US3759043A - Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works - Google Patents
Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works Download PDFInfo
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- US3759043A US3759043A US00852580A US3759043DA US3759043A US 3759043 A US3759043 A US 3759043A US 00852580 A US00852580 A US 00852580A US 3759043D A US3759043D A US 3759043DA US 3759043 A US3759043 A US 3759043A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
- E02B3/14—Preformed blocks or slabs for forming essentially continuous surfaces; Arrangements thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
- E02B3/129—Polyhedrons, tetrapods or similar bodies, whether or not threaded on strings
Definitions
- ABSTRACT Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works are composed of a set of plates coming into contact with concrete, each having a simple geometrical shape in its plan view, and various type of molds can be obtained by the combination of the plates.
- the concrete blocks manufactured by the molds can be easily combined to form regular geometrical designs having specific percentages of voids respectively, resulting in their vast application in all sorts of marine and river works.
- FIG. 1 A first figure.
- FIG. 1 A first figure.
- FIG. 1 A first figure.
- FIG. 1i is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 1i
- FIG. 48 4 EEEEAQQQELJ EEEEEEEEN 024ml Tom/N 96A INVENTOR s; EEEEEEU ATTORNEYS Patented Sept. 18, 1973 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 W W T; A
- This invention relates to molds for manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks in use for structures in the sea, coasts, and rivers.
- wave-absorbing blocks for use in break- ,waters, groins, sea walls, coastal embankments etc.
- foot-protecting blocks for use in revetments for river banks etc. and the flow-regulating blocks for use in spur dikes in rivers etc. can be roughly classified into three types, that is, the projecting type, the hollow type and the compromise type.
- the examples of the projecting, hollow and compromise types of conventional blocks are the so-called tetrapod," the hollow-triangle block and the hollow square blocks.
- the molds according to the present invention can be used for manufacturing blocks of any one of the three types abovementioned and the kinds of blocks manufactured thereby are innumerable This is one of the remarkable features of the present invention, unexpected of the conventional molds.
- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION rent energies and to reduce the dynamic pressure of 40 waves and currents. In addition, they have effect to increase the stability of blocks themselves and also to reduce the agitations of bed materials and scouring of foundations, and, at the same time, to decrease subsidences of structures themselves. 7
- the molds are fundamentally composed of only five rectangular plates and three L-shaped plates with their surfaces coming'into contact with concrete.
- various types of concrete blocks are manufactured by depositing concrete in molds which are formed by combining the rectangular plates and L-shaped plates in any desired manner.
- blocks made by the molds of the present invention are as desirable as the conventional concrete blocks. Then, regarding economy, too, the concrete blocks made by the molds of the present invention are superior to the conventional ones in the 10 cost of both production and installation, particularly when it is considered that the shape of the conventional block are generally complicated so that they are not suitable to be formed in large size, and yet the manufacture of their molds is verycostly.
- Certain kinds of blocks manufactured by molds according to the present invention are simple in their shape and the total area of the molds is fairly small compared with that of the conventional blocks. For instance, it is 38, 29, 18 and percent less than the area 20 of the hollow-triangle blocks, hollowsquare blocks,
- the manufacturing yard of the blocks has needed a considerably large area. Since the shapes of the conventional blocks are such that there is no alternative for them but to be manufactured individually one by one, a large yard area is required for manufacturing them. However, since the blocks made according to the present invention can be manufactured by arranging them side by side so as to be closely contacted with each other, the yard area is one-third to one-sixth as large as that needed for tetrapods or hexapod blocks. Therefore, the manufacturing cost of the blocks according to the present invention can be economized from the point of the manufacturing yard.
- the advantage of manufacturing blocks in close contact with each other as in the manner in accordance with the present invention is not only a reduction in the area of a block-manufacturing yard, but also the simplicity of the mold manufacturing process itself, since the molds, when the blocks having been previously deposited are used, are not necessary, except the mere application of craft paper or similar material between their contact surfaces.
- various type blocks of any shape can be manufactured by the molds according to the present invention, they can be selectively made to have shapes conforming to the condition of the marine, coast or river in wave absorbing feet protection of structures or flow regulation. Such a feature of the blocks is also an advantage of the present invention over the known blocks.
- the application of the blocks to the construction of breakwaters can be carried out in three different methods, that is, constructing the body of a breakwater with blocks in pell-mell, constructing the body of a breakwat'er with an orderly formation of the blocks of various kinds, and constructing by covering the surface of a breakwater body made of various conventional blocks or materials other than conventional blocks with the blocks according to the present invention for the purpose of wave absorption.
- the pell-mell construction firstly mentioned can save the work period remarkably when it is used for a breakwater of a harbour which faces the open sea where calm days are limited throughout a year, because, due to the pell-mell construction, theinstalling of the blocks is not required to be carried out by divers, only necessiating the free throwing of them so that a breakwater body is formed.
- the orderly formation secondly mentioned can save the construction cost by making the cross sectional area of the breakwater body small when it is used for a breakwater of a harbour in a closed sea where it is calm throughout the year, but only being rough when in typhoon season or during strong winds.
- the covering the surface of a breakwater method is a method being able to be applied for a breakwater at whatever harbour, and by using it a breakwater body can be made to have a small cross section due to the fact of the decrease in the intensive wave pressure and wave overtopping.
- the energy of waves attacking the breakwater constructed of the blocks according to the present invention is dissipated and dispersed by the numerous projections and voids formed by hetero-shaped blockswith the result that there arises no large spray as in the conventional breakwaters.
- the intensity of wave pressure is decreased and the breakwater body itself can be economically reduced in cross sectional area.
- the blocks are mutally combined, since there exist projections and voids which are capable of being interlocked with each other, they stand against the wave force so that there is no possibility of separation of the blocks.
- the specially formed blocks made by the molds according to the present invention are blocks which can be vastly utilized in the river work. That is, they can be utilized in revetments of river banks, protections of slopes themselves and their feet, protection of river floors, spur dikes, spillways, intake structures, and jetties at river mouths.
- the foot-protection work, the floor protection work and the spur dike form the essential parts of river works, so they are very improtam.
- the hetero-shaped blocks according to the present invention are utilized in all of these works. Since these blocks can be made to be adjusted their percentage of void, coefficient of roughness, stability coefficient against overturning, sliding and etc. by freely combining these specially shaped blocks, they can be made to be most suitable to the condition of the foundation, bed characteristics, and hydraulic condition of specific rivers.
- FIG. 1 shows a plan view of configuration of respecitve surfaces of a mold according to the present invention which come into contact with concrete;
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an L-type block which constitutes one of the fundamental types manufactured by using two sets of molds according to the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a -type block which also constitutes another fundamental type manufactured by using two sets of molds according to the present invention
- FIGS. 4 to 6 show respectively front elevational, plan and side elevational views of the L-type block shown in FIG. 2;
- FIGS. 7 to 9 show respectively front elevational, plan and side elevational views of the -type block shown in FIG. 3;
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show developements of the external surfaces of the L- and -type blocks respectively shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively;
- FIGS. 12 to 40 show various blocks manufactured by combining the molds according to the present invention in perspective view.
- FIGS. 41 and 57 show various geometrical designs obtained by combining the L-type blocks and -type blocks in plan view.
- FIG. 1 there is shown a set of plates composing the surfaces of a mold according to the present invention, wherein are shown the plane shapes coming into contact with concrete.
- the plates are composed of five rectangles I, 2, 5, 6 and 7, and three L- shapes 3, 4 or 4' as shown in FIG. 1.
- the dimensions of respective sides and angles between adjoining two sides of each of the plates are properly selected so that they form a mold when assembled, as will be fully explained hereafter, and the preferred dimensions are given it FIG. 1, wherein a respresents any numerical value, and dimensions put in brackets denote those which can be selected as desired.
- FIG. 2 The first fundamental mold obtained by combining two of each plate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 is shown in FIG. 2 in perspective view and in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 in front elevational, plan and side elevational views.
- the mold has a shape that a guadratic prism with a square cross section is bent to the right in a horizontal plane and then made to stand up vertically at its end.
- this mold hereafter an L-shaped mold" and a block manufactured by it an L-shaped block.
- the second fundamental mold obtained by combining two of each plate 1, 2, 3, 4', 5, 6 and 7 is shown in FIG. 3 in perspective view and in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 in front elevational, plan and side elevational views.
- the mold has a shape that a quadratic prism with a sqaure cross section is bent to the left in horizontal plane andthenmade to stand up vertically atits end.
- this mold hereafter a -shaped mold and a block manufactured by it a 1 -shaped mold.”
- the L-shaped block and F -shaped block constitute two fundamental types of blocks manufactured by the molds according to the present invention.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show respectively developments of the outer surface of the L-shaped block and P -shaped block.” Comparing the developments shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, it will be seen that both Figures are symmetrical.
- FIG. 12 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold" and 1 -shaped mold but with four plates 2 and 4.
- FIG. 13 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold and P -shaped mold but with four plates 2 and 7.
- FIGS. 14-19 show in perspective view blocks obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold and P -shaped mold but with eight plate 2 for FIGS. 14 and 15; four plates 3 and 7 for FIG. 6; four plates 1 and 3 for FIG. 17; two plates 1 and 3 and four plates 7 for FIG. 18; and four plates 2 and 7 for FIG. 19.
- FIGS. 20-23 show in perspective view blocks ob
- FIG. 38 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of -type mold but with two plates 1.
- FIGS. 39 and 40 show blocks obtained by using one set of L-shaped mold and I -shaped mold except in the former, two plates 3 and, in the latter, two plates 1.
- FIGS. 12-40 we have described above and shown in FIGS. 12-40 in perspective view the various blocks manufactured by using the molds according to the present invention and also indicated the number of sets of molds along with the plates not being used in respective blocks shown in FIGS. 12-40. Since these blocks can be all composed of a number of L-type block and -type block, instead of manufacturing them by building up the molds solidly to deposit concrete therein, they can also be manufactured by securing mutually the blocks separately manufactured as L- or I -type block or blocks by any suitable manner.
- FIGS. 41-57 there are shown geometrical plan designs obtained by combining a number l, 3 and 7, FIG. 21 uses eight plates 1 and 7, FIG. 22
- FIGS. 41 and 42 show designsobtained by combining the same number of L- and P -type blocks upward, whereby the blocks are arranged so as to be Eshape and I shape respectively.
- the solid percentage of void which is defined as ratio of hollow volume of the block to the solid volume of the external contour thereof is 59 percent for the former, while that for the latter 57 percent.
- the solid percentage of void thus defined will be hereafter designated as v.
- FIG. 43 shows a design obtained by combining the same number of L-type blocks upward and P -type blocks downward, v being 49.5 percent.
- FIGS. 44-46 shows designs obtained by combining the same number of L- and F -type blocks downward, each in a different manner, v for each case being 42.9, 65.3 and 53.0 percent, respectively.
- FIG. 47 shows a design obtained by arranging a number of P -type blocks downward on the L-type blocks of the same number which are arranged upward in one row, whereby v is 14.0 percent.
- FIG. 48 shows a design obtained by arranging the same number of L- and I -type blocks downward on the blocks shown in FIG. 43, v being 37.7 percent.
- FIG. 49 shows a design obtained by massively arranging P -type blocks upward, g bei ng 38.5 percent.
- FIGS. 50-52 show designs obtained by arranging I -type blocks upward in three different manners, whereby v are 46.2, 42.5 and 65.6 percent, respectively.
- each of said plates having a flat, planar concrete contacting surface of a predetermined geometrical design, the peripheral edges of said concrete contacting surfaces of each of said plates having predetermined length ratios, said edges of said plates operatively associated to be abutted to form a number of enclosed mold shapes, said geometrical designs of said concrete contacting surfaces comprising three L- shapes, four rectangles and one'square.
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Abstract
Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works are composed of a set of plates coming into contact with concrete, each having a simple geometrical shape in its plan view, and various type of molds can be obtained by the combination of the plates. The concrete blocks manufactured by the molds can be easily combined to form regular geometrical designs having specific percentages of voids respectively, resulting in their vast application in all sorts of marine and river works.
Description
United States Patent [191 Tokunaga 1 Sept. 18, 1973 MOLDS FOR USE IN MANUFACTURING ENERGY DISSIPATING CONCRETE BLOCKS FOR RIVER AND MARINE WORKS [76] Inventor: Kazumi Tokunaga, No. 1410,
Sakae-machi, City of Soka, Saitama Prefecture, Japan [22] Filed: Aug. 25, 1969 [21] App]. N0.: 852,580
[ 30] Foreign Application Priority Data Sept. 19, 1968 Japan 43/678131 [52] US. Cl 61/4, 52/609, 249/10, 249/102, 249/156 [51] Int. Cl. E021! 3/08, 1502b 3/14 [58] Field of Search 249/155, 156, 102, 249/104, 10, 153; 52/608, 609, 610, 611; 61/3, 4, 37
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 955,230 4/1910 Van Caeyseele 52/608 1,389,817 9/1921 Deal 249/156 2,874,442 2/1959 Henderson 249/156 2,891,397 6/1959 Haner 52/650 3,176,468 4/1965 Nagai 61/4 3,449,857 6/1969 De Christopher 46/25 3,488,964 l/1970 Kabo 61/37 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 148,922 7/1920 Great Britain 249/155 20,234 10/1963 Japan 249/155 322,881 2/1903 France 52/609 384,191 3/1934 Great Britain... 52/81 424,649 5/1967 Switzerland 61/37 Primary Examiner-I-1enry C. Sutherland Attomey-Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack [57] ABSTRACT Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works are composed of a set of plates coming into contact with concrete, each having a simple geometrical shape in its plan view, and various type of molds can be obtained by the combination of the plates. The concrete blocks manufactured by the molds can be easily combined to form regular geometrical designs having specific percentages of voids respectively, resulting in their vast application in all sorts of marine and river works.
1 Claim, 57 Drawing Figures Patented Sept. 18, 1973 9 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG.
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9 Sheets-Sheet 5 Knz un/ TD/(ur/AGA, mvsmon Patefited Sept. 18, 1973 3,759,043
9 Sheets-Sheet 6 4 122 um/ may/m INVENTOR.
Patented Sept. 18, 1973 9 Sheets-Sheet '7 mw 0E II II f H II INVENTOR ,Vnzuml FAWN/46H mv QE BY M ATTORNEYS FIG. 46
Patented Sept. 18, 1973 3,759,043
9 Sheets-Sheet 8 FIG. 5i
FIG. 48 4 EEEEAQQQELJ EEEEEEEEN 024ml Tom/N 96A INVENTOR s; EEEEEEU ATTORNEYS Patented Sept. 18, 1973 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 W W T; A
BY. Mal/until! M14412 ATTORNEYS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to molds for manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks in use for structures in the sea, coasts, and rivers.
In general, wave-absorbing blocks for use in break- ,waters, groins, sea walls, coastal embankments etc., the
foot-protecting blocks for use in revetments for river banks etc. and the flow-regulating blocks for use in spur dikes in rivers etc. can be roughly classified into three types, that is, the projecting type, the hollow type and the compromise type. The examples of the projecting, hollow and compromise types of conventional blocks are the so-called tetrapod," the hollow-triangle block and the hollow square blocks.
Those molds of conventional blocks as tetrapods, hollow-triangle blocks, hollow-square blocks, etc. cannot manufacture only their own types.
On the contrary, the molds according to the present invention can be used for manufacturing blocks of any one of the three types abovementioned and the kinds of blocks manufactured thereby are innumerable This is one of the remarkable features of the present invention, unexpected of the conventional molds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION rent energies and to reduce the dynamic pressure of 40 waves and currents. In addition, they have effect to increase the stability of blocks themselves and also to reduce the agitations of bed materials and scouring of foundations, and, at the same time, to decrease subsidences of structures themselves. 7
In accordance with the present invention the molds are fundamentally composed of only five rectangular plates and three L-shaped plates with their surfaces coming'into contact with concrete.
In accordance with the present invention various types of concrete blocks are manufactured by depositing concrete in molds which are formed by combining the rectangular plates and L-shaped plates in any desired manner.
In the following, an explanation will bernade of the outstanding features of the hetero-shaped concrete blocks formed with the molds of thepresent invention, in comparison with the conventional blocks, from the points of view of a ,l. the convenience of the combination,
2. variety of combinations,
3. wavebreaking effect,
4. stability, and
5. economy.
The combination and assembling of the concrete blocks of some types made with the moldsof the present invention can be carried out in innumerable ways,
whereas, in the case of the conventional concrete blocks, particularly, e.g., tetrapods and hollow-triangle blocks, their combined assembling is of only one combination.
Regarding stability, blocks made by the molds of the present invention are as desirable as the conventional concrete blocks. Then, regarding economy, too, the concrete blocks made by the molds of the present invention are superior to the conventional ones in the 10 cost of both production and installation, particularly when it is considered that the shape of the conventional block are generally complicated so that they are not suitable to be formed in large size, and yet the manufacture of their molds is verycostly.
Certain kinds of blocks manufactured by molds according to the present invention are simple in their shape and the total area of the molds is fairly small compared with that of the conventional blocks. For instance, it is 38, 29, 18 and percent less than the area 20 of the hollow-triangle blocks, hollowsquare blocks,
tetrapods, and hexapod blocks, respectively.
Hitherto the manufacturing yard of the blocks has needed a considerably large area. Since the shapes of the conventional blocks are such that there is no alternative for them but to be manufactured individually one by one, a large yard area is required for manufacturing them. However, since the blocks made according to the present invention can be manufactured by arranging them side by side so as to be closely contacted with each other, the yard area is one-third to one-sixth as large as that needed for tetrapods or hexapod blocks. Therefore, the manufacturing cost of the blocks according to the present invention can be economized from the point of the manufacturing yard.
The advantage of manufacturing blocks in close contact with each other as in the manner in accordance with the present invention is not only a reduction in the area of a block-manufacturing yard, but also the simplicity of the mold manufacturing process itself, since the molds, when the blocks having been previously deposited are used, are not necessary, except the mere application of craft paper or similar material between their contact surfaces.
In concrete placing in freezing weather it is necessary to cure the concrete blocks by keeping them warm till their compressive strength amounts to kg/cm'. However, in the conventional blocks, since the curing equipment to keep them warm is costly, the concrete placing in freezing weather is actually difficult. Contrary to it, since the blocks manufactured by the molds according to the present invention have surface areas only one-third to one-sixth of those of conventional blocks, they can be cured easily.
As for the area of a place in which the manufactured blocks are temporarily stockpiled, it can be further saved. With the conventional blocks, it is impossible to pile them up in multi-stages. With the blocks of certain kinds molded in accordance with the present invention, however, they can be heaped vertically in multi-stages, with only a clearance rate of 14 percent. It is also possibleto travel a crawler crane or a tractor crane on the piled blocks. Such advantages of the concrete blocks of the present invention are not achieved in the conventional blocks.
As for the installation of concrete blocks, it can be easily understood that it is easier with those which contact planely each other in a simple shape than with those whose shapes are complicated. It is particularly so in under-water work, in which much of the divers work is difficult such as groping. On those points, too, the concrete blocks of the present invention are advantageous over the conventional ones.
We described in the foregoing how the blocks manufactured by the molds of the present invention are economically superior to hitherto known blocks.
Further, since various type blocks of any shape can be manufactured by the molds according to the present invention, they can be selectively made to have shapes conforming to the condition of the marine, coast or river in wave absorbing feet protection of structures or flow regulation. Such a feature of the blocks is also an advantage of the present invention over the known blocks.
Now we will explain the application of the heteroshaped blocks manufactured by the molds according to the present invention.
Firstly a breakwater construction will be explained as the first example.
The application of the blocks to the construction of breakwaters can be carried out in three different methods, that is, constructing the body of a breakwater with blocks in pell-mell, constructing the body of a breakwat'er with an orderly formation of the blocks of various kinds, and constructing by covering the surface of a breakwater body made of various conventional blocks or materials other than conventional blocks with the blocks according to the present invention for the purpose of wave absorption.
The pell-mell construction firstly mentioned can save the work period remarkably when it is used for a breakwater of a harbour which faces the open sea where calm days are limited throughout a year, because, due to the pell-mell construction, theinstalling of the blocks is not required to be carried out by divers, only necessiating the free throwing of them so that a breakwater body is formed.
The orderly formation secondly mentioned can save the construction cost by making the cross sectional area of the breakwater body small when it is used for a breakwater of a harbour in a closed sea where it is calm throughout the year, but only being rough when in typhoon season or during strong winds.
The covering the surface of a breakwater method lastly mentioned is a method being able to be applied for a breakwater at whatever harbour, and by using it a breakwater body can be made to have a small cross section due to the fact of the decrease in the intensive wave pressure and wave overtopping.
In all of the methods abovementioned, the energy of waves attacking the breakwater constructed of the blocks according to the present invention is dissipated and dispersed by the numerous projections and voids formed by hetero-shaped blockswith the result that there arises no large spray as in the conventional breakwaters.
Accordingly, the intensity of wave pressure is decreased and the breakwater body itself can be economically reduced in cross sectional area. Further, in the case where the blocks are mutally combined, since there exist projections and voids which are capable of being interlocked with each other, they stand against the wave force so that there is no possibility of separation of the blocks.
Next will be explained the application of the blocks according to the present invention in a river work. The specially formed blocks made by the molds according to the present invention are blocks which can be vastly utilized in the river work. That is, they can be utilized in revetments of river banks, protections of slopes themselves and their feet, protection of river floors, spur dikes, spillways, intake structures, and jetties at river mouths. Among these, the foot-protection work, the floor protection work and the spur dike form the essential parts of river works, so they are very improtam.
The hetero-shaped blocks according to the present invention are utilized in all of these works. Since these blocks can be made to be adjusted their percentage of void, coefficient of roughness, stability coefficient against overturning, sliding and etc. by freely combining these specially shaped blocks, they can be made to be most suitable to the condition of the foundation, bed characteristics, and hydraulic condition of specific rivers.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a mold for use in manufacturing concrete blocks for dissipating the water energy in the-sea and river works, the surfaces of which mold coming into contact with concrete are composed of at least one set of plates each having rectangular and L-shaped or -shaped configurations.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide molds for making concrete blocks which are easily combined to be secured or interlocked together so as to give various geometrical designs or physical properties as percentage of void, coefficient of roughness etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art when considered in reference to the following detailed description in the light of the accompanying drawings and wherein;
FIG. 1 shows a plan view of configuration of respecitve surfaces of a mold according to the present invention which come into contact with concrete;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an L-type block which constitutes one of the fundamental types manufactured by using two sets of molds according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a -type block which also constitutes another fundamental type manufactured by using two sets of molds according to the present invention;
FIGS. 4 to 6 show respectively front elevational, plan and side elevational views of the L-type block shown in FIG. 2;
FIGS. 7 to 9 show respectively front elevational, plan and side elevational views of the -type block shown in FIG. 3;
FIGS. 10 and 11 show developements of the external surfaces of the L- and -type blocks respectively shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively;
FIGS. 12 to 40 show various blocks manufactured by combining the molds according to the present invention in perspective view; and
FIGS. 41 and 57 show various geometrical designs obtained by combining the L-type blocks and -type blocks in plan view.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a set of plates composing the surfaces of a mold according to the present invention, wherein are shown the plane shapes coming into contact with concrete. The plates are composed of five rectangles I, 2, 5, 6 and 7, and three L- shapes 3, 4 or 4' as shown in FIG. 1. The dimensions of respective sides and angles between adjoining two sides of each of the plates are properly selected so that they form a mold when assembled, as will be fully explained hereafter, and the preferred dimensions are given it FIG. 1, wherein a respresents any numerical value, and dimensions put in brackets denote those which can be selected as desired. When two of each plate 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and two of either 4 or 4 are combined with together, two fundamental molds are obtainable. The first fundamental mold obtained by combining two of each plate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 is shown in FIG. 2 in perspective view and in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 in front elevational, plan and side elevational views. As will be apparent from the drawings, the mold has a shape that a guadratic prism with a square cross section is bent to the right in a horizontal plane and then made to stand up vertically at its end. We will call this mold hereafter an L-shaped mold" and a block manufactured by it an L-shaped block.
The second fundamental mold obtained by combining two of each plate 1, 2, 3, 4', 5, 6 and 7 is shown in FIG. 3 in perspective view and in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 in front elevational, plan and side elevational views. As evident from FIG. 3, the mold has a shape that a quadratic prism with a sqaure cross section is bent to the left in horizontal plane andthenmade to stand up vertically atits end. We will call this mold hereafter a -shaped mold and a block manufactured by it a 1 -shaped mold."
The L-shaped block and F -shaped block constitute two fundamental types of blocks manufactured by the molds according to the present invention.
FIGS. 10 and 11 show respectively developments of the outer surface of the L-shaped block and P -shaped block." Comparing the developments shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, it will be seen that both Figures are symmetrical.
FIG. 12 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold" and 1 -shaped mold but with four plates 2 and 4.
FIG. 13 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold and P -shaped mold but with four plates 2 and 7.
Similarly, FIGS. 14-19 show in perspective view blocks obtained by using two sets of L-shaped mold and P -shaped mold but with eight plate 2 for FIGS. 14 and 15; four plates 3 and 7 for FIG. 6; four plates 1 and 3 for FIG. 17; two plates 1 and 3 and four plates 7 for FIG. 18; and four plates 2 and 7 for FIG. 19.
FIGS. 20-23 show in perspective view blocks ob;
FIG S. 32:3 7 sh ow in perspective view blocks obl 'l-shaped mold, in which block shown in FIG. 32 is manufactured by the mold without seven plates 7 and four plates 3, FIGS. 33 and 34 without four plates 1 and 7, FIG. 35 without four plates 1 and 3, FIG. 36 without two plates 1 and 3 and four plates 7, and FIG. 37 without four plates 1 and 3.
FIG. 38 shows in perspective view a block obtained by using two sets of -type mold but with two plates 1.
FIGS. 39 and 40 show blocks obtained by using one set of L-shaped mold and I -shaped mold except in the former, two plates 3 and, in the latter, two plates 1.
We have described above and shown in FIGS. 12-40 in perspective view the various blocks manufactured by using the molds according to the present invention and also indicated the number of sets of molds along with the plates not being used in respective blocks shown in FIGS. 12-40. Since these blocks can be all composed of a number of L-type block and -type block, instead of manufacturing them by building up the molds solidly to deposit concrete therein, they can also be manufactured by securing mutually the blocks separately manufactured as L- or I -type block or blocks by any suitable manner.
suitableselection of a number of L Shaped mold and I l' -type mold.
Now, referring to FIGS. 41-57, there are shown geometrical plan designs obtained by combining a number l, 3 and 7, FIG. 21 uses eight plates 1 and 7, FIG. 22
of L-type blocks or P -type blocks independently, or both together.
FIGS. 41 and 42 show designsobtained by combining the same number of L- and P -type blocks upward, whereby the blocks are arranged so as to be Eshape and I shape respectively. The solid percentage of void which is defined as ratio of hollow volume of the block to the solid volume of the external contour thereof is 59 percent for the former, while that for the latter 57 percent. The solid percentage of void thus defined will be hereafter designated as v.
FIG. 43 shows a design obtained by combining the same number of L-type blocks upward and P -type blocks downward, v being 49.5 percent.
FIGS. 44-46 shows designs obtained by combining the same number of L- and F -type blocks downward, each in a different manner, v for each case being 42.9, 65.3 and 53.0 percent, respectively.
, FIG. 47 shows a design obtained by arranging a number of P -type blocks downward on the L-type blocks of the same number which are arranged upward in one row, whereby v is 14.0 percent.
FIG. 48 shows a design obtained by arranging the same number of L- and I -type blocks downward on the blocks shown in FIG. 43, v being 37.7 percent.
FIG. 49 shows a design obtained by massively arranging P -type blocks upward, g bei ng 38.5 percent.
' FIGS. 50-52 show designs obtained by arranging I -type blocks upward in three different manners, whereby v are 46.2, 42.5 and 65.6 percent, respectively.
rality of flat plates, each of said plates having a flat, planar concrete contacting surface of a predetermined geometrical design, the peripheral edges of said concrete contacting surfaces of each of said plates having predetermined length ratios, said edges of said plates operatively associated to be abutted to form a number of enclosed mold shapes, said geometrical designs of said concrete contacting surfaces comprising three L- shapes, four rectangles and one'square.
t t 1 i
Claims (1)
1. A mold for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks comprising one or more each of a plurality of flat plates, each of said plates having a flat, planar concrete contacting surface of a predetermined geometrical design, the peripheral edges of said concrete contacting surfaces of each of said plates having predetermined length ratios, said edges of said plates operatively associated to be abutted to form a number of enclosed mold shapes, said geometrical designs of said concrete contacting surfaces comprising three L-shapes, four rectangles and one square.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP43067813A JPS526293B1 (en) | 1968-09-19 | 1968-09-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3759043A true US3759043A (en) | 1973-09-18 |
Family
ID=13355746
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00852580A Expired - Lifetime US3759043A (en) | 1968-09-19 | 1969-08-25 | Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3759043A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS526293B1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2018428A1 (en) |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3896624A (en) * | 1973-05-03 | 1975-07-29 | Dall Chin Chang | Polyhedral, porous, and hollow block |
US4269537A (en) * | 1979-01-26 | 1981-05-26 | Neill Raymond J O | Revetment unit |
WO1981001807A1 (en) * | 1979-12-19 | 1981-07-09 | Hardigg Ind Inc | Truss panel |
US4532748A (en) * | 1982-01-06 | 1985-08-06 | Rotherham William D B | Building block |
US4594023A (en) * | 1984-10-11 | 1986-06-10 | Neill Raymond J O | Breakwater construction element |
US4644718A (en) * | 1984-12-21 | 1987-02-24 | Penguin Swimming Pools Limited | Foundation arrangement |
US5201843A (en) * | 1992-02-11 | 1993-04-13 | Hair Roberta A | Interlocking paving stone for open drainage ground cover pattern |
US5286139A (en) * | 1992-02-03 | 1994-02-15 | Hair Roberta A | Interlocking paving stone for closed and open drainage patterns |
US5384997A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 1995-01-31 | The Burns & Russell Company | Column and corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such |
US5398474A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1995-03-21 | The Burns & Russell Company | Wall corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such |
US5441362A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1995-08-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Concrete armor unit for protecting coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines |
AT400460B (en) * | 1984-01-05 | 1996-01-25 | Ebenseer Betonwerke Gmbh | Purpose-made block for grid-like surface coverings |
US5548936A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1996-08-27 | The Burns & Russell Company Of Baltimore City | Composite for turning a corner or forming a column, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such |
US6059490A (en) * | 1998-05-05 | 2000-05-09 | Kauppi; Frederick J. | Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway and methods of constructing and using the same |
US6190600B1 (en) | 1999-03-12 | 2001-02-20 | Confer Plastics, Inc. | Circular interconnect |
US6401421B1 (en) * | 1997-11-26 | 2002-06-11 | Miroslav Zeman | Construction element |
WO2004009910A2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2004-01-29 | Hbg Civiel B.V. | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
NL1029538C2 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-16 | Konink Bam Groep Nv | Wave protection structure, method for manufacturing a toe element for a wave protection structure, and method for manufacturing a wave protection structure. |
EP1828485A1 (en) * | 2004-11-19 | 2007-09-05 | Anome B.V. | Dump element, method for forming a spatial structure from dump elements, as well as spatial structure formed from dump elements |
US20080229698A1 (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2008-09-25 | Ercument Fevzi Ulguner | Modular Building Elements For Constructing Retaining Wall and the Construction Method Thereof |
US20090217601A1 (en) * | 2006-01-13 | 2009-09-03 | Perotti Joan M | Block Used For Landscape and Related Applications |
US20100104366A1 (en) * | 2007-01-31 | 2010-04-29 | Melby Jeffrey A | Armor Unit |
ES2359800A1 (en) * | 2010-12-30 | 2011-05-27 | Universidad Politécnica de Madrid | Piece for retention of sedimientos in dives arrecife submerged. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
ES2385696A1 (en) * | 2008-07-17 | 2012-07-30 | Berenguer Ingenieros S.L. | Artificial piece for the formation of mantos of protection of one or more layers of the breakwater dies and the defenses of coastal, lagoon and river rivers (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
US20130118109A1 (en) * | 2010-08-03 | 2013-05-16 | Hch Spolka Z.O.O. | System of construction elements for the dry construction of structures |
US8490359B2 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-07-23 | Joan M. Perotti | Landscape edging block system |
US9644334B2 (en) | 2013-08-19 | 2017-05-09 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Methods of and systems for controlling water flow, breaking water waves and reducing surface erosion along rivers, streams, waterways and coastal regions |
US10053832B2 (en) | 2011-01-10 | 2018-08-21 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Molded concrete U-wall construction block employing a metal reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein for multiple purposes |
US20200149238A1 (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2020-05-14 | Arc Marine Ltd | Apparatus for an artificial reef and method |
US11959237B2 (en) | 2019-05-24 | 2024-04-16 | Koninklijke Bam Groep N.V. | Crest element for a breakwater, armour layer assembly for a breakwater, breakwater, method of cresting a breakwater, and method of providing an armour on a breakwater |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2449164A1 (en) * | 1979-02-14 | 1980-09-12 | Sogreah | ARTIFICIAL BLOCK FOR MARITIME AND RIVER STRUCTURES |
FR2863632B1 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2007-01-26 | Dept De La Martinique | WORK FOR LITTORAL PROTECTION |
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Cited By (48)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3896624A (en) * | 1973-05-03 | 1975-07-29 | Dall Chin Chang | Polyhedral, porous, and hollow block |
US4269537A (en) * | 1979-01-26 | 1981-05-26 | Neill Raymond J O | Revetment unit |
WO1981001807A1 (en) * | 1979-12-19 | 1981-07-09 | Hardigg Ind Inc | Truss panel |
US4532748A (en) * | 1982-01-06 | 1985-08-06 | Rotherham William D B | Building block |
AT400460B (en) * | 1984-01-05 | 1996-01-25 | Ebenseer Betonwerke Gmbh | Purpose-made block for grid-like surface coverings |
US4594023A (en) * | 1984-10-11 | 1986-06-10 | Neill Raymond J O | Breakwater construction element |
AU583565B2 (en) * | 1984-12-21 | 1989-05-04 | Penguin Swimming Pools Limited | Foundation arrangement |
US4644718A (en) * | 1984-12-21 | 1987-02-24 | Penguin Swimming Pools Limited | Foundation arrangement |
US5398474A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1995-03-21 | The Burns & Russell Company | Wall corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such |
US5548936A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1996-08-27 | The Burns & Russell Company Of Baltimore City | Composite for turning a corner or forming a column, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such |
US5286139A (en) * | 1992-02-03 | 1994-02-15 | Hair Roberta A | Interlocking paving stone for closed and open drainage patterns |
US5201843A (en) * | 1992-02-11 | 1993-04-13 | Hair Roberta A | Interlocking paving stone for open drainage ground cover pattern |
US5384997A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 1995-01-31 | The Burns & Russell Company | Column and corner composite, mold and method for producing glazed unit for such |
US5620280A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1997-04-15 | U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Concrete armor unit to protect coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines |
US5441362A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1995-08-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Concrete armor unit for protecting coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines |
US6401421B1 (en) * | 1997-11-26 | 2002-06-11 | Miroslav Zeman | Construction element |
US6059490A (en) * | 1998-05-05 | 2000-05-09 | Kauppi; Frederick J. | Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway and methods of constructing and using the same |
US6443654B1 (en) | 1998-05-05 | 2002-09-03 | Frederick J. Kauppi | Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway |
US6190600B1 (en) | 1999-03-12 | 2001-02-20 | Confer Plastics, Inc. | Circular interconnect |
US20050214075A1 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2005-09-29 | Hbg Civiel B.V. | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
NL1023995C2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2004-02-18 | Hbg Civiel B V | Breakwater construction e.g. dam protective unit, has concrete body with two opposing projections on either side of a plate shaped base having non-circular periphery |
WO2004009910A3 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2004-04-22 | Hbg Civiel B V | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
US7976763B2 (en) | 2002-07-24 | 2011-07-12 | Hbg Civiel B.V. | Method of making a protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
US7160057B2 (en) | 2002-07-24 | 2007-01-09 | Hbg Civiel B.V. | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
WO2004009910A2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2004-01-29 | Hbg Civiel B.V. | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
AU2003252584B2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2012-07-05 | Koninklijke Bam Groep N.V. | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
US20070080478A1 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2007-04-12 | Hbg Civiel B.V. | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
CN100392190C (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2008-06-04 | Hbg西维埃尔公司 | Protective element for a breakwater or wave-retarding construction |
US20080229698A1 (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2008-09-25 | Ercument Fevzi Ulguner | Modular Building Elements For Constructing Retaining Wall and the Construction Method Thereof |
EP1828485A1 (en) * | 2004-11-19 | 2007-09-05 | Anome B.V. | Dump element, method for forming a spatial structure from dump elements, as well as spatial structure formed from dump elements |
NL1029538C2 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-16 | Konink Bam Groep Nv | Wave protection structure, method for manufacturing a toe element for a wave protection structure, and method for manufacturing a wave protection structure. |
WO2007011208A1 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-25 | Koninklijke Bam Groep N.V. | Wave protection structure, method for producing a toe element for a wave protection structure, and method for producing a wave protection structure |
US7862253B2 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2011-01-04 | Koninklijke Bam Groep Nv | Wave protection structure and method for producing a wave protection structure |
US20080298894A1 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2008-12-04 | Koninklijke Bam Groep N.V. | Wave Protection Structure, Method For Producing A Toe Element For A Wave Protection Structure, And Method For Producing A Wave Protection Structure |
US20090217601A1 (en) * | 2006-01-13 | 2009-09-03 | Perotti Joan M | Block Used For Landscape and Related Applications |
US8127490B2 (en) * | 2006-01-13 | 2012-03-06 | Perotti Joan M | Block used for landscape and related applications |
US20100104366A1 (en) * | 2007-01-31 | 2010-04-29 | Melby Jeffrey A | Armor Unit |
US8132985B2 (en) | 2007-01-31 | 2012-03-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Armor unit |
ES2385696A1 (en) * | 2008-07-17 | 2012-07-30 | Berenguer Ingenieros S.L. | Artificial piece for the formation of mantos of protection of one or more layers of the breakwater dies and the defenses of coastal, lagoon and river rivers (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
US20130118109A1 (en) * | 2010-08-03 | 2013-05-16 | Hch Spolka Z.O.O. | System of construction elements for the dry construction of structures |
US8869487B2 (en) * | 2010-08-03 | 2014-10-28 | HCH Spólka z o.o. | System of construction elements for the dry construction of structures |
ES2359800A1 (en) * | 2010-12-30 | 2011-05-27 | Universidad Politécnica de Madrid | Piece for retention of sedimientos in dives arrecife submerged. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
US10053832B2 (en) | 2011-01-10 | 2018-08-21 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Molded concrete U-wall construction block employing a metal reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein for multiple purposes |
US10443206B2 (en) | 2011-01-10 | 2019-10-15 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Block reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein, for use in reinforcing a molded concrete U-wall construction block |
US8490359B2 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-07-23 | Joan M. Perotti | Landscape edging block system |
US9644334B2 (en) | 2013-08-19 | 2017-05-09 | Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. | Methods of and systems for controlling water flow, breaking water waves and reducing surface erosion along rivers, streams, waterways and coastal regions |
US20200149238A1 (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2020-05-14 | Arc Marine Ltd | Apparatus for an artificial reef and method |
US11959237B2 (en) | 2019-05-24 | 2024-04-16 | Koninklijke Bam Groep N.V. | Crest element for a breakwater, armour layer assembly for a breakwater, breakwater, method of cresting a breakwater, and method of providing an armour on a breakwater |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2018428A1 (en) | 1970-05-29 |
JPS526293B1 (en) | 1977-02-21 |
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