US3626482A - Method and apparatus for measuring lithological characteristics of rocks - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for measuring lithological characteristics of rocks Download PDF

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Publication number
US3626482A
US3626482A US868873A US3626482DA US3626482A US 3626482 A US3626482 A US 3626482A US 868873 A US868873 A US 868873A US 3626482D A US3626482D A US 3626482DA US 3626482 A US3626482 A US 3626482A
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Prior art keywords
drilling
tool
signal
vibrations
frequency
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US868873A
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Claude Jean Quichaud
Michel H Raynaud
Jean Lutz
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Societe Nationale des Petroles dAquitaine SA
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Societe Nationale des Petroles dAquitaine SA
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Priority claimed from FR177543A external-priority patent/FR96617E/fr
Priority claimed from FR6905142A external-priority patent/FR2033551A5/fr
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00—Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B12/00—Accessories for drilling tools
    • E21B12/02—Wear indicators

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method by which physical and mechanical characteristics of rocks are measured during drilling, com- [54] METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING prises picking up a signal representing the yibrations of a train LITHOLOGICAL CHA A OF ROCKS of rods formmg part of dr1ll1ng gear, selectmg the components 27 Claim 10 Drawing Figs, of the said signal which, after peak-clipping, are m a frequency 2 U s 7 band which is centered on, and preferably is related to, a [5 1 5/25, E characterisfic frequency of the tool establishing from the 5 1 "i 73/151 components thus selected, a value which is representative of l] l- ..I.
  • One of the objects of the invention is to provide means whereby it is possible to process the crude information delivered by a vibration pickup device, with the object of supplying instantaneous information relating to the characteristics of the rock as this is actually being drilled.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide means which will enable an instantaneous signal to be obtained which is representative of the physical and mechanical properties of the rock, as these are picked up by the drilling tool, and which signal is capable of being used after processing as a value from which command signals can be established for automatically controlling the drilling.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide means with which it is possible to deliver, as a function of the progress of the drilling, a diagraph which is representative of the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks encountered by the tool.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain, as a function of the depth at which the tool is operating, a value which is directly related to the physical, mechanical and stratigraphic properties of the rocks being attached by the drilling tool.
  • the method according to the invention comprises collecting, at at least one point located on a measuring section of drilling gear which is provided at its lower part with a drilling tool, signals which are representative of the vibratory state of the drilling gear at this point, bringing the values of parasitic voltages which are beyond two predetermined levels and are of opposite signs, to values equal to these levels, selecting from the signal thus processed, a frequency band centered on a frequency equal to the product of the frequency of rotation of the tool times the number of operative elements of the tool, measuring the amplitude of the signal thus selected, the value thereof being directly related to the lithological properties of the rocks attached by the drilling tool, and correlating this value with the depth at which the tool is working.
  • the characteristic emission spectrum of the drilling tool that is to say the spectrum of frequencies which arises when the attacking elements of the tool act on the rock for the purpose of breaking it down, varies with the frequency of rotation of the tool and with the number of attacking elements carried by the said tool.
  • the spectrum of frequencies which is received is useless without filtration, because of the composite character which arises due to the transfer function of the rods.
  • the numbers which are characteristic of the arrangement of the operative elements of the tool are defined, in the case of cutter wheel tools, by the number of cutter wheels or by the number of teeth in one of the rows of teeth of a cutter wheel, and in the caselof diamond tools, by the number of diamond-bearing areas.
  • the number of wheels which form the primary attacking elements may be two, three or four, depending on circumstances.
  • each cutter wheel can vary. There may be, for example, approximately 20 teeth in the outer row of teeth carried by the wheel and from eight to 10 teeth in the intermediate row of teeth carried by the wheel.
  • the number of elements for attacking the rock is determined by the number of surfaces on which the diamonds are mounted, these surfaces being separated by channels.
  • the method according to the invention can be carried into effect by collecting a single vibratory signal and processing it by the method referred to above.
  • the result thus obtained enables information to be collected regarding the lithological properties of good quality rocks.
  • signals representing the vibratory state of the drilling gear are collected at at least one pair of points diametrically opposite one another on the drilling gear and the algebraic summation or the instantaneous differencing of these signals is effected.
  • two vibratory signals are collected by means of pickup devices positioned on two diametrically opposed generatrices of the drilling gear, the two pickup devices being offset axially by from 2 centimeters to 9 meters.
  • the signal may be picked up at a measuring section, the location of which is chosen to be, according to the circumstances, either at the upper part of the drilling gear or at a place near the tool.
  • a first mode of carrying out the method according to the invention there is collected at the measuring section of the drilling gear at least one signal which is representative of the longitudinal vibrations of the said drilling gear, when using drilling tools comprising cutter wheels.
  • this first mode of carrying out the method according to the invention there is collected at the upper part of the drilling gear, by means of accelerometers, at least one signal representing the longitudinal accelerations generated in the said gear by the operation of the drilling tool, the bearing faces of the accelerometers being horizontal, opposed to one another and offset axially.
  • At least one signal representative of the stresses existing in the drilling gear is collected at the measuring section, by means of a plurality of strain gauges arranged parallel to the axis of the drilling gear and in a plane perpendicular to the said axis.
  • a signal representative of the torsional vibrations to which the said gear is subjected when using diamond drilling tools is collected at the upper part of the measuring section.
  • the torsional accelerations to which the drilling gear is subjected are collected at the measuring section, the signal being picked up by means of accelerometers which are arranged beneath the rotary table used for driving the drilling gear in rotation and the electrical axes of which are located in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the drilling gear.
  • the torsional stresses to which the drilling gear is subjected are collected at a measuring section of the said gear, the pickup of the signal again being effected by means of strain gauges arranged beneath the rotary table by means of which the drilling gear is driven in rotation, the gauges being inclined at 45 to the drilling gear.
  • the measuring section When the measuring section is located at the upper part of the drilling gear the longitudinal vibrations are picked up above the rotary table, while the torsional vibrations are picked up below the rotary table, the pickup devices being positioned in accordance with the nature of the vibrations which are to be collected, as will be apparent to anyone skilled in the art.
  • the collected signal is processed in an electronic unit situated near the point at which the signal is picked up and, after processing, it is correlated with the drilling depth.
  • the signal is treated at the bottom of the drill-hole and a signal representing the amplitude of the selected signal is transmitted to the surface either by way of the train of rods, using a suitable device such as a magnetostrictive bar or a piezoelectric crystal, or by means of the stream of mud, the pressure of which is modulated, by means of a valve for example.
  • a suitable device such as a magnetostrictive bar or a piezoelectric crystal, or by means of the stream of mud, the pressure of which is modulated, by means of a valve for example.
  • the invention is also concerned with apparatus enabling the aforesaid methods to be carried into efi'ect, and comprising at least one vibration pickup device arranged on the measuring section of the drilling gear and fast with the latter, and delivering an electrical signal, means for processing the said signal in such a way as to limit its potential to two predetermined values, means for selecting a frequency band of the signal thus processed, centered on a frequency equal to the product of the frequency of rotation of the tool, times the number of operative elements of the latter, means for establishing from this selected signal fraction a value representing; the amplitude of this signal fraction and means for measuring this amplitude and correlating it with the depth at which the drilling tool is operating.
  • the apparatus used preferably comprises at least one pair of pickup devices and means for effecting the algebraic summation or the instantaneous differencing of the signals obtained from each pickup device, in order to obtain a single signal.
  • the forms of apparatus described below relate to these two modes of carrying out the invention but they are applicable more particularly to use with a pair of pickup devices.
  • a similar system can be used when the signal is collected by a single pickup device, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
  • the devices for picking up longitudinal vibrations are constituted by two accelerometers disposed on opposite generatrices of a sleeve interposed between the injection head and the rod which drives the drilling gear in rotation, the accelerometers being placed on shoulders which are perpendicular to the axis of the sleeve and offset axially by from 2 centimeters to 9 meters, the electrical axes of the accelerometers being parallel and opposed.
  • the devices for picking up torsional vibrations are constituted by two accelerometers placed on diametrically opposed generatrices of the lower part of the rod which drives the drilling gear, the accelerometers being arranged on shoulders parallel to the axis of the driving rod and located in the axial plane, their electrical axes being parallel and opposed and located in a single plane perpendicular to the axis of the drilling gear.
  • the devices for picking up longitudinal vibrations are strain gauges arranged on a sleeve interposed between the injection head and the rod for rotating the drilling gear, the pickups being placed at two diametrically opposed and axially offset points on the surface of the said sleeve.
  • the devices for picking up torsional vibrations are constituted by strain gauges arranged on the lower part of the rod by which the drilling gear is driven, the gauges being placed at two diametrically opposed points on the surface of the said sleeve, located in the same plane.
  • the first and third embodiments are preferably used when it is desired to observe the longitudinal vibrations, which permit of obtaining a useful signal when using tools operating by percussion, for example tools having cutter wheels, whereas the second and fourth embodiments are preferably used when it is desired to collect a useful signal when using tools such as diamond tools.
  • the apparatus which is used at a place near the drilling tool can be constituted in one of the following ways:
  • a first embodiment consists in placing an accelerometer which picks up longitudinal vibrations on a measuring connector disposed on the drilling gear at a place near the tool, the electrical axis of the said accelerometer being parallel to the axis of the drilling gear and this accelerometer supplying an electrical signal to a processing circuit which limits the potential of the signal, selects a frequency band, determines the amplitude of the said selected signal and uses this amplitude to control a device for transmitting this amplitude to a detector located at the upper part of the drilling gear, the said amplitude then being correlated with the drilling depth.
  • strain gauges for measuring longitudinal vibrations can equally well be used with one pickup device or a pair of pickup devices.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of apparatus according to the invention mounted on a drilling installation.
  • FIG. 2 shows the details of the mounting of accelerometers when these are arranged on a sleeve interposed between the injection head and the rod by which the drilling gear is driven.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the mounting of stress pickup devices arranged on a sleeve interposed between the injection head and the square rod.
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the electronic system of the arrangement which ensures the elimination of parasitic voltages due to shocks, in the case where accelerometers are used as pickup devices.
  • FIG. 5 is the circuit diagram of a filter used for selecting a frequency band when the frequency emitted by a cutter wheel tool rotating at a speed of 200 r.p.m. is picked up, and when the vibrations emitted by the external row of teeth of the cutter tool are collected.
  • FIG. 6 shows two diagraphs; the diagraph 73 is an acoustic diagraph obtained subsequently to drilling in the manner customarily in use hitherto, while the diagraph 74 is a diagraph obtained by the method according to the invention, concurrently with the drilling.
  • FIG. 7 shows an embodiment in which signals are collected at the bottom of a well or drill hole.
  • FIG. 8 shows a detail of the embodiment of FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 9 shows the detection circuit located at the upper part of the drilling gear for the purpose of detecting wavetrains emitted by the device of FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 10 shows a series of filters for adjacent frequencies, which are connected as a function of the operational speed of the drilling gear.
  • a drill derrick is represented at 1, the upper part 2 of the derrick carrying the stationary pulley assembly 3.
  • the cable assembly connecting the stationary pulley assembly 3 to the block 5 carrying the movable pulley assembly is indicated at 4.
  • a hook 6, which supports the injection head 7.
  • the upper part of this injection head 7 is fixed, while the lower part can be rotated by means of a bearing system.
  • Indicated at 8 is the flexible injection pipe which is connected at one end to the injection head 7 and at the other end to the sludge pump assembly, not shown in the drawing.
  • the rod by which the drilling gear is rotated is shown at 9.
  • This rod is frequently of square formation and, in the remainder of the description, it will be referred to simply as the square rod.”
  • This rod 9 is driven in rotation by the rotating table 10, which itself is driven by a motor (not shown).
  • a drill shaft is indicated diagrammatically at 11, while the drilling gear is shown at 12.
  • This drilling gear is provided at its lower end with a drilling tool, indicated at 20.
  • a device 13 for measuring vibrations Interposed between the injection head 7 and the square rod 9 is a device 13 for measuring vibrations, which will be described in detail with reference to the following figures.
  • the cable connecting the vibration measuring assembly 13 to the arrangement 15 which processes the electrical values representing the vibrations is indicated at 14.
  • This signal processing assembly is connected, in the embodiment shown in the drawings, to a recording unit 16, the winding movement of the record carrier of which is controlled by a motor 19, which motor is connected by a line 18 to a pickup device 17 permitting the progress of the drilling to be measured.
  • This measurement of the progress or advance of the drilling gives a measure of the variation in the level of the tool 20 in the drill hole 11 as a function of time.
  • FIG. 2 shows in greater detail the assembly 13 referred to in the foregoing description of the general arrangement.
  • This assembly is made in the form of a sleeve which connects the injection head 7 to the square rod 9.
  • the sleeve is represented at 21, this sleeve having a threaded female socket at its upper part and a male thread at its lower part.
  • a member 210 bears on the fixed part of the injection head 7 (FIG. 1) and thus causes the external part 22 of the arrangement shown in FIG. 2 to be held in a fixed position.
  • the sleeve 21 carries on its external surface, a shell 23 on which is fixed an insulating block 24, which is thus fast with the sleeve 21.
  • This block 24 carries a series of metal rings, represented at 25a, 25b, 25c, 25d. Facing the block 24 and carried by the fixed part 22 is a second insulating block 26.
  • This block 26 carries a series of brushes 27a, 27b, 27c, 27d which are adapted to slide on the rings 25a, 25b, 25c, 25d.
  • These brushes are connected to a series of electrical leads comprising a cable indicated at 28.
  • the cable 28 extends out of the arrangement through a protective housing 30.
  • Represented at 29 is a roller bearing carried by the sleeve 21 and there is also a stuffing box, the whole ensuring the fluidtightness of the chamber defined between the sleeve 21 and the external part 22. The fluid-tightness must be relatively good, so as to avoid fouling of the rings 25 and the brushes 27.
  • Represented at 31 is a quartz accelerometer which delivers an electric signal under the influence of an acceleration. This accelerometer is rigidly mounted on a shoulder machined in the sleeve 21. This pickup 31 is connected by a cable 31a to an impedance coupling device 32.
  • This impedance coupling device which may be for example a field effect transistor having an input impedance of several megohms and an output impedance of the order of 1 k0, is connected on the one hand to the ring 25d by means of a measuring cable, while a second input which supplies the feed voltage of the transistor is connected by a second cable to another ring 25b.
  • Indicated at 36 is a second accelerometer of the same type as the first, disposed on a generatrix of the sleeve diametrically opposite that on which the accelerometer 31 is positioned and at a distance of the order of a few tens of centimeters higher than this latter.
  • the accelerometer 36 is likewise connected by a cable 360 to an impedance coupling device 37 having two outputs, one of which is connected to the ring 250 while the other is connected to the ring 25b.
  • the connections are provided by the cables 38 and 39.
  • FIG. 3 shows another form of the vibration measuring assembly or pickup device indicated at 13 in the diagrammatic assembly shown in FIG. 1.
  • a sleeve 40 has a threaded female socket at its upper part and a male thread at its lower part.
  • Indicated at 41 is a member which is fast with the sleeve 40 and which carries an insulating block 42.
  • Represented at 43 is a jacket, which remains stationary by virtue of the fact that it is held fast, by means of a rod 44, with the upper part of the injection head. This jacket or chamber 43 thus remains stationary while the device described is being used.
  • the insulating block 42 carries a series of conducting rings 45a, 45b, 45c, 45d, these rings being connected by cables 46a, 46b, 46c, 46d to a series of stress gauges 47, 48, 49, 50.
  • the gauges 47 and 48 are mounted vertically, whereas the gauges 49 and 50 which are mounted horizontally, that is to say perpendicular to the axis of the sleeve 40, serve as compensation gauges.
  • the values recorded on the gauges 47 and 48 on the one hand, and on the gauges 49 and 50 on the other hand, are opposed to one another in a measuring bridge, taking account of the mechanical coefficients. Represented in FIG.
  • brushes 51a, 51b, 51c, 51d which slide on the rings 45a, 45b, 45c, 45d.
  • These brushes which are carried by an insulating block 52, are carried by the stationary jacket 43 and are connected to electrical leads 53a, 53b, 53c, 53d which are assembled to form a cable 54.
  • the vibration pickups where these are accelerometers or stress gauges, can be positioned at some other point of the drilling gear, such that these pickups are situated beneath the rotary table at the time of drilling.
  • Two longitudinal grooves are then formed in the square rod 9, permitting the passage of wires which connect the pickup devices to the collector system constituted by the rings and brushes.
  • the accelerometers are mounted in recesses formed at the base of the square rod, so that the operative faces are parallel to the axis of the square rod and are fixed relatively to shoulders on the said rod, the operative faces of the two accelerometers being disposed in the same plane on either side of the axis of the square rod.
  • FIG. 4 shows the amplifier-filter assembly which effects the algebraic sum of the two signals and eliminates the parasitic component of the signal, which is due to shocks.
  • the signals provided by the accelerometers give signals which are out of phase by l; these are applied to the two inputs 56a and 56b of a differential amplifier 56 with a gain of about 20, which thus gives, in effect, the algebraic sum of the two signals.
  • the differential amplifier 56 has a gain of 50,000 in open loop.
  • Connected between the two inputs 56a and 56b of the differential amplifier 56 is a diode, represented at 57.
  • Connected to the output 56c of the differential amplifier is a variable resistance 58, so that this resistance produces a feedback to the differential amplifier and brings the gain of the latter to a value close to 20.
  • a filter network which very strongly attenuates the signals which are beyond a predetermined frequency value; in a particular case, this value may be of the order of 5 kc./s., for example.
  • a number of pairs of diodes 60, 61 are connected between the terminals 560 and 560, so as to provide two series of diodes.
  • the diodes 60 of the first series are connected so that conduction is allowed in the direction from 56a towards 56c, while the diodes of the second series are connected so that conduction is allowed in the direction from 560 towards 56a.
  • the number of these diodes defines the threshold voltage of this system. With two pairs of diodes providing two series each containing two diodes, a peak-clipping threshold of the order of 1.2 volts is obtained, that is to say, a variable voltage of a maximum of i1 .2 volts is available between the reference line 7 62 and the output terminal 560. This makes it possible to eliminate the random signals of high amplitude which originate from phenomena foreign to the vibrations induced by the drilling tool.
  • FIG. illustrates a frequency selection arrangement.
  • the output signal from across the terminals 56c and 62 of the system shown in FIG. 4 is received at the input 63. It is applied through two transistors 64 and 65, which serve as impedance adapters or couplers, to a total feedback differential amplifier 66, and then to a frequency selector device 67' formed by a series of capacitances, resistances and self-inductances.
  • This filter is designed to act as a pass-band filter having a constant response coefficient in its narrow passband and an attenuation on either side of this band of about 50 decibels per octave.
  • the filtered signal is applied to the input of a second differential amplifier 68, in the output circuit of which two diodes 69 and 70 are connected to be effective in opposite directions. These diodes rectify the alternations of the vibratory signal and the rectified signals are applied to the respective inputs of a third differential amplifier 71.
  • the amplitudes of the positive and negative portions of the vibratory signal are thus added and, at the output 72, a signal is obtained which represents the maximum amplitude of the frequency band of the signal selected by the filter 67.
  • This electrical value is available either for being recorded, or for use for the automatic control of the drilling.
  • the signal is recorded or stored as a function of the depth at which the tool is working, using a pickup device by means of which it is possible to know the depth of the tool at any given time, for the purpose of controlling the advance of the recording medium or controlling the storage of the signal.
  • FIG. 6 represents at 73 a diagraph obtained by an acoustic method in a well drilled for the purpose of producing gas.
  • Represented at 74 is a diagraph obtained by the method provided by the invention.
  • the figures on the centerline of FIG. 6 represent the depths in meters at which are found the rocks whose properties are studied by the two methods. It will be seen that the general shape of the curves forming the two diagraphs is similar and that, in particular, the zones in which the speed of sound is high in the acoustic diagraph correspond to zones in which the amplitude of the vibratory signal observed by the method according to the invention has high values.
  • V is the speed of sound
  • L is the transmitter-receiver distance
  • the amplitude of the curve represents the amplitude of the signal processed by the method according to the invention.
  • the measurement obtained by the method according to the invention is proportional to the speed of sound in the rock and this is correlated to the hardness of the rocks and their degree of compactness or density.
  • the accelerometers 31 and 36 shown in FIG. 2 which are carried by the sleeve 21 and are located at 13 in FIG. 1, the accelerations resulting from longitudinal vibrations induced in the drilling gear by the operation of the cutter wheel tool are picked up.
  • the voltages delivered by these accelerometers are processed by the impedance adapters 32 and 37.
  • the low impedance voltage resulting therefrom is transmitted by the ring-brush system to the differential amplifier and voltage limiter assembly shown in FIG. 4. In this way, the components of the signal whose frequency is higher than 5 kc./s. are eliminated and also the amplitudes higher than about 1.2 volts.
  • the signal leaving the arrangement shown in FIG. 4 is applied to the input of the filter shown in FIG. 5, which ensures the filtering in a pass band which is between 40 and c./s. This band is centered on the frequency of 70 c./s., corresponding to a speed of rotation of the tool of 210 rpm. which produces an excitation frequency of the drilling gear of 70 c./s.
  • 20 elementary pulses are transmitted by the external row of teeth on each cutter. It was found that this transmission of pulses, accounted for by the external row of teeth, predominated over the transmissions accounted for by the cutters or by the teeth forming the intermediate row carried by each cutter.
  • the amplitude of the filtered signal is recorded as a function of the advance of the tool while the latter is working at the cutting position.
  • This signal can be used as an input value in an arrangement by means of which it is possible to establish, from this signal, control values serving for the automatic control of the drilling by acting on the brake of the winch of the drilling gear, so as to increase or decrease the weight bearing on the tool, and on the power supply to the motor, so as to vary the speed of rotation and/or the rate of delivery of the mud.
  • the transmission of the signals between the pickup devices and the processing circuits is effected, in the embodiments described above, by means of wired connections. It would be possible instead to achieve this connection by means of Herzian (radio) waves or by means of acoustic waves, for example ultrasonic waves.
  • a drilling derrick is shown at 101, a suspension cable assembly which supports a train of drilling rods 108, being shown at 102.
  • an injection head which pennits mud to be introduced into the drilling rods and a detection connector 104 receives information by way of the stream of mud, processes this information and transmits it to a memory store.
  • the rod which drives the drilling gear is shown at 105 while the rotary table is shown at 106.
  • a special measuring rod 110 serving for the transmission of signals from the bottom of the drill hole to the surface and which constitutes a part of the device according to the invention.
  • a receiver 113 is disposed at a certain distance from the drill hole to receive information passing by way of the connector 104 and permits one to obtain, as a function of the depth, a magnitude which is characteristic of the mechanical properties of the rocks, which magnitude can either be recorded or can be used for the automatic control of drilling.
  • the connector 104 is provided with a radio transmitter having an antenna 114.
  • the device 113 has a receiving antenna 115.
  • FIG. 8 shows the details of the rod 110 referred to in the description of HO. 7. It comprises a body 116. Inside this body there is disposed firstly an assembly 117 for modulating the pressure of the mud, constituted by a valve, the opening and closing of which are controlled sequentially by a circuit unit 118 receiving control signals from an electronic circuit 119 situated in the lower part of the body.
  • the valve member 1 l7 closes against a seat 120 through which the stream of mud normally passes, thereby producing pressure pulses. Signals coming from the electronic circuit 119 are transmitted to the pressure modulator by a connection 121.
  • the measuring connector 122 which is a rigid steel connector on which are mounted series of strain gauges 123 and 124 and/or acceleration pickups 125, 126 and 127.
  • This connector is protected from the external medium by the jacket 122a which is fixed at one of its ends and free at the other, fluidtightness being provided at this other end by means of a toroidal washer.
  • the various pickups are connected by cables which pass through a tube 128 which connects the chamber defined between the connector and the jacket to the electronic assembly 1 19.
  • the stream of mud after passing through the space between the valve member 117 and the seat 121), flows around the modulation device 118 and passes into the interior 129 of the measuring connector.
  • a recess 130 allows the stream of mud to pass into the annular space 131 surrounding the electronic assembly 119.
  • Recesses 132 allow the current of mud to pass back into the interior of the tool-carrier 133 by way of the tube 134. Meanwhile the current of mud is used to drive a turbine 135 which supplies the electrical energy necessary for the operation of the electronic assembly 119.
  • Acceleration detectors 126 are placed on the two opposite generatrices of the connector in such a way that their axis is parallel to the axis of the connector.
  • the acceleration detectors 125 are arranged on the opposite generatrices at the same height, their axis being perpendicular to the axis of the connector.
  • the detectors 125 permit torsional vibrations to be selected while the detectors 126 permit longitudinal vibrations to be selected.
  • the detector 127 is arranged parallel to the detector 125, this single detector permitting a sinusoidal oscillation to be obtained whose period is directly related to the speed of rotation.
  • This detector enables the basic frequency to be defined, upon a multiple of which basic frequency the filtering of the vibrations is centered.
  • the frequency upon which the frequency is centered is a multiple of the speed of rotation.
  • the gauges 123 and 124 permit either the longitudinal vibrations or the torsional vibrations to be selected.
  • the gauges are arrangedin a half-bridge in a direction which is related to the type of vibration which one wishes to measure.
  • acceleration detectors and deformation gauges have been shown in the same figure, one of these assemblies can be used on its own in order to select one or the other mode of vibrations, according to whichever may appear more representative.
  • acceleration detectors When acceleration detectors are used they are disposed on two opposite generatrices of the measuring connector and the electrical signals supplied by these detectors are opposed to one another in a differential amplifier. in this way the signals representing the vibratory state which is being investigated are added while all the signals representing parasitic vibrations are eliminated.
  • the differential amplifier At the output of the differential amplifier there is available a single signal whose amplitude is substantially double the effective signal supplied by one of the detectors. This signal is then processed. in a first stage the amplitude is limited to a value which is determined in advance; this can be done in a saturation amplifier whose maximum amplitude is. detertreated is applied to a band-pass filter whose mean frequency is a multiple of the speed of rotation.
  • the accelerometer 127 delivers a sinusoidal potential which can be selectively amplified in the band from 0.2 to 5 Hz. Then by means of a frequency multiplier, one multiplies the frequency thus obtained by a number which takes account of the number of attacking elements of the tool. For example, when one uses the preponderant mode of the vibrations delivered by the outer row of teeth carried by the wheels of a tricone tool, the multiplication factor is about 20.
  • FIG. 9 The circuit described above is shown in FIG. 9 in which the acceleration detectors 136, 137 are shown connected by leads 138, 139 to a differential amplifier 140.
  • the output 141 of the said differential amplifier is connected to a peak-clipping device 142 whose output 143 is connected to a band-pass filter 144 controlled by a frequency which is a multiple of the speed 'of rotation measured by the accelerometer 127 in FIG. 8.
  • the sinusoidal potential supplied by this accelerometer 127 is filtered by a filter 145, then the frequency is multiplied by the frequency multiplier 146.
  • strain gauges are processed in a similar manner.
  • the signal is obtained directly due to the arrangement of the deformation gauges in the form of a whole bridge, the compensation gauges being arranged to measure the vibrations being investigated and to eliminate the effects of parasitic vibrations and of temperature and pressure.
  • the filtering of the signal coming from the pickups after processing can be effected by a filter controlled by the speed of rotation of the drilling gear.
  • a series of filters having a fixed passband and a fixed mean frequency can be used.
  • the signal obtained from the pickups is supplied to the filter whose mean frequency corresponds to the desired frequency of filtering.
  • the signal which gives a measure of the speed of rotation is obtained from the pickup 127. It is filtered by the fixed filter constituted by the inductance 147 and the capacitance 148. The filtered signal is applied to a selector 149 which commutates the input 150 to various outputs 151, 152, 153, 154 each of which is connected to a bandpass filter 155, 156, 157, 158.
  • the central frequency of the various filters is different.
  • the frequencies are distributed in such a way that the upper cutoff frequency of each filter is substantially equal to the lower cutoff frequency of the following filter.
  • the frequency of commutation is related to the frequency of the filters.
  • the signals from the various filters are collected by a single output element 159 and the resulting signal is coded and then transmitted to the device which modulates the pressure of the mud.
  • the pressure variations are detected by a pressure detector disposed inside the connector 104 described with reference to FIG. 7.
  • This detector influences the modulating action of a transmitter of electronic waves which is arranged in the same connector 104.
  • the resulting transmission is received by the device 113 which, after appropriate processing, supplies an electrical value which can either be recorded or can be used as a control value for controlling the input of a computer which controls drilling.
  • lt is within the scope of the invention to replace the device for modulating the pressure of the mud by a magnetostrictive transmitter coupled to the train of rods.
  • the coded signal is used either for direct control or to control the modulation of the magnetostrictive transmitter.
  • a receiver of the same kind that is to say a magnetostrictive receiver for example, is arranged in the connector which is situated above the drive rod. It enables the signals transmitted by the train of rods to be detected and applied to the l-lerzian transmitter associated therewith. The signal which is thus transmitted to the processing apparatus is transformed into a value which can either be recorded or used for controlling drilling.
  • Another mode of carrying the invention into effect consists in using only a single detector, for example a single accelerometer or a single pair of strain gauges (one operative and the other serving for compensation) or a pressure detector which is responsive to variations in the pressure of the mud.
  • a single detector for example a single accelerometer or a single pair of strain gauges (one operative and the other serving for compensation) or a pressure detector which is responsive to variations in the pressure of the mud.
  • the differential amplifier is replaced by an ordinary amplifier connected with a frequency filter and a level limiter.
  • the other parts of the measuring circuit are unchanged.
  • a method for measuring characteristics of rocks during drilling by means of drilling gear comprising a drilling tool having at least one set of elements for attacking rock at a depth in a drill hole, means for driving said drilling tool at a certain frequency of rotation, and a measuring section for monitoring the drilling operation, said method comprising the steps of generating signals which are representative of vibrations of said drilling gear detected at at least one point on said measuring section, eliminating from said signals parasitic voltages outside a range defined by two predetermined values of opposite polarities, so as to provide a resultant signal, selecting from said resultant signal a signal comprising a frequency band centered on a frequency equal to said frequency of rotation of said tool multiplied by the number of said attacking elements in at least one of said sets, which selected signal has an amplitude within said band which is directly related to lithological properties of rocks being attacked by said tool, measuring said amplitude, and correlating it with the depth at which said tool is working.
  • said selected signal is obtained by selecting signal components in said frequency band by means of a band-pass filter arrangement having a mean frequency which is controlled as a function of the instantaneous speed of rotation of said drilling gear multiplied by the number of attacking elements in at least one set.
  • said tool is a diamond tool having a plurality of diamond-bearing surfaces and in which said generated signals represent torsional vibrations, said selected signal being selected in a frequency band centered on a frequency which is equal to the frequency of rotation of said tool multiplied by the number of said diamond-bearing surfaces.
  • said generated signals represent torsional accelerations which are detected by means of accelerometers having their electrical axes located in a plane perpendicular to the axis of said drilling gear.
  • the improved apparatus for measuring rock characteristics during drilling which comprises:
  • vibration responsive means including at least one vibration pickup device positioned to detect vibrations by said tool, said vibration responsive means being adapted to produce at its output an electric signal representative of said vibrations, voltage-limiting means connected to the output of said vibration responsive means for eliminating from said signal voltages outside a predetermined range of values,
  • said pickup devices are constituted by two accelerometers for picking up longitudinal accelerations, disposed on two opposed generatrices of a connector situated at the lower part of said drilling gear near said tool, said accelerometers being arranged on shoulders perpendicular to the axis of said connector and being rigidly attached to said shoulders.
  • said pickup devices are constituted by two accelerometers for picking up torsional vibrations, disposed diametrically opposite one another on two generatrices of a connector which is inserted in the drilling gear near said drilling tool, said accelerometers being disposed on shoulders parallel to the axis of said connector and the electrical axes of said accelerometers being parallel and diametrically opposite each other.
  • said pickup devices are constituted by strain gauges for picking up longitudinal vibrations, disposed on a connector located at the lower part of said drilling gear near said tool, said gauges being disposed at two diametrically opposite points on the longitudinal surface of said connector and the axes of said gauges being parallel to the axis of said measuring section.
  • said pickup devices are constituted by strain gauges for picking up torsional vibrations, disposed on a connector located at the lower part of said drilling gear near said tool, said gauges being disposed at two diametrically opposite points on the longitudinal surface of said connector, which lie in a common plane inclined at 45 to the axis of said connector.
  • said driving means comprises rod means and said drilling gear includes a drilling head and a sleeve interposed between said head and said rod means, and said pickup devices are accelerometers for detecting longitudinal vibrations, disposed on two opposite generatrices of said sleeve, on shoulders which are perpendicular to the axis of said sleeve, and offset along said axis, said accelerometers being rigidly connected to said shoulders.
  • said drive means comprises rod means and said pickup devices comprise two accelerometers responsive to torsional vibrations, disposed on two diametrically opposite generatrices of the lower part of said rod means, said accelerometers being rigidly mounted in a common plane, on shoulders which are parallel to the axis of said rod means and are situated in an axial plane.
  • said drive means comprises rod means and said drilling gear includes a drilling head and a sleeve interposed between said head and said rod means, and said pickup devices comprise strain gauges responsive to longitudinal vibrations, disposed on two diametrically opposite generatrices of said sleeve at two points slightly offset axially of said sleeve.
  • said drive means comprises rod means and said pickup devices comprise strain gauges responsive to torsional vibrations, said gauges being disposed at two diametrically opposite points at the lower part of the longitudinal surface of said rod means, in a common plane which is inclined at 45 to the axis of said drilling gear.
  • said means for transmitting the amplitude of said selected signal to the surface comprises rod means through which said drilling tool is driven, together with magnetostrictive means for transmitting along said rod a signal responsive to the amplitude of said selected signal, and a magnetostrictive receiver above the ground for detecting the signal transmitted along said rod and transmitting it to said correlating means.
  • said means for transmitting the amplitude of said selected signal comprise conduit means for the passage of a stream of mud, a valve controlling the pressure of said stream of mud in said conduit means, and means for operating said valve in dependence upon said selected signal, whereby the pressure of said stream of mud is modulated in accordance with the amplitude of said selected signal.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
US868873A 1968-10-30 1969-10-23 Method and apparatus for measuring lithological characteristics of rocks Expired - Lifetime US3626482A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR171873 1968-10-30
FR177543A FR96617E (fr) 1968-12-11 1968-12-11 Procédé de diagraphie instantanée en cours de forage et dispositif de mise en oeuvre.
FR6905142A FR2033551A5 (en) 1969-02-27 1969-02-27 Measuring mechanical properties of rocks - in wells

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US3626482A true US3626482A (en) 1971-12-07

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JP (1) JPS502841B1 (de)
BE (1) BE740919A (de)
CA (1) CA925848A (de)
CH (1) CH511363A (de)
DD (1) DD77941A5 (de)
DE (1) DE1954256C3 (de)
ES (1) ES372983A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1285985A (de)
IL (1) IL33261A (de)
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US4747303A (en) * 1986-01-30 1988-05-31 Nl Industries, Inc. Method determining formation dip
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EP0377235A1 (de) * 1988-12-03 1990-07-11 Anadrill International SA Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung einer Eigenschaft der Bewegung eines Borhgestänges
FR2642791A1 (fr) * 1989-02-08 1990-08-10 Soletanche Dispositif de mesure de parametres de forage
FR2649155A1 (fr) * 1989-06-28 1991-01-04 Elf Aquitaine Dispositif de mesure dynamometrique pour tige de forage
EP0409304A1 (de) * 1989-07-19 1991-01-23 Services Petroliers Schlumberger Verfahren zur Überwachung der Bohrung eines Bohrloches
US5141061A (en) * 1989-03-31 1992-08-25 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Production) Method and equipment for drilling control by vibration analysis
US5226332A (en) * 1991-05-20 1993-07-13 Baker Hughes Incorporated Vibration monitoring system for drillstring
FR2694399A1 (fr) * 1992-07-31 1994-02-04 Malinet Frederic Procédé d'évaluation de la dureté relative des différentes couches d'un terrain et appareil pour sa mise en Óoeuvre.
US5358059A (en) * 1993-09-27 1994-10-25 Ho Hwa Shan Apparatus and method for the dynamic measurement of a drill string employed in drilling
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US6843120B2 (en) * 2002-06-19 2005-01-18 Bj Services Company Apparatus and method of monitoring and signaling for downhole tools
US6886644B2 (en) * 1996-01-11 2005-05-03 Vermeer Manufacturing Company Apparatus and method for horizontal drilling
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US20110186353A1 (en) * 2010-02-01 2011-08-04 Aps Technology, Inc. System and Method for Monitoring and Controlling Underground Drilling
US20130080060A1 (en) * 2011-09-26 2013-03-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Apparatus for evaluating rock properties while drilling using drilling rig-mounted acoustic sensors
US20130075157A1 (en) * 2011-09-26 2013-03-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Methods for evaluating rock properties while drilling using drilling rig-mounted acoustic sensors
US20130075161A1 (en) * 2011-09-26 2013-03-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Methods of evaluating rock properties while drilling using downhole acoustic sensors and a downhole broadband transmitting system
EP2604789A1 (de) * 2011-12-16 2013-06-19 Welltec A/S Verfahren zum Steuern eines Bohrlochbetriebs
CN103821461A (zh) * 2014-03-19 2014-05-28 中国石油大学(华东) 鱼鳍式自旋转防偏磨抽油杆
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US9447681B2 (en) 2011-09-26 2016-09-20 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Apparatus, program product, and methods of evaluating rock properties while drilling using downhole acoustic sensors and a downhole broadband transmitting system
US9624768B2 (en) 2011-09-26 2017-04-18 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Methods of evaluating rock properties while drilling using downhole acoustic sensors and telemetry system
US9903974B2 (en) 2011-09-26 2018-02-27 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Apparatus, computer readable medium, and program code for evaluating rock properties while drilling using downhole acoustic sensors and telemetry system
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US10551516B2 (en) 2011-09-26 2020-02-04 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Apparatus and methods of evaluating rock properties while drilling using acoustic sensors installed in the drilling fluid circulation system of a drilling rig
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US4681854A (en) * 1982-05-28 1987-07-21 Phillips Petroleum Company Geochemical oil prospecting method using in situ simulation of diagenetic processes
US4697650A (en) * 1984-09-24 1987-10-06 Nl Industries, Inc. Method for estimating formation characteristics of the exposed bottomhole formation
US4599904A (en) * 1984-10-02 1986-07-15 Nl Industries, Inc. Method for determining borehole stress from MWD parameter and caliper measurements
EP0218328A2 (de) * 1985-08-30 1987-04-15 Services Petroliers Schlumberger Verfahren zur Analyse der Vibrationen eines Bohrmeissels in einem Bohrloch
EP0218328A3 (de) * 1985-08-30 1988-10-12 Services Petroliers Schlumberger Verfahren zur Analyse der Vibrationen eines Bohrmeissels in einem Bohrloch
US4747303A (en) * 1986-01-30 1988-05-31 Nl Industries, Inc. Method determining formation dip
US4715451A (en) * 1986-09-17 1987-12-29 Atlantic Richfield Company Measuring drillstem loading and behavior
US4922362A (en) * 1988-03-04 1990-05-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Methods for deconvolution of unknown source signatures from unknown waveform data
US4928521A (en) * 1988-04-05 1990-05-29 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method of determining drill bit wear
EP0336477A1 (de) * 1988-04-05 1989-10-11 Services Petroliers Schlumberger Verfahren zum Anzeigen von Bohrmeissel-Verschleiss
EP0377235A1 (de) * 1988-12-03 1990-07-11 Anadrill International SA Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung einer Eigenschaft der Bewegung eines Borhgestänges
US4958125A (en) * 1988-12-03 1990-09-18 Anadrill, Inc. Method and apparatus for determining characteristics of the movement of a rotating drill string including rotation speed and lateral shocks
FR2642791A1 (fr) * 1989-02-08 1990-08-10 Soletanche Dispositif de mesure de parametres de forage
US5141061A (en) * 1989-03-31 1992-08-25 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Production) Method and equipment for drilling control by vibration analysis
FR2649155A1 (fr) * 1989-06-28 1991-01-04 Elf Aquitaine Dispositif de mesure dynamometrique pour tige de forage
WO1991000413A1 (fr) * 1989-06-28 1991-01-10 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Production) Dispositif de mesure dynamometrique pour tige de forage
US5347859A (en) * 1989-06-28 1994-09-20 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Production) Dynamometric measuring device for a drill pipe
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US5138875A (en) * 1989-07-19 1992-08-18 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method of monitoring the drilling of a borehole
US6055213A (en) * 1990-07-09 2000-04-25 Baker Hughes Incorporated Subsurface well apparatus
US5226332A (en) * 1991-05-20 1993-07-13 Baker Hughes Incorporated Vibration monitoring system for drillstring
FR2694399A1 (fr) * 1992-07-31 1994-02-04 Malinet Frederic Procédé d'évaluation de la dureté relative des différentes couches d'un terrain et appareil pour sa mise en Óoeuvre.
US5448911A (en) * 1993-02-18 1995-09-12 Baker Hughes Incorporated Method and apparatus for detecting impending sticking of a drillstring
US5358059A (en) * 1993-09-27 1994-10-25 Ho Hwa Shan Apparatus and method for the dynamic measurement of a drill string employed in drilling
WO1995009296A1 (en) * 1993-09-27 1995-04-06 Ho Hwa Shan Apparatus and method for the dynamic measurement of a drill string employed in drilling
US5758539A (en) * 1995-01-25 1998-06-02 Institut Francais Du Petrole Logging method and system for measuring mechanical parameters of the formations crossed through by a borehole
US7182151B2 (en) * 1996-01-11 2007-02-27 Vermeer Manufacturing Company Apparatus and method for horizontal drilling
US6886644B2 (en) * 1996-01-11 2005-05-03 Vermeer Manufacturing Company Apparatus and method for horizontal drilling
US20050199424A1 (en) * 1996-01-11 2005-09-15 Vermeer Manufacturing Company, Pella, Ia. Apparatus and method for horizontal drilling
US7357197B2 (en) * 2000-11-07 2008-04-15 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Method and apparatus for monitoring the condition of a downhole drill bit, and communicating the condition to the surface
US6808027B2 (en) * 2001-06-11 2004-10-26 Rst (Bvi), Inc. Wellbore directional steering tool
US6843120B2 (en) * 2002-06-19 2005-01-18 Bj Services Company Apparatus and method of monitoring and signaling for downhole tools
US20080201969A1 (en) * 2005-08-03 2008-08-28 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Orientation Sensing Apparatus and a Method For Determining an Orientation
US7685732B2 (en) 2005-08-03 2010-03-30 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Orientation sensing apparatus and a method for determining an orientation
US20100262145A1 (en) * 2009-04-14 2010-10-14 J. Morita Manufacturing Corporation Medical cutting device and medical cutting training device
US20110186353A1 (en) * 2010-02-01 2011-08-04 Aps Technology, Inc. System and Method for Monitoring and Controlling Underground Drilling
US10416024B2 (en) 2010-02-01 2019-09-17 Aps Technology, Inc. System and method for monitoring and controlling underground drilling
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US9696198B2 (en) 2010-02-01 2017-07-04 Aps Technology, Inc. System and method for monitoring and controlling underground drilling
US8453764B2 (en) 2010-02-01 2013-06-04 Aps Technology, Inc. System and method for monitoring and controlling underground drilling
US8684108B2 (en) 2010-02-01 2014-04-01 Aps Technology, Inc. System and method for monitoring and controlling underground drilling
US20130075157A1 (en) * 2011-09-26 2013-03-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Methods for evaluating rock properties while drilling using drilling rig-mounted acoustic sensors
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DE1954256C3 (de) 1979-10-31
DE1954256A1 (de) 1970-07-09
NL6916279A (de) 1970-05-04
BE740919A (de) 1970-04-01
GB1285985A (en) 1972-08-16
OA03335A (fr) 1970-12-15
DD77941A5 (de) 1970-12-05
RO75744A (ro) 1983-06-01
CA925848A (en) 1973-05-08
DE1954256B2 (de) 1979-03-08
LU59716A1 (de) 1970-01-12
JPS502841B1 (de) 1975-01-29
CH511363A (fr) 1971-08-15
ES372983A1 (es) 1972-03-01
IL33261A (en) 1972-12-29
IL33261A0 (en) 1969-12-31
RO75744B (ro) 1983-05-30

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