US3567432A - Metal casting - Google Patents
Metal casting Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3567432A US3567432A US657063A US3567432DA US3567432A US 3567432 A US3567432 A US 3567432A US 657063 A US657063 A US 657063A US 3567432D A US3567432D A US 3567432DA US 3567432 A US3567432 A US 3567432A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fluoride
- flux
- steel
- ingot
- ingots
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005058 metal casting Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 14
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- KRMAWHGVFKZFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si][Si][Fe] Chemical compound [Si][Si][Fe] KRMAWHGVFKZFFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910001618 alkaline earth metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001515 alkali metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 3
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010039509 Scab Diseases 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 sodium aluminum fluoride Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940125810 compound 20 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010041382 compound 20 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CC1=CC=CC=C1 CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C[CH]C=CC3=CC2=C1 RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
- B22D27/06—Heating the top discard of ingots
Definitions
- This invention relates to compositions for use in pouring molten metals, particularly to the casting of ferrous ingots.
- a principal aim of casting pit practice is to produce ingots which have a minimum of surface and internal d fects, such as cavities or inclusions.
- the former may be avoided, as is well known, by correct hot topping procedures.
- the removal of both surface and internal inclusions is still a major problem.
- the amount of inclusion depends on many factors, and much attention is at present paid to correct teeming speeds and temperatures, teeming nozzle diameters, and the correct use of suitable coatings on the internal walls of the mould.
- slag cover provides an insulating cover to the ingot and accordingly a reduction in the quantity of anti-piping insulation required.
- Such slags as are used for bottom pouring are, however, unsuitable for top pouring since their viscosity is too high and only partial melting occurs at steel making temperatures.
- a suitable material for top pouring must have a low viscosity and a low melting point.
- the alkali and alkaline earth metal fluorides have these properties.
- a process for the production of steel ingots which comprises top-pouring molten steel through a flux composition comprising one or more fluorides and one or more alkali metal carbonates.
- Preferred fluorides are alkaline earth metal fluorides, notably calcium fluoride, possibly in admixture with only minor proportions of sodium aluminum fluoride (cryolite) or alkali metal fluorides in order to reduce fume to a minimum. These have melting points about 200 C. below steel making temperatures, and are thus very fluid at such temperatures. They also dissolve silica, alumina and manganese dioxide (common deoxidation products in steel) at this temperature, and on cooling a solid solution is formed, rather than the dissolved matter coming out of solution.
- alkali metal carbonates sodium carbonate is preferred.
- the flux compositions may contain other ingredients for special purposes.
- the inclusion is the flux of anthracene or other polynuclear aromatic compound (e.g. naphthalene, acenaphthene, diphenyl, diphenylmethane, indene, fluorene, or phenanthrene.
- anthracene or other polynuclear aromatic compound e.g. naphthalene, acenaphthene, diphenyl, diphenylmethane, indene, fluorene, or phenanthrene.
- anthracene or other polynuclear aromatic compound has two important advantages. First its combustion leads to a reducing atmosphere over the molten metal, which protects the metal stream. In addition, anthracene vapour sublines on the cold walls of the mould, ahead of the rising metal surface. If any splashes of molten metal impinge on the mould wall, they do not remain there to form scabs on the side of the finished ingot, but are blown off the wall by the immediate volatilisation of the anthracene on the wall. This leads to a much improved surface finish.
- the surface quality is further improved by the presence of the fluid flux.
- the flux runs into and fills any imperfections such as cracks, or crazing in the mould walls, which prevents the metal entering into such cracks.
- the fume level of the composition of the present invention is sufliciently low to allow normal foundry use.
- compositions are preferably applied in powdered form. It has been found that pelleted material, though effective, sometimes tends to become undesirably trapped in the molten metal.
- Preferred flux compositions for use in the process of the present invention include the following ingredients in the proportions by Weight indicated:
- Percent Alkaline earth metal fluorodie 25-90 Alkali metal carbonate 1-30 Alkali metal fluoride or complex fluoride 0-10 3 Percent Anthracene or other polynuclear aromatic compound -20 Calcium oxide 0-35 Ferrosilicon 0-20
- All parts and percentages are by weight.
- the method of the invention may of course be employed in continuous casting, giving cast strands of improved quality.
- a process for the production of steel ingots comprising the steps of top-pouring molten steel into an ingot mould through a flux composition, said flux composition including at least one fluoride, at least one alkali metal carbonate, and a polynuclear aromatic compound, and subsequently allowing the poured molten steel to solidify in the ingot mould.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Abstract
IN THE PRODUCTION OF STEEL INGOTS, THE STEEL IS POURED INTO THE INGOT MOULD THROUGH A FLUX LAYER, THE FLUX INCLUDING AT LEAST ONE FLUORIDE, AND AT LEAST ONE ALKALI METAL CARBONATE. PREFERRED FLUX COMPOSITIONS INCLUDE CALCIUM FLUORIDE, SODIUM CARBONATE, ANTHRACENE, CALCIUM OXIDE AND FERROSILICON.
Description
United States Patent 3,567,432 METAL CASTING Anthony Charles Wardell, Nechells, Birmingham, England, assignor to Foseco International Limited, Birmingham, England No Drawing. Filed July 31, 1967, Ser. No. 657,063 Claims priority, application Great Britain, Aug. 16, 1966, 36,626/66 Int. Cl. C22b 9/10; C23c 1/12 US. C]. 75-94 7 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE In the production of steel ingots, the steel is poured into the ingot mould through a flux layer, the flux including at least one fluoride, and at least one alkali metal carbonate. Preferred flux compositions include calcium fluoride, sodium carbonate, anthracene, calcium oxide and ferrosilicon.
This invention relates to compositions for use in pouring molten metals, particularly to the casting of ferrous ingots.
A principal aim of casting pit practice is to produce ingots which have a minimum of surface and internal d fects, such as cavities or inclusions. The former may be avoided, as is well known, by correct hot topping procedures. However, the removal of both surface and internal inclusions is still a major problem. The amount of inclusion depends on many factors, and much attention is at present paid to correct teeming speeds and temperatures, teeming nozzle diameters, and the correct use of suitable coatings on the internal walls of the mould. These measures, however, do not give wholly satisfactory ingots, though they do effect some improvements.
The well known work which has been carried out on electro slag remelting, and the Perrin process, have demonstrated well the advantages which may be gained in this field by pouring the molten metal through a slag cover. The surface quality is greatly improved by these methods, and the number of surface defects is lowered, together with the number of inclusions.
It is possible to produce a similar effect and an improvement in surface quality by bottom-pouring ingots, and letting the molten metal rise up under a slag cover. A further advantage of these methods is that the slag cover provides an insulating cover to the ingot and accordingly a reduction in the quantity of anti-piping insulation required. Such slags as are used for bottom pouring are, however, unsuitable for top pouring since their viscosity is too high and only partial melting occurs at steel making temperatures.
Thus, a suitable material for top pouring must have a low viscosity and a low melting point. The alkali and alkaline earth metal fluorides have these properties.
Advantages may be gained by top pouring through an alkali or alkaline earth metal fluoride flux. However, the fume level of this process is high. By using low fluoride content compositions the fume may be reduced and some surface quality improvement is still obtained. It has further been stated that benefits may be obtained by top pouring through a Slag of stearic acid, fluoride and soda ash. However the reaction of this mixture with steel is somewhat violent, and the fume level remains unacceptable.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the production of steel ingots with improved surface qualities and a low content of sub-surface inclusions which comprises top-pouring molten steel into an ingot mould containing a flux composition of low melt- 3,567,432 Patented Mar. 2, 1971 ing point and viscosity at steel making temperatures, together with low fume producing propensity.
According to the present invention there is provided a process for the production of steel ingots which comprises top-pouring molten steel through a flux composition comprising one or more fluorides and one or more alkali metal carbonates.
Preferred fluorides are alkaline earth metal fluorides, notably calcium fluoride, possibly in admixture with only minor proportions of sodium aluminum fluoride (cryolite) or alkali metal fluorides in order to reduce fume to a minimum. These have melting points about 200 C. below steel making temperatures, and are thus very fluid at such temperatures. They also dissolve silica, alumina and manganese dioxide (common deoxidation products in steel) at this temperature, and on cooling a solid solution is formed, rather than the dissolved matter coming out of solution.
Of the alkali metal carbonates, sodium carbonate is preferred.
The flux compositions may contain other ingredients for special purposes. Thus for example, the inclusion is the flux of anthracene or other polynuclear aromatic compound (e.g. naphthalene, acenaphthene, diphenyl, diphenylmethane, indene, fluorene, or phenanthrene.
The addition of anthracene or other polynuclear aromatic compound, it has been found, has two important advantages. First its combustion leads to a reducing atmosphere over the molten metal, which protects the metal stream. In addition, anthracene vapour sublines on the cold walls of the mould, ahead of the rising metal surface. If any splashes of molten metal impinge on the mould wall, they do not remain there to form scabs on the side of the finished ingot, but are blown off the wall by the immediate volatilisation of the anthracene on the wall. This leads to a much improved surface finish.
It is possible to include also calcium oxide and ferrosilicon in the flux composition, to improve sulphur removal.
The desulphurisation of the molten metal by the calcium oxide and ferrosilicon proceeds according to the formula However, the extent of sulphur removal using this method is only about 10% at maximum.
The surface quality is further improved by the presence of the fluid flux. As the fluid layer rises up the mould walls ahead of the molten metal surface, the flux runs into and fills any imperfections such as cracks, or crazing in the mould walls, which prevents the metal entering into such cracks.
The fume level of the composition of the present invention is sufliciently low to allow normal foundry use.
The compositions are preferably applied in powdered form. It has been found that pelleted material, though effective, sometimes tends to become undesirably trapped in the molten metal.
It can be shown from analysis of the slag remaining on the ingot surface after solidification that it is a multiphase system, showing that non-metallic matter has been removed from the cast metal. The presence of small amounts of alumina and silica is generally detectable.
Preferred flux compositions for use in the process of the present invention include the following ingredients in the proportions by Weight indicated:
Percent Alkaline earth metal fluorodie 25-90 Alkali metal carbonate 1-30 Alkali metal fluoride or complex fluoride 0-10 3 Percent Anthracene or other polynuclear aromatic compound -20 Calcium oxide 0-35 Ferrosilicon 0-20 The following examples will serve to illustrate the invention. All parts and percentages are by weight.
EXAMPLE 1 The following ingredients were powedered and mixed together in the proportions given:
170 gm. of this composition was placed in the bottom of a 100 lb. ingot mould, and steel, of carbon content 0.35%, which had been melted in a high frequency furnace and deoxidized using 500 gm. aluminum, 500 gm. ferromanganese and 350 gm. ferrosilicon per 380 lbs. of steel, was poured in. A control 100 lb. ingot was also poured. After cooling, the ingots were inspected for surface finish. The treated ingot had a surface considerably freer from inclusions and scabs. The ingots were then sectioned and the inclusion level determined. The test ingot showed an inclusion level reduction of 70% over the control ingot.
EXAMPLE 2 Percent Calcium fluoride 75 Sodium carbonate 22 /2 Sodium fluoride 2 /2 EXAMPLE 3 Percent Calcium fluoride 77.5 Sodium carbonate 2O Anthracene 2 /2 This type of recipe was successfuly applied to the casting of 24-ton forging ingots where it became possible to teem at extremly low rates (vis 6" per minute) at a low temperature (1570 C.) in order to produce a sound ingot structure with a minimum of ingot cracking. Following an application at the rate of one pound per ton of steel, ingots with excellent surfaces were produced, being free from laps and deoxidation product inclusions in the surface vicinity. Normally, in order to avoid lap formation it is necessary to teem at a higher temperature (say 1590 C.) at a rate measured in feet per minute (6 per minute). Naturally, such a procedure involves much greater turbulence and the risk of inclusions being carried within the body of the solidified ingot.
The method of the invention may of course be employed in continuous casting, giving cast strands of improved quality.
I claim as my invention:
1. In a process for the production of steel ingots, comprising the steps of top-pouring molten steel into an ingot mould through a flux composition, said flux composition including at least one fluoride, at least one alkali metal carbonate, and a polynuclear aromatic compound, and subsequently allowing the poured molten steel to solidify in the ingot mould.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein at least some fluoride employed is alkaline earth metal fluoride.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein the alkaline earth metal fluoride is calcium fluoride.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein the carbonate employed is sodium carbonate.
5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the said aromatic compound is anthracene.
6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the flux further contains calcium oxide and ferrosilicon.
7. In the continuous casting of molten steel, the steps of pouring the molten steel into a continuous casting mould through a flux composition, said flux composition including at least one fluoride, at least one alkali metal carbonate, and a polynuclear aromatic compound, and subsequently allowing the molten steel to solidify in said mould.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,245,651 6/1941 Craig 22-189 3,322,518 5/ 1967 Hammerton 44-7 3,376,914 4/1968 Emmott 164-33 1,810,070 11/1928 Hamlin 4 2,281,528 4/1940 Berger 7594 2,918,364 10/1957 Lesher 754 3,258,328 6/1966 Goss 7553 3,278,294 10/ 1966 Feldmann 75-53 3,320,052 5/1967 Bowden 7553 OTHER REFERENCES Van Nostrands Scientific Encyclopedia, pp. 104-O5 (1968).
ALLEN B. CURTIS, Primary Examiner P. D. ROSENBERG, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 14823
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB36626/66A GB1156845A (en) | 1966-08-16 | 1966-08-16 | Improvements in or relating to Metal Casting. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3567432A true US3567432A (en) | 1971-03-02 |
Family
ID=10389819
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US657063A Expired - Lifetime US3567432A (en) | 1966-08-16 | 1967-07-31 | Metal casting |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3567432A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS524253B1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR6791855D0 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1156845A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE333042B (en) |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3716352A (en) * | 1969-10-24 | 1973-02-13 | Kawasaki Steel Co | Sintered desulfurizer for off-furnace use |
| US3748121A (en) * | 1970-04-20 | 1973-07-24 | Foseco Int | Treatment of molten ferrous metals |
| US3862837A (en) * | 1968-01-11 | 1975-01-28 | Kokichi Otani | Process of reforming metal material |
| US3992195A (en) * | 1974-04-20 | 1976-11-16 | Thyssen Niederrhein Ag Hutten- Und Walzwerke | Process for the production of steel with increased ductility |
| US4014685A (en) * | 1973-11-27 | 1977-03-29 | Foseco International Limited | Manufacture of steel |
| US4014684A (en) * | 1973-11-27 | 1977-03-29 | Foseco International Limited | Manufacture of steel |
| US4067730A (en) * | 1974-04-20 | 1978-01-10 | Thyssen Niederrhein Ag Hutten-Und Walzwerke | Process for the production of steel with increased ductility |
| US4167409A (en) * | 1977-08-23 | 1979-09-11 | Union Carbide Corporation | Process for lowering the sulfur content of vanadium-carbon materials used as additions to steel |
| US4180616A (en) * | 1976-11-25 | 1979-12-25 | Multicore Solders Limited | Soft soldering |
| US4202692A (en) * | 1978-02-01 | 1980-05-13 | The Clay Harden Company | Tundish flux powder |
| US4398946A (en) * | 1980-09-03 | 1983-08-16 | Werner Kessl Giessereibedarf Gmbh | Method of homogenizing cast iron melts and compacts for the carrying out thereof |
| USRE31676E (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1984-09-18 | Thyssen Aktiengesellschaft vorm August Thyssen-Hutte AG | Method and apparatus for dispensing a fluidizable solid from a pressure vessel |
-
1966
- 1966-08-16 GB GB36626/66A patent/GB1156845A/en not_active Expired
-
1967
- 1967-07-31 US US657063A patent/US3567432A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1967-08-04 BR BR191855/67A patent/BR6791855D0/en unknown
- 1967-08-14 SE SE11450/67A patent/SE333042B/xx unknown
- 1967-08-16 JP JP42052266A patent/JPS524253B1/ja active Pending
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3862837A (en) * | 1968-01-11 | 1975-01-28 | Kokichi Otani | Process of reforming metal material |
| US3716352A (en) * | 1969-10-24 | 1973-02-13 | Kawasaki Steel Co | Sintered desulfurizer for off-furnace use |
| US3748121A (en) * | 1970-04-20 | 1973-07-24 | Foseco Int | Treatment of molten ferrous metals |
| US4014685A (en) * | 1973-11-27 | 1977-03-29 | Foseco International Limited | Manufacture of steel |
| US4014684A (en) * | 1973-11-27 | 1977-03-29 | Foseco International Limited | Manufacture of steel |
| US3992195A (en) * | 1974-04-20 | 1976-11-16 | Thyssen Niederrhein Ag Hutten- Und Walzwerke | Process for the production of steel with increased ductility |
| US4067730A (en) * | 1974-04-20 | 1978-01-10 | Thyssen Niederrhein Ag Hutten-Und Walzwerke | Process for the production of steel with increased ductility |
| US4180616A (en) * | 1976-11-25 | 1979-12-25 | Multicore Solders Limited | Soft soldering |
| US4167409A (en) * | 1977-08-23 | 1979-09-11 | Union Carbide Corporation | Process for lowering the sulfur content of vanadium-carbon materials used as additions to steel |
| US4202692A (en) * | 1978-02-01 | 1980-05-13 | The Clay Harden Company | Tundish flux powder |
| US4398946A (en) * | 1980-09-03 | 1983-08-16 | Werner Kessl Giessereibedarf Gmbh | Method of homogenizing cast iron melts and compacts for the carrying out thereof |
| USRE31676E (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1984-09-18 | Thyssen Aktiengesellschaft vorm August Thyssen-Hutte AG | Method and apparatus for dispensing a fluidizable solid from a pressure vessel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1156845A (en) | 1969-07-02 |
| SE333042B (en) | 1971-03-01 |
| BR6791855D0 (en) | 1973-02-15 |
| JPS524253B1 (en) | 1977-02-02 |
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