US3703391A - Electric melting furnace and process of using it - Google Patents

Electric melting furnace and process of using it Download PDF

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Publication number
US3703391A
US3703391A US58901A US3703391DA US3703391A US 3703391 A US3703391 A US 3703391A US 58901 A US58901 A US 58901A US 3703391D A US3703391D A US 3703391DA US 3703391 A US3703391 A US 3703391A
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Prior art keywords
lance
tap hole
pool
furnace
pot
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Expired - Lifetime
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US58901A
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English (en)
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Thomas A Clishem
Francis R Duerr
Frederick D Olympia
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Saint Gobain Ceramics and Plastics Inc
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Corhart Refractories Corp
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Assigned to CORCLIFF CORPORATION A CORP OF DE reassignment CORCLIFF CORPORATION A CORP OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: CORNING GLASS WORKS, A NY CORP
Assigned to CORHART REFRACTORIES CORPORATION reassignment CORHART REFRACTORIES CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE JUNE 3, 1985 Assignors: CORCLIFF CORPORATION
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Assigned to J.P. STEVENS & CO., INC. reassignment J.P. STEVENS & CO., INC. RELEASE SECURITY INTEREST & ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: BANKERS TRUST COMPANY
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/653—Processes involving a melting step
    • C04B35/657—Processes involving a melting step for manufacturing refractories
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/08—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Electric arc furnaces ; Tank furnaces heated electrically, with or without any other source of heat
    • F27B3/085—Arc furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/15—Tapping equipment; Equipment for removing or retaining slag
    • F27D3/1509—Tapping equipment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/16—Introducing a fluid jet or current into the charge

Definitions

  • Furnace has carbon electrodes suspended in a refractory-lined melting pot with a tap hole in the middle of a front wall portion thereof.
  • a water-cooled copper lance sealably and removably engages the tap hole for injecting reactive gas into a molten charge in the pot.
  • the lance has a tapered portion for 'sealably engaging the walls of the tap hole and has a stubby end as the only part thereof protruding inside of and facing into the pot.
  • the stubby end has a plurality of jet orifices for discharging reactive gas, which orifices have axes disposed at an acute downward angle from the horizontal and in a divergent fanlike pattern in the direction of gas flow in the lance.
  • Furnace is operated to produce molten oxidic refractory material by providing a shallow pool of that molten material in the pot, electrically melting further oxidic refractory material by means of the electrodes to enlarge the pool, engaging the water-cooled lance in the tap hole and causing reactive gas, e.g.
  • the present invention relates to an electric furnace with carbon (graphite) electrodes and a water-cooled metal lance for blowing reactive gas into material melted in the furnace, and to a method of employing such furnace in producing a melt of refractory oxide material for fusion casting into desired shaped bodies.
  • a suitable water-cooled metal lance for the overhead lancing process is necessarily of expensive, bulky, complex or intricate design to accommodate the required large volume flow of Water therein for cooling as Well as to safely contain the water so that it does not leak out into dangerous explosive contact with the molten material.
  • Such construction has unavoidably involved critical weld joints at locations that have to be submerged in the molten bath. Not only is it necessary to make elaborate preliminary tests for soundness of these critical weld joints, but frequent additional elaborate retesting during service is essential to guard against undetected dangerous deterioration.
  • a second significant shortcoming of overhead lances is that they have been found to inevitably cause substantial splashing of molten material in and from the furnace. This splashing apparently is the result of the injected gas, in the required volume flow for desired product properties, rapidly expanding and rising in the molten material in a detrimental manner or pattern. This splashing per se is not so much a danger to workmen around the furnace as it is to proper operation of the furnace.
  • substantially unmelted or partially fused batch or charge material remains generally around and partly over the perimeter areas of the surface of the molten material as a partial crown or batch cover, and the pot lining is formed at least in part by solidified oxidic refractory material.
  • the molten material in contact with such crown and solidified lining material of essentially the same composition necessarily exists at temperatures only slightly higher than its oWn solidification temperature (i.e. contains very modest superhcat).
  • oWn solidification temperature i.e. contains very modest superhcat.
  • the crown enlarges and grows into a rigidly consolidated mass extending further over the surface of molten material until it closes the open area. needed for, and restricts the capability of, removing and reinserting the lance as well as proper, evenly spread feeding of additional bath material for further melting without localized overheating of furnace walls.
  • a third shortcoming of the overhead lancing process is that it is quite sensitive, to and difiicult to control to avoid, overgassing or excessive lancing when trying to attain optimum correction of the detrimental effects caused by the electrodes during melting.
  • the overgassing condition causes the fusion-cast ware to be undesirably porous and cannot be corrected with a reasonable period of maintaining the bath quiescent after lancing and immediately before pouring. This problem is complicated by the fact that hath volume changes in an unpredictable variable manner from melt to melt especially due to splashing losses.
  • a conventional tiltable electric furnace comprising a refractory-lined melting pot having a tap hole in a front wall portion thereof and carbon (usually graphite) electrode means associated with the pot for heating charge material contained therein above the melting point of said material, which heating can be done by either immersed-electrode or short-arc practice as is and/or has been appropriate for economical operation.
  • the improvement provided in our invention is the combination with such conventional furnace of a fluid-cooled metal lance means adapted to be sealably and removably engaged in the tap hole for injecting gas into the molten charge material in the pot when the furnace is tilted forward so that the molten material covers an end of the lance means facing into the pot, and of means for alternately sealably engaging the lance means in the tap hole and for removing it from the tap hole.
  • a lance means especially effective for substantially overcoming the noted shortcomings of the prior art, according to our invention, has a tapered portion terminating in a stubby end.
  • Such tapered portion is so constructed and arranged to sealably and removably engage the walls of the tap hole with only the stubby end protruding inside of and facing into the pot.
  • the stubby end has gas jet means therein for discharging gas from the lance means at relatively high velocity so that the gas penetrates into, stirs and thoroughly mixes with the molten charge material.
  • gas jet means comprising a plurality of jet orifices with axes disposed, when the lance means is engaged in the tap hole, at an acute downward angle from the horizontal in the direction of gas flow in the lance means toward the stubby end.
  • the jet orifices should be disposed transversely of the lance means in a divergent fan-like pattern in the direction of gas flow toward the stubby end.
  • the tap hole may be located about midway between the upper and lower extremities of the front wall portion.
  • the process initially comprises providing a shallow pool of the molten oxidic material in the pot with the furnace in a substantially upright position. This is conventionally done by either retaining part of the pool of a previous melt or forming a completely new pool by customary procedures in the central upper portion of a fresh batch material charge.
  • the next step is to cause electrical current, with sufiicient energy to melt further oxidic refractory material, to pass from one part of the electrode means through the pool to another part of the electrode means.
  • oxidic refractory batch material is charged into the pot and into contact with the pool while continuing the passage of current until the volume of the pool is enlarged so that the surface of it remains at least slightly below the bottom of said tap hole at least when the furnace is tilted backward, without spilling any of the contents of the pot.
  • the lance means is engaged in the tap hole with the one end thereof facing into the pot while the surface of the enlarged pool remains below the bottom of the tap hole.
  • reactive gas is caused to flow from the lance means into the pot above the enlarged pool surface. Thereafter, that surface is caused to rise substantially above the top of the tap hole so as to also cause the pool to cover the one end of the lance means facing into the pot.
  • the latter step is accomplished by tilting the furnace forward.
  • Such step efiects the solidification of a small portion of the pool liquid as a thin layer covering over the juncture and forming a temporary seal between the tap hole and the lance means, and also eifects injection of the gas into the pool with stirring thereof.
  • the enlarged pool surface is maintained in the risen position for a predetermined time to effect a predetermined reaction between the gas and the entire contents of the enlarged pool. Thereafter, the enlarged pool surface is caused to fall at least slightly below the bottom of the tap hole by tilting the furnace backward and gas flow is then discontinued. Finally, the lance means is removed from the tap hole and the pool is ready for conventional fusion casting.
  • the amount of rise of the enlarged pool surface above the top of the tap hole is not particularly critical to attainment of adequate lancing effects while substantially avoiding the prior art shortcomings.
  • efficiency of gas usage increases as pool volume above the jet orifices increases. Therefore, the greatest amount of rise without danger of spilling any of the contents is most desirable.
  • oxygen deficiency imparted to it.
  • oxygen deficiency can be eliminated via an oxidation reaction by injecting a reactive gas that is oxidizing with respect to the molten pool of oxidic material.
  • Satisfactory reactive gas can be selected from oxygen, air, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and mixtures thereof.
  • Oxidic refractory material for lining glass melting tanks and the like which consists essentially, analytically by weight, of 25 to 90% ZrO up to 20% SiO up to 4% Na O and the balance A1 with incidental impurities;
  • Oxidic refractory material for lining molten metalproducing furnaces e.g. steel, copper, etc.
  • molten metalproducing furnaces e.g. steel, copper, etc.
  • the furnace and method employing the tap hole minilance according to this invention represents a very substantial improvement over the prioroverhead lancing. Since it can be made less bulky and of simpler design, the cost of a commercial tap hole mini-lance is less than half that of a commercial overhead lance. The mini-lance has been found to have an average service life of over four times that of an overhead lance.
  • the average water comsumption of a mini-lance is about 0.5% of that needed for an overhead lance.
  • the cost of labor to change or replace the mini-lance on the furnace is about one third that of an overhead lance.
  • the tap hole mini-lance can be inspected or changed in its removed position without any loss of furnace production time. Since only an end area of the mini-lance is in contact with molten oxidic refractory material, cooling requirements are less critical so as to facilitate lancing of very high melting temperature compositions such as those with over 60 wt. percent ZrO and those of magnesia-chrome ore mixtures.
  • the mini-lance is readily operated without detrimental splashing, which fact also facilitates lancing the above-noted high melting temperature compositions.
  • Critical weld joints are located along the sides of the lances. In the case of the mini-lance, such joints never contact molten ceramic and are easily located outside the tap hole when the minilance is positioned in the tap hole. Hence, there is much less danger of a water or alternative fluid leaking from such joint.
  • the smaller, simpler mini-lance requires much less time and space for storage, inspection and repair. The longer service life also means that a smaller inventory of spare mini-lances is practical.
  • a surprising factor contributing to the successful operation of the furnace and method of this invention is the lack of difficulty in maintaining reproducible suitable sealing of the tap hole lance without necessitating substantial loss of operating time for redressing or reforming the tap 'hole after removal of the lance so as to again properly receive the lance with complete annular sealing therebetween. It is known that any molten oxidic refractory material with modest superheat will deposit a freshly frozen layer in the tap hole during pouring therethrough for fusion casting. Such frozen material layer in the past has often been difficult to remove in a manner that will leave the pre-existing smooth tap hole contour, which is important for the sucess of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a view in vertical cross-section of a preferred embodiment of a furnace according to the present invention after completion of melting charge material to form the enlarged pool and prior to inserting the lance in the tap hole.
  • FIG. 2 is a view in vertical cross-section of the same furnace as in FIG. 1 but after lancing with reactive gas has begun with the furnace tilted forward.
  • FIG. 3 is a view of the tap hole mini-lance shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as seen when looking at the end thereof that faces into the furnace when the lance is positioned in the tap hole.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the lance in FIG. 3 taken along lines 4-4 and of a fragmentary portion of the furnace of FIG. 1 containing the tap 'hole with the lance sealably engaged therein.
  • FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the tapered portion of the lance in FIG. 3 taken along lines
  • FIG. 6 is an enlarged reversed view of the furnace in vertical cross section and the lance apparatus shown in FIG. 1 with the lance apparatus shown in both the fully engaged and fully removed positions.
  • the metal furnace shell 10 comprises a cylindrical side wall 12, a dished bottom 14 in the shape of a segment of a sphere, and a top annular rim 16.
  • the shell 10 is water-cooled externally, but the apparatus for such conventional watercooling is not shown to facilitate understanding the furnace components more directly pertinent to the present invention.
  • the shell 10 contains a refractory lining 18.
  • a tape hole 20 comprises a cylindrical passage through the wall 12 and lining 18 at the front of the furnace about midway between the bottom 14 and rim 16.
  • a spout 22 is attached to and extends outwardly from the wall 12 generally around the bottom and sides of the tap hole 20.
  • Electrodes 24 and 25 are seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, but the third electrode is behind and hidden by electrode 24.
  • the electrodes are lowered into an initially formed or retained pool and continuously adjustably maintained therein (by conventional apparatus not shown) at a customarily suitable depth for melting charge material to enlarge the pool to the volume desired.
  • the enlarged pool 26 is shown with its upper surface 28 slightly below the bottom of the tap hole 20. The electrodes are immersed in pool 26 to an appropriate depth as indicated at 24a and 26a.
  • the electrodes are lowered to and continuously adj'ustably maintained at a position where their lower tips are just above the melt surface 28 a conventional amount suitable for melting.
  • the lower part of lining 18 continues to maintain :a generally dished contour 30 and is made up of charge material, some of which has solidified after being melted and the rest being unmelted charge material.
  • an annular crown 32 is formed as part of lining 18 during melting operations in the vicinity of where it joins the enlarged pool surface 28, which crown is somewhat distorted around the tap hole area as shown at 33 and 34.
  • the tap hole 20 is customarily closed by a conventional graphite plug 36 of shape similar to that of the lance 40.
  • the plug 36 is fitted with a handle 37, which is held on the plug 36 by a circular band 38 that is integral with the handle 37.
  • Handle 37 facilitates removal of plug 36 when it is desired to insert the lance 40 into the tap hole 20.
  • Lance 40 is supported by movable arms 42 and 44 (best seen by reference to FIG. 6), which are rigidly connected to separate shafts 50 and 52, respectively.
  • Shafts 50 and 52 extend between and are journaled in furnace brackets 46 and 48, which brackets are rigidly attached to wall 12.
  • Arms 42 and 44 are pivotally connected by pins 54 and 56, respectively, to brackets 58 and 60, respectively, which are in turn rigidly attached to water jacket 70 of lance 40.
  • Also rigidly mounted on shaft 50 is 'a cam 62 having surfaces 64 and 65 alternately engaged by bar 66 mounted between two supports with its longitudinal axis parallel to shaft 50. Only one support 67 for bar 66 is shown in the sectional view of FIG. 6.
  • the three electrodes (of which 24 and 25 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) are raised and withdrawn from the pool 26 to a position where their tips are located as indicated at 24b and 25b in FIG. 1 (which is the same position of these electrodes as shown in FIG. 2).
  • the plug 36 is removed from the tap hole 20 and lance 40 is swung down and locked in place thereof.
  • Lance 40 (see FIGS. 3-5) comprises a central gas conduit 71 surrounded by water jacket 70 except for the short protruding end portion 73 that is connected to a reactive gas supply conduit (not shown).
  • Conduit 71 is water-tightly sealed (e.g. by brazing) at 72 to jacket 70 and at 73 to a central tubular portion 74 in the tapered nose or end member 75.
  • the outer tubular portion 76 of member 75 forms an annular space with portion 74.
  • Jacket 70 is positioned into that annular space such that the annular tip 77 of the tapered end of jacket 70 is spaced from the closed end 78 of the annular space to provide a water flow passage.
  • An outer water jacket 79 surrounds a portion of jacket 70 adjacent member 75 and is water-tightly sealed thereto at 80.
  • Jacket 79 is also water-tightly joined (e.g. 'by welding) to end member 75 at 81.
  • Two water inlet tubes 82 and 83 are water-tightly joined to jacket 79 in communication with inlet orifices therein (such as 85). The water flow follows the path indicated by arrows in FIG. 4 from inlet orifices (such as 85) through jacket 79 to the annular space in member 75, around tip 77 and back through jacket 70 to water outlet orifices, one of which is shown at 87.
  • Two water outlet tubes 88 and 89 are water-tightly joined to jacket 70 in communication with the outlet orifices (such as 87). Water is customarily supplied to the inlet orifices at tap temperature.
  • the parts of lance 40 are constructed of copper or copper alloy because of its high thermal conductivity.
  • End member 75 desirably has annular tapered surfaces 90 and 91 that provide good sealable engagement with tape hole 20, which is formed in part by solidified refractory lining 18.
  • End member 75 also has a stubby end surface 93 facing into the furnace pot essentially defined 'by lining 18, and member 75 is so designed that only surface 93 protrudes into the furnace pot and for a very short distance.
  • Such design keeps critical fabrication joints of lance 40 (e.g. weld 81) out of contact with the molten refractory pool.
  • a plurality of gas jet orifices 95 are provided in the stubby end of member 75 providing communication between the hollow space in tubular portion 74 and the furnace pot at surface 93.
  • the disposition of the jet orifices with respect to being acutely angled downward is best seen in FIG. 4 and with respect to being in a divergent fan-like pattern is best seen in FIG. 5.
  • the advantages of downwardly angled orifices are suitably obtained with included angles from the horizontal axial plane ranging between about 15 to 45 (e.g. 25).
  • the included angles from the vertical axial plane for the fan-like arrangement desirably lie within the range of about 10 to 75 (e.g. about 15 for the inner two orifices and about 40 for the outer two orifices).
  • the furnace Upon completion of the needed gas lancin-g of pool 26, the furnace is tilted backward to lower surface 28 below tap hole 20. The gas flowing through lance 40 is shut off, lance 40 is removed from tap hole 20 and locked in storage position 40a, thin-refractory layer 97 is readily punched out, and then the furnace is again tilted forward for pouring most of pool 26 through tap hole 20, along spout 22, and into conventional molds (not shown).
  • the furnace apparatus 7 feet in diameter with tap hole mini-lance as described above was employed to melt a zircon-alumina batch mixture with added soda ash that yielded a fusion analyzing, by weight, approximately 32.9% ZrO 49.3% A1 0 15.1% SiO 1.56% Na O, 0.07% TiO and 0.04% Fe O
  • 1800 pounds of such batch mixture were converted into an oxygen-deficient molten pool in 29 minutes with the application of 1115- kwh. of electrical power.
  • oxygen gas was supplied at 25-30 cu. ft./min. to the lance 40 with diameter orifices.
  • the furnace was tilted forward to an axial position 17 from the vertical axial position thereof for a period of 3.5 minutes. Then the furnace was backtilted for removal of the lance and preparation for pouring the lanced pool material into molds.
  • the resultant fusion-cast product exhibited low porosity, excellently low blistering in contact with molten glass and excellently low exudation of glassy phase at temperatures encountered in glass melting furnaces, which characteristics were quantitatively as well as qualitatively essentially comparable to. those of fusion-cast products of substantially the same composition but made by the long arc process and by the overhead lancing process. In contrast, fusion-cast products of similar composition made merely by the old short are or submerged electrode melting procedures have notably inferior porosity, blistering and exudation characteristics.
  • a smaller 1 foot diameter furnace with only two graphite electrodes employing 120 kw. two-phase power and with a similar but about proportionately scaled down tap hole mini-lance was operated to melt magnesia-chrome ore batch mixtures yielding fusions analyzing, by weight, approximately 5657% MgO, 20- 21% Cr O 10-11% FeO, 8-9% A1 0.50.7% CaO, 1.0-1.2% SiO and 1.5l.7% TiO Via short are melting with an arc length of about 0.30 inch, a batch of about 125 pounds was converted into oxygen-deficient molten pools by application of 1.3 kwh./pound of batch.
  • nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and/or air can replace oxygen, in whole or in part, as the oxidizing reactive gas in the foregoing examples with approximately equivalent results with some suitable adjustment, usually an increase, in the volume thereof per unit weight of molten material to be treated.
  • a fluid-cooled metal lance means adapted to be sealably and removably engaged in said tap hole for injecting gas into the molten charge material in said pot means when said furnace is tilted forward so that said molten material covers an end of said lance means facing into said pot means
  • oxide refractory material consists essentially, analytically by weight, of 25 to 90% ZrO up to 20% S102, up to 4% N2 0 and the balance A1 0 with incidental impurities.
  • said oxidic refractory material consists essentially of a mixture of magnesia and chrome ore, said mixture containing, analytically by weight, at least 40% MgO and at least 4% Cr O References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,279,260 4/ 1942 Benner et al. 10659 2,599,566 6/1952 Magri 10659 2,636,827 4/1953 Lanser et al. 10659 2,656,278 10/1953 Ballard et al. 10657 2,911,313 11/1959 Sandmeyer 10659 3,116,156 12/1963 Charvat 10659 JAMES E. POER, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 10659,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
US58901A 1970-07-29 1970-07-29 Electric melting furnace and process of using it Expired - Lifetime US3703391A (en)

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DE (1) DE2137476A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2103779A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1334763A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3868241A (en) * 1973-06-12 1975-02-25 Combustion Eng Manufacture of fused cast refractory with streams of oxygen
US5157017A (en) * 1987-06-12 1992-10-20 At&T Bell Laboratories Method of fabricating a superconductive body
US5738811A (en) * 1995-05-16 1998-04-14 Monofrax Inc. Process for making fused-cast refractory products
EP1288177A4 (en) * 2000-05-31 2005-04-27 Asahi Glass Co Ltd FIRE-RESISTANT, POROUS MOLDED BODIES WITH HIGH ALUMINUM OXIDE CONTENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
WO2008119331A3 (de) * 2007-03-30 2009-02-19 Solmic Gmbh Carbothermisches reduktionsverfahren und vorrichtung zu dessen durchführung
US20140105240A1 (en) * 2011-06-24 2014-04-17 Graftech International Holdings Inc. Slag Freeze-Lining for Electronic Arc Furnace
US8893768B2 (en) 2011-11-17 2014-11-25 Nucor Corporation Method of continuous casting thin steel strip

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2765316B1 (fr) * 1997-06-30 1999-11-12 Vesuvius France Sa Four electrique a trou de coulee excentre et procede d'elaboration d'acier dans ce four
CN102706147B (zh) * 2012-06-20 2014-07-09 江苏美特林科特殊合金有限公司 一种炉外法生产高纯中间合金附带出渣口的氧化铝坩埚及其制备工艺

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3868241A (en) * 1973-06-12 1975-02-25 Combustion Eng Manufacture of fused cast refractory with streams of oxygen
US5157017A (en) * 1987-06-12 1992-10-20 At&T Bell Laboratories Method of fabricating a superconductive body
US5738811A (en) * 1995-05-16 1998-04-14 Monofrax Inc. Process for making fused-cast refractory products
EP0825970A4 (en) * 1995-05-16 2001-06-20 Monofrax Inc PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF MELT-CAST REFRACTORY PRODUCTS
EP1288177A4 (en) * 2000-05-31 2005-04-27 Asahi Glass Co Ltd FIRE-RESISTANT, POROUS MOLDED BODIES WITH HIGH ALUMINUM OXIDE CONTENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
WO2008119331A3 (de) * 2007-03-30 2009-02-19 Solmic Gmbh Carbothermisches reduktionsverfahren und vorrichtung zu dessen durchführung
US20140105240A1 (en) * 2011-06-24 2014-04-17 Graftech International Holdings Inc. Slag Freeze-Lining for Electronic Arc Furnace
US8893768B2 (en) 2011-11-17 2014-11-25 Nucor Corporation Method of continuous casting thin steel strip

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FR2103779A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-04-14
GB1334763A (en) 1973-10-24
DE2137476A1 (de) 1972-02-03

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