigg Ind Inc Truss panel
US4532748A (en) * 1982-01-06 1985-08-06 Rotherham William D B Building block
AT400460B (de) * 1984-01-05 1996-01-25 Ebenseer Betonwerke Gmbh Formstein für gitterförmige flächenbeläge
US4594023A (en) * 1984-10-11 1986-06-10 Neill Raymond J O Breakwater construction element
AU583565B2 (en) * 1984-12-21 1989-05-04 Penguin Swimming Pools Limited Foundation arrangement
US4644718A (en) * 1984-12-21 1987-02-24 Penguin Swimming Pools Limited Foundation arrangement
US5398474A (en) * 1991-11-21 1995-03-21 The Burns & Russell Company Wall corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such
US5548936A (en) * 1991-11-21 1996-08-27 The Burns & Russell Company Of Baltimore City Composite for turning a corner or forming a column, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such
US5286139A (en) * 1992-02-03 1994-02-15 Hair Roberta A Interlocking paving stone for closed and open drainage patterns
US5201843A (en) * 1992-02-11 1993-04-13 Hair Roberta A Interlocking paving stone for open drainage ground cover pattern
US5384997A (en) * 1992-05-18 1995-01-31 The Burns & Russell Company Column and corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such
US5620280A (en) * 1993-09-30 1997-04-15 U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Concrete armor unit to protect coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
US5441362A (en) * 1993-09-30 1995-08-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Concrete armor unit for protecting coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
US6401421B1 (en) * 1997-11-26 2002-06-11 Miroslav Zeman Construction element
US6059490A (en) * 1998-05-05 2000-05-09 Kauppi; Frederick J. Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway and methods of constructing and using the same
US6443654B1 (en) 1998-05-05 2002-09-03 Frederick J. Kauppi Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway
US6190600B1 (en) 1999-03-12 2001-02-20 Confer Plastics, Inc. Circular interconnect
US20050214075A1 (en) * 2002-07-24 2005-09-29 Hbg Civiel B.V. Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
NL1023995C2 (nl) * 2002-07-24 2004-02-18 Hbg Civiel B V Afdekelement voor een golfbrekende of golfremmende constructie.
WO2004009910A3 (en) * 2002-07-24 2004-04-22 Hbg Civiel B V Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
US7976763B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-07-12 Hbg Civiel B.V. Method of making a protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
US7160057B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-09 Hbg Civiel B.V. Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
WO2004009910A2 (en) * 2002-07-24 2004-01-29 Hbg Civiel B.V. Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
AU2003252584B2 (en) * 2002-07-24 2012-07-05 Koninklijke Bam Groep N.V. Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
US20070080478A1 (en) * 2002-07-24 2007-04-12 Hbg Civiel B.V. Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction
CN100392190C (zh) * 2002-07-24 2008-06-04 Hbg西维埃尔公司 防波堤或波浪阻滞结构的保护元件、其制造方法和模板
US20080229698A1 (en) * 2004-05-10 2008-09-25 Ercument Fevzi Ulguner Modular Building Elements For Constructing Retaining Wall and the Construction Method Thereof
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JPS526293B1 (US07922777-20110412-C00004.png) 1977-02-21
FR2018428A1 (US07922777-20110412-C00004.png) 1970-05-29

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