US3649253A - Deoxidation of aluminum-killed molten steel - Google Patents
Deoxidation of aluminum-killed molten steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3649253A US3649253A US864881A US3649253DA US3649253A US 3649253 A US3649253 A US 3649253A US 864881 A US864881 A US 864881A US 3649253D A US3649253D A US 3649253DA US 3649253 A US3649253 A US 3649253A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- percent
- aluminum
- steel
- calcium
- set forth
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 33
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title abstract description 33
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004709 CaSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000532 Deoxidized steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NCJRLCWABWKAGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ca].[Ba] Chemical compound [Si].[Ca].[Ba] NCJRLCWABWKAGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/06—Deoxidising, e.g. killing
Definitions
- the added aluminum must be of the order of 0.030 percent to 0.080 percent, the exact amount varying with the composition of the steel in a known manner.
- the relatively large amounts of added aluminum are found in the cast product as inclusions of almost pure aluminum oxide which are formed during pouring and during solidification, and which are concentrated in clusters and other agglomerations.
- the aluminum oxide agglomerations tend to precipitate immediately below the surface of the continuously cast metal and to cause cracks during subsequent hot rolling. Such cracks can be repaired only by an economically unbearable amount of labor spent on cleaning and dressing the hot-rolled semifinished products.
- the shape and the distribution of the inclusions can be modified in continuously cast steel slabs, billets, and like shapes when the liquid steel is deoxidized by means of an alloy consisting of or 30 percent barium and/or strontium, 5 to 30 percent calcium, 40 to 60 percent silicon and/or aluminum, the remainder amounting to not more than percent being iron, manganese, or other impurities.
- Alloys of similar composition have been used for deoxidizing steel prior to the casting of ingots in individual molds,
- the known alloys when used in ingot casting, cause the slag particles to be precipitated in the ingot top where they can be removed without difficulty and at low cost.
- Such a mode of action is not useful in continuously cast steel shapes because of the much higher solidification rate which causes the inclusions to be accumulated just below the cast surface, as discussed above.
- the use of the aforedefined deoxidizing alloys of this invention prevents the accumulation of an excessive amount of nonmetallic or slag particles below the cast skin, and causes the inclusions mainly to be distributed uniformly throughout the cast metal.
- the steel bodies continuously cast with the use of the deoxidizing alloys according to the invention are as good as steel bodies obtained from ingots conventionally cast in individual molds, and the known advantages of continuous casting over individual mold casting thereby become fully available in aluminum-killed plain carbon and low alloy steels.
- Aluminum may be added to the molten steel prior to or simultaneously with the deoxidizing alloy. It is not practical to add the deoxidizing alloy simultaneously with the aluminum if steel containing much oxygen is to be treated by the method of the invention, but simultaneous addition is successful in the presence of little oxygen. If the deoxidizing alloy contains enough aluminum, it may not be necessary to add aluminum separately. In any event, an aluminum content of the deoxidizing alloy is to be considered in determining the amount of aluminum to be added separately.
- the barium and/or strontium content of the alloy be approximately equal to the calcium content. At least some silicon should be present in the alloy if the iron content is near the indicated upper limit in order to improve the homogeneity of the alloy. If the iron content is low, silicon may be replaced entirely by aluminum. Manganese is not a necessary ingredient of the alloy, but it is a normally unavoidable contaminant, and does not unfavorably affect the result produced by the alloy when held within the limits usual for impurities in steel.
- the alloys of the invention are selected according to the composition of the molten steel to be treated, particularly according to the oxygen content and the desired ultimate aluminum content in the molten steel.
- the alkaline earth metals of the deoxidizing alloys should be present in an amount approximately double that of the desired aluminum content.
- the preferred ratio of alkaline earth metal to aluminum is held between 1.6 1 and 2.7 2 l.
- the optimum amount of deoxidizing alloy to be added to the molten steel separately from the aluminum is thus calculated from the amount of alkaline earth metal in the alloy. However, it should not be less than 0.1 percent by weight of the molten steel.
- the ultimate aluminum content of the steel is determined on the basis of known considerations, but must not be less than 0.015 percent if a finegrained steel is to be produced.
- Steel bodies continuously cast according to the invention are free from the agglomerations of aluminum oxide inclusions which were unavoidable heretofore.
- Individual inclusions are found in the cast steel bodies practically to the exclusion of clusters or other agglomerations. They are approximately spherical, small, and randomly distributed in the steel. They do not consist solely of A1 0 but contain major amounts of CaO together with at least trace amounts of BaO and/or SrO.
- the dispersed inclusions formed by the method of the invention are capable of dissolving substantial amounts of sulfur so that the residual sulfide precipitates at the corn boundaries are sharply reduced. This has not been achieved heretofore by means of the usual calcium bearing deoxidizing alloys such as those of the CaSi, CaAl, CaMnSi, CaSiAl types.
- the absorption of sulfur in the nonmetallic slag particles is uniquely related to the presence of barium and/or strontium in the deoxidizing alloy. When barium and/or strontium are present in amounts approximately equal to the amount of calcium in the alloy, the CaO content of the inclusions is high and almost equal to the aluminum oxide present, and the inclusions do not tend to accumulate in clusters or other relatively large agglomerates.
- EXAMPLE 1 A built-up heat of steel corresponding to the German standard 15 Cr 3 was prepared in a basic electric-arc furnace by the two-slag process. The molten metal which weighed l metric tons received an addition of 0.06 percent aluminum metal in the furnace five minutes before tapping under conditions to produce an ultimate aluminum content of 0.035 percent. Dun'ng tapping, 0.23 percent of Alloy l were added to the ladle.
- the molten steel was cast on a conventional continuous casting machine into blooms or billets having a cross section of 140 mm. square.
- the billets were subsequently rolled down to a square cross section of 65 mm. side length.
- the surfaces of the rolled bodies, which contained 0.034 percent Al, were practically free from cracks associated with slag inclusions, and only 17 percent of the rolled billet surface had to be dressed to remove minor defects.
- the nonmetallic inclusions in the rolled billets were found to consist of small, practically spherical particles uniformly distributed throughout the steel. Their composition was determined by means of an electron beam micro probe to average 54% A1 0 41% CaO, the balance being BaO, S, SiO MnO, FeO, and MgO.
- the blooms or billets of M0 mm. square section were rolled down to 63 mm. square billets which contained 0.032 percent aluminum.
- the rolled surface was covered with slaginduced cracks which made it necessary to dress the entire surface before the billets could be processed further.
- coarse bands of slag were present particularly below the cast surface.
- the composition of the nonmetallic impurities were found to be 92% A1 0 balance SiO MnO, FeO, CaO, and MgO.
- EXAMPLE 2 An alloy consisting essentially of Sr, 15% Ca, 55% Si, the balance being iron and unavoidable contaminants was added to the molten steel in a procedure otherwise identical with that described in Example l. The blooms and billets produced were as good as those described in the preceding Example. The nonmetallic inclusions had a composition in which BaO was replaced by SrO, but which was otherwise as described in Example 1.
- EXAMPLE 4 A lO-ton heat of steel meeting the German standard specification CrNi 6 and desired to have an ultimate aluminum content of 0.030 percent, was mixed in the ladle with 0.15 percent of the deoxidizing Alloy ll. Because of the high aluminum content of Alloy ll (30 percent as listed in the Table), it was not necessary to add additional aluminum.
- Example 1 The molten, deoxidized steel was cast and further processed as described in Example 1.
- the aluminum content of the rolled billets was 0.031 percent.
- the billets had a satisfactory surface and could be passed to subsequent operations without significant dressing or cleaning. Bands of alumina or slag clusters of practical significance could not be detected in the cast metal.
- the chemical composition of the inclusions was not materially difierent from that indicated in Example I.
- the amount of the alkaline earth metal of said first group being approximately equal to the amount of said calcium.
- said deoxidizing alloy containing approximately 15 percent barium, 15 percent calcium, 55 percent silicon, the balance consisting of members of said third group.
- said deoxidizing alloy containing approximately 20 percent barium, 20 percent calcium, 30 percent aluminum, 15 percent silicon, the balance consisting of members of said third group.
- said deoxidizing alloy containing approximately 5 percent strontium, 10 percent barium, 15 percent calcium, 50 percent silicon, the balance consisting of members of said third group.
- said deoxidizing alloy containing approximately 10 percent strontium, 10 percent barium, 15 percent calcium, 50 percent silicon, the balance consisting of members of said third group.
- the amount of aluminum in said deoxidizing alloy being sufficient to make the aluminum content of the continuously cast steel not substantially less then 0.03 percent.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19681802991 DE1802991B2 (de) | 1968-10-14 | 1968-10-14 | Verwendung einer desoxydationslegierung zur herstellung von zumstranggiessen geeigneten stahlschmelzen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3649253A true US3649253A (en) | 1972-03-14 |
Family
ID=5710489
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US864881A Expired - Lifetime US3649253A (en) | 1968-10-14 | 1969-10-08 | Deoxidation of aluminum-killed molten steel |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3649253A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| AT (1) | AT318688B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| BE (1) | BE740186A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE1802991B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR2020663B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1226738A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| PL (1) | PL80285B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| SE (1) | SE356762B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4017310A (en) * | 1975-12-31 | 1977-04-12 | Union Carbide Corporation | Method for making strontium additions to ferrosilicon |
| US4185999A (en) * | 1978-05-31 | 1980-01-29 | Union Carbide Corporation | Barium-strontium-silicon-aluminum master alloy |
| US4531972A (en) * | 1983-03-15 | 1985-07-30 | Vallourec | Method for the fabrication of steels with high machinability |
| US6350295B1 (en) | 2001-06-22 | 2002-02-26 | Clayton A. Bulan, Jr. | Method for densifying aluminum and iron briquettes and adding to steel |
| WO2020010206A1 (en) * | 2018-07-03 | 2020-01-09 | Bozel Brasil Sa | Calcium, aluminum and silicon alloy, as well as a process for the production of the same |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HU179333B (en) * | 1978-10-04 | 1982-09-28 | Vasipari Kutato Intezet | Method and apparatus for decreasing the unclusion contents and refining the structure of steels |
| FR2445385A1 (fr) * | 1978-12-26 | 1980-07-25 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Alliage pour le traitement desoxydant de l'acier |
| FR2741359B1 (fr) * | 1995-11-16 | 1998-01-16 | Gm Metal | Alliage-mere d'aluminium |
| RU2215046C1 (ru) * | 2002-02-19 | 2003-10-27 | Открытое акционерное общество "Магнитогорский металлургический комбинат" | Способ внепечной обработки стали |
| RU2228371C1 (ru) * | 2002-12-24 | 2004-05-10 | ООО "Сорби стил" | Способ обработки стали в ковше |
| RU2228373C1 (ru) * | 2003-04-22 | 2004-05-10 | ООО "Сорби стил" | Способ рафинирования низкокремнистой стали в ковше |
| RU2247158C1 (ru) * | 2004-06-18 | 2005-02-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "АМЮС" | Способ внепечного легирования железоуглеродистых сплавов в ковше |
| RU2364649C1 (ru) * | 2007-12-26 | 2009-08-20 | Андрей Владимирович Чайкин | Модификатор с рафинирующим эффектом |
| RU2502808C1 (ru) * | 2012-06-22 | 2013-12-27 | Дмитрий Юрьевич Пимнев | Состав для модифицирования и рафинирования железоуглеродистых и цветных сплавов (варианты) |
| RU2623966C2 (ru) * | 2015-12-23 | 2017-06-29 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "АВАНГАРД-ЛИТ" | Способ модифицирования алюминиево-кремниевых сплавов |
| RU2638470C1 (ru) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-12-13 | Сергей Николаевич Неретин | Раскислитель для стали |
| RU2704153C1 (ru) * | 2019-04-01 | 2019-10-24 | федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Нижегородский государственный технический университет им. Р.Е. Алексеева" (НГТУ) | Модифицирующая смесь |
| CN112063799A (zh) * | 2020-09-11 | 2020-12-11 | 西峡县众德汽车部件有限公司 | 一种炼钢脱氧剂及其制备方法、应用和使用方法 |
| WO2023224516A1 (en) * | 2022-05-16 | 2023-11-23 | Obshestvo S Ogranichennoy Otvetstvennostyu “Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoe Obyedinenie “Karbid” | Alloy for processing of iron melts in the processes of ferrous metallurgy |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3000731A (en) * | 1958-02-03 | 1961-09-19 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Fine-grained steels |
| US3131058A (en) * | 1962-03-05 | 1964-04-28 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Method of manufacturing fine grained and clean steels |
| US3275433A (en) * | 1963-12-02 | 1966-09-27 | Union Carbide Corp | Steel treating agent consisting of ba-ca-al-fe-mn-si |
| US3459537A (en) * | 1966-08-25 | 1969-08-05 | United States Steel Corp | Continuously cast steel slabs and method of making same |
| US3540882A (en) * | 1967-07-24 | 1970-11-17 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Metal refining agent consisting of al-mn-ca alloy |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB527579A (en) * | 1939-04-15 | 1940-10-11 | Electro Metallurg Co | Improvements in silicon alloys |
-
1968
- 1968-10-14 DE DE19681802991 patent/DE1802991B2/de active Pending
-
1969
- 1969-09-25 AT AT909569A patent/AT318688B/de active
- 1969-10-08 US US864881A patent/US3649253A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1969-10-09 PL PL1969136236A patent/PL80285B1/pl unknown
- 1969-10-10 GB GB1226738D patent/GB1226738A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-10-13 SE SE14006/69A patent/SE356762B/xx unknown
- 1969-10-13 BE BE740186D patent/BE740186A/xx unknown
- 1969-10-14 FR FR6935125A patent/FR2020663B1/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3000731A (en) * | 1958-02-03 | 1961-09-19 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Fine-grained steels |
| US3131058A (en) * | 1962-03-05 | 1964-04-28 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Method of manufacturing fine grained and clean steels |
| US3275433A (en) * | 1963-12-02 | 1966-09-27 | Union Carbide Corp | Steel treating agent consisting of ba-ca-al-fe-mn-si |
| US3459537A (en) * | 1966-08-25 | 1969-08-05 | United States Steel Corp | Continuously cast steel slabs and method of making same |
| US3540882A (en) * | 1967-07-24 | 1970-11-17 | Res Inst Iron Steel | Metal refining agent consisting of al-mn-ca alloy |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4017310A (en) * | 1975-12-31 | 1977-04-12 | Union Carbide Corporation | Method for making strontium additions to ferrosilicon |
| US4185999A (en) * | 1978-05-31 | 1980-01-29 | Union Carbide Corporation | Barium-strontium-silicon-aluminum master alloy |
| US4531972A (en) * | 1983-03-15 | 1985-07-30 | Vallourec | Method for the fabrication of steels with high machinability |
| US6350295B1 (en) | 2001-06-22 | 2002-02-26 | Clayton A. Bulan, Jr. | Method for densifying aluminum and iron briquettes and adding to steel |
| WO2020010206A1 (en) * | 2018-07-03 | 2020-01-09 | Bozel Brasil Sa | Calcium, aluminum and silicon alloy, as well as a process for the production of the same |
| US11486026B2 (en) | 2018-07-03 | 2022-11-01 | Bozel Brasil Sa | Calcium, aluminum and silicon alloy, as well as a process for the production of the same |
| US11486027B2 (en) | 2018-07-03 | 2022-11-01 | Bozel Brasil Sa | Calcium, aluminum and silicon alloy, as well as a process for the production of the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE1802991A1 (de) | 1971-06-16 |
| SU364172A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1972-12-25 |
| AT318688B (de) | 1974-11-11 |
| GB1226738A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1971-03-31 |
| FR2020663A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-07-17 |
| BE740186A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1970-03-16 |
| FR2020663B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1975-08-01 |
| SE356762B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-06-04 |
| PL80285B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1975-08-30 |
| DE1802991B2 (de) | 1972-02-17 |
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