US3617859A - Electrical regulator apparatus including a zero temperature coefficient voltage reference circuit - Google Patents

Electrical regulator apparatus including a zero temperature coefficient voltage reference circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
US3617859A
US3617859A US21968A US3617859DA US3617859A US 3617859 A US3617859 A US 3617859A US 21968 A US21968 A US 21968A US 3617859D A US3617859D A US 3617859DA US 3617859 A US3617859 A US 3617859A
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terminal
voltage
coupled
collector
transistor
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US21968A
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Robert C Dobkin
Robert J Widlar
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National Semiconductor Corp
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National Semiconductor Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F3/00—Non-retroactive systems for regulating electric variables by using an uncontrolled element, or an uncontrolled combination of elements, such element or such combination having self-regulating properties
    • G05F3/02—Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F3/08—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc
    • G05F3/10—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc using uncontrolled devices with non-linear characteristics
    • G05F3/16—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc using uncontrolled devices with non-linear characteristics being semiconductor devices
    • G05F3/20—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable is dc using uncontrolled devices with non-linear characteristics being semiconductor devices using diode- transistor combinations
    • G05F3/30—Regulators using the difference between the base-emitter voltages of two bipolar transistors operating at different current densities
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/56—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices
    • G05F1/565—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices sensing a condition of the system or its load in addition to means responsive to deviations in the output of the system, e.g. current, voltage, power factor
    • G05F1/567—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices sensing a condition of the system or its load in addition to means responsive to deviations in the output of the system, e.g. current, voltage, power factor for temperature compensation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S323/00—Electricity: power supply or regulation systems
    • Y10S323/907—Temperature compensation of semiconductor

Definitions

  • the constant voltage reference is combined with a voltage follower and provides a source of constant current which is passed through an external variable resistance to develop a selectable and predictable adjustment voltage for driving the voltage follower so as to cause an unregulated input voltage applied thereto to be regulated at an output terminal.
  • PATENTEDNUV 2 I97! 3,617, 8 59 SHEET 10F 2 /0 up L m l I l4 T VOLTAGE E.
  • I REFERENCE I 4 I v J 1 34
  • the present invention relates generally to electrical regulator apparatus and, more specifically, to a novel floating voltage regulator circuit suitable for integrated circuit applications and capable of providing regulation over substantially any voltage range.
  • the regulator can also be modified in accordance with the invention to provide a current regulator.
  • Standard voltage regulators usually consist of an internal voltage reference, an error amplifier and a power output stage.
  • the error amplifier compares the internal reference with a fraction of the output voltage and drives the output stage to keep the two voltages equal.
  • One of the disadvantages of this type of regulator configuration for integrated circuits is that the minimum input voltage is equal to the internal reference voltage. Since the reference is typically provided by a zener diode, the minimum input voltage is limited by the 7- volt breakdown of integrated zener diodes. Most regulators thus cannot operate at very low voltages unless they employ two separate power supplies.
  • a practical floating regulator should have a reference of less than 6 to eliminate the disadvantages associated with a 6-volt or greater input-output voltage differential.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a novel voltage regulator circuit suitable for integrated circuits and including a new type of internal voltage reference circuit having a zero temperature coefficient.
  • Still another advantage of the present invention is that no zener diodes, reverse punch-through transistors, varistors or batteries are required to provide the internal reference voltage.
  • Still another advantage of the present invention is that the internal reference has lower noise, better long term stability and can be better explained theoretically than the reference in other prior art regulators.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a three-terminal floating voltage regulator device in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawing a simplified block diagram of the present invention is shown to illustrate that the invention provides a three-terminal floating voltage regulator which can be packaged in the standard three-terminal transistor power package.
  • the circuit 10 includes an input terminal 1, an output terminal 2 and an adjustment terminal 3 which correspond to the three terminals of the standard power transistor package.
  • an operational amplifier 12 Connected between the input terminal 1 and the output terminal 2 is an operational amplifier 12 which is adapted to operate as a voltage follower for regulating an input voltage V,,,, applied at terminal 1 to provide a regulated output voltage V at output terminal 2.
  • the op-amp 12 causes the voltage V at terminal 2 to be the same as the voltage appearing at terminal 3 in accordance with the normal operating characteristics of a voltage follower circuit, i.e., that the output voltage is identical to the input voltage.
  • the potential appearing at terminal 3 is generated by causing a current 1 to flow through an external variable resistance 15 which is connected between terminal 3 and ground. Since the output voltage of a voltage follower must be identical to the input voltage, the potential V must be identical to the voltage drop across resistor 15. However, in order to render the voltage drop across resistor 15 predictable for a given resistive setting, a constant current must be generated and caused to flow therethrough. Accordingly, a voltage reference circuit 14 having a zero temperature coefficient is provided which is capable of generating a constant voltage V across its output terminals 16 and 18 as indicated. The terminal 18 is then coupled to the negative input and the output of the opamp 12 and the more positive output terminal 16 is coupled through a resistance R to the positive input of op-amp 12.
  • op-amp 12 One of the characteristics of op-amp 12 is that the potential across the positive and negative inputs must also be equal to volts. Therefore, since the positive input of op-amp 12 draws negligible current, it will be seen that 1 reF and since the voltage V is a constant and the resistance of resistor R is constant, the current I flowing through resistor R must also be constant, The positive input to the op-amp 12 draws negligible current, so substantially all of the current I must necessarily flow out of the terminal 3 and through the adjustment resistor 15.
  • the adjustment voltage V at the positive input of the opamp l2, i.e., terminal 3 is
  • R is the resistance of resistor R, and R, is the resistance of the adjustment resistor 15.
  • the voltage reference circuit 14 includes three matched transistors Q,, Q, and Q;,.
  • transistors Q,, Q, and Q are matched by virtue of their having been made at the same time in a single integrated circuit.
  • the collectors of transistors Q, and Q are connected to the circuit point 20 through resistors 22 and 24 respectively, while the collector of transistor 0,, is
  • Circuit point 20 is coupled to input terminal 1 through a current source 34 and is also coupled to output terminal 3 through the resistor R.
  • Terminal 28 is connected to the negative input terminal 36 of op-amp l2 and the output of the op-amp while terminal 3 is connected to the positive terminal 38 ofop-amp 12.
  • Voltage reference circuit 14 uses the negative temperature coefficient of the base-to-emitter voltage V of transistor O in conjunction with the positive temperature coefficient of the base-to-emitter differential AV of transistors Q, and Q which are operated at different current densities, to achieve a zero temperature coefficient reference voltage V across points 20 and 28.
  • the base-to-emitter voltage V for transistor 0, is given by V, is the extrapolated energy band-gap voltage of the semiconductor material at absolute zero (about 1.205 volts),
  • n is a constant dependent on the type of transistor (about 1.5 for IC transistors),
  • en is the base-to-emitter voltage at T and I
  • the base-to-emitter differential AV between the transistors Q, and O, which are operated at different current densities is given by B /q) l 2) where J is current density.
  • V can be expressed as:
  • Transistor O is connected directly across the circuit points 20 and 28 with its base coupled to the collector of 0,. Since the V of 0;, decreases as temperature increases, and a feedback loop is formed from the collector of Q, back'through resistor 30 and down to its base, a constant current applied at point 20 by means of the source 34, causes the base-to-emitter voltage of transistor Q, to change only with temperature because its collector current is constant.
  • the collector voltage of transistor 0; is equal to its base-to-emitter voltage plus the I voltage drop across resistor 24 caused by the collector current of transistor (2,.
  • Equation (7) sets the voltage relationships for zero temperature coefficients. However, the relationship remains if both sides are multiplied by a constant. Understandably, a zero temperature coefficient reference can also be made at twice V by using two series transistors for V and a proportionately larger amount of AV The output voltage of the reference is not limited to integer values of V By using fractional parts of V with a proportional part of AV any output voltage is obtainable.
  • the operational amplifier 12 is connected as a voltage follower having the characteristics that the input voltage and output voltage are exactly the same. Since the emitter of transistor O is connected to the input terminal 36 of op-amp 12, and the collector thereof is connected to the input terminal 38 through the resistor R, the collector of transistor Q is going to be 1.205 volts above the output of the op-amp 12 no matter what the output is since the output terminal 2 is coupled directly to the input 36 by the line 40.
  • the amplifier 12 is a high-gain amplifier and has a high accuracy in terms of keeping its input and output voltages the same.
  • the voltage between the plus and minus input must always be nearly zero. Therefore, by connecting the resistor R between the circuit point 20 and input terminal 3, there must necessarily be a constant voltage impressed across the resistor R.
  • the current flowing from the voltage reference 14 into the terminal 3 must necessarily be equal to 1.205 volts divided by the resistance r; and, since the plus input of the voltage follower 12 draws a negligible amount of current, it can be said that all of the current flowing through resistor R also flows through the variable resistance 15 to ground.
  • the variable resistance 15 thereby serves as an adjustment resistor for controlling the voltage appearing at the output terminal 2.
  • the basis for operation of the regulator is that a constant current is provided which is directed through an adjustment resistor in order to obtain the desired regulated voltage and the only requirement insofar as what voltage may be regulated at output terminal 2, is that the difference between the output voltage and the unregulated input voltage must not exceed the voltage handling capabilities of the regulator circuit 10.
  • FIG. 3 of the drawing a simplified schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated. lt will be noted, however, that in the voltage reference circuit 11 an additional transistor Q. has been connected across circuit points and 28 and a resistor 27 has been added to the collector circuit of transistor Q Since the reference voltage at circuit point 20 is proportional to the baSeto-emitter voltage of transistor 0;, plus the voltage across resistor 27, the base-to-emitter voltage of transistor Q should be 5, as as possible.
  • Transistor 0 increases the gain of the reference against changes in current flow. Although it is not necessary to the invention, one would normally add such a transistor in practice in order to make the reference more stable with respect to input voltage changes. As in the Figure 2 embodiment, the resistor R sets the value of the current flowing into the adjustment terminal 3.
  • the voltage follower 12 is made up of three stages, namely a first differential amplifier 50, a second differential amplifier 52 and an emitter follower 54.
  • the amplifier 50 is comprised of the transistors Q Q Q and 0,; along with the resistors 56 and 58.
  • the base of transistor Q forms the positive input to op-amp 12 and is coupled to the adjustment terminal 3.
  • the base of transistor Q forms a negative input to op-amp 12 and is coupled to the lead 29 which is common with the output terminal 2 and circuit point 28.
  • Current sources 60 and 62 are provided as indicated for energizing the amplifier.
  • a voltage difference across the collectors of transistor Q and Q9 i.e.,
  • resistors 56 and 58 are proportional to the difference in voltage between the base of transistor 0 and the base of transistor 0
  • the circuit is balanced if the inputs to transistor 0,, and Q, are the same and no difference voltage is generated between the collector of transistors q, and q,,. Because of the resistors 56 and 58, the amplifier 50 forms a differential gain stage the output of which is coupled into the differential amplifier 52.
  • the base of transistor 0 is coupled to the collector of transistor Q and the base of transistor Q10 is coupled to the collector of transistor Q so that the second differential amplifier 52 is also balanced when the collector voltages of transistors 0 and Q; are the same.
  • the amplifier 52 responds to voltage differentials across the collectors of transistors Q and 0
  • a current source 64 couples the collector of transistor Q to the input terminal and a resistor 66 couples the emitter of transistors Q and On; to the common line 29.
  • the output of amplifier 52 is taken at the collector of transistor Q1 and feeds the emitter follower circuit 54 which is comprised of the transistors Q and O and which provides current gain in the output for the circuit. Since the emitter of Q is tied to the common line 29, it will be noted that the output thereof is coupled back to the base of transistor 0 to provide negative feedback for the circuit.
  • the operation of the circuit can be explained as follows: Suppose the voltage at the base of transistor 0,, is caused to go positive as would be the case if one were to increase the resistance of resistor 15. This would reduce the base-to-emitter voltage of transistor 0 causing it to turn off. The turning off of transistor Q accordingly reduces the base-to-emitter voltage of transistor Q causing it to turn off. When this happens, the differential amplifier Q turns on. Since Q, is turning off, its voltage will rise and the voltage at the collector of transistor Q will decrease since it is turning on.
  • terminal 2 Since terminal 2 is connected through common lead 29 to the base of transistor Q.;, a servo loop is completed which terminates the increase in potential at terminal 2 when the base of transistor 0 reaches the same potential as the base of transistor Q This is to say that the output of emitter follower 54 acts to turn off the source which drives it so as to effectively keep the potential at the output terminal 2 exactly equal to the potential at terminal 3.
  • the differential stage 52 is added to increase the gain and provide greater accuracy in the voltage follower 54, as well as providing greater isolation between the adjustment and the output, it could actually be eliminated, in which case the base of transistor Q11 would be 005E610 the cbllector of transistor 6,.
  • the preferred embodiment uses both stages for the reasons described above.
  • This circuit can regulate any voltages from volts upwards since the regulator is completely floating and sees only the difference in potential across terminals 1 and 2. As mentioned above, the only requirement is that the difference between the voltage applied to the input terminal 1 and the output voltage at output terminal 2 be kept less than the breakdown potential of the transistors in the circuit. Appropriate modifications of the transistors Q and Q can be made to accommodate the various load requirements which might be encountered. In other words, the circuit as described will regulate very high voltages as well as very low voltages. For instance, a 300-volt output at terminal 2 could be regulated with the circuit described. However, since the breakdown potential of the integrated circuit transistors in the circuit is about 50 volts, this would mean that the maximum input voltage would have to be less than 350 volts in order to prevent damage to the circuit.
  • FIG. 4 of the drawing a current regulator is shown which utilizes the same three-terminal circuit as is shown in the voltage regulator embodiments above, except that the bottom side of the adjustment resistor 15 is no longer connected to ground but is instead connected to an external output terminal 4 which is connected to the output terminal 2 by a resistor 70.
  • a current flowing through resistor 15 to terminal 4 and generating a l-volt drop thereacross causes the positive input 38 of the amplifier 12 to see a voltage which is due to the resistance 15.
  • the potentials at the input and output of amplifier 12 must be identical, there must be a one volt rise across resistor 70 from terminal 4 to terminal 2 so as to cancel any difference in potential between terminals 2 and 3. Therefore, the current flowing through resistor 70 and available at the output terminal 4 will be independent of the load receiving the current flow but will be directly proportional to the resistive value of resistor 15.
  • the present invention requires no zener diodes whatsoever and all active components may be comprised of simple integrated circuit transistors.
  • the fact that the present invention utilizes transistors which are well behaved and understood means that the invention can be designed to be quite stable and substantially less noisy than a zener diode circuit in terms of small variations in voltage. For example, a circuit of this type will have a noise level of less than microvolts whereas most zener diode circuits have noise levels which exceed a millivolt.
  • the regulator as shown is for positive voltages. For negative voltages, complementary transistors can be used in a similar circuit.
  • An electrical regulator circuit comprising:
  • a first transistor having a first emitter coupled to said second terminal, a first collector coupled to said third terminal, and a first base coupled to said first collector
  • a second transistor having a second base coupled to said first collector, a second collector coupled to said third terminal, and a second emitter coupled to said second terminal, said first and second transistors having different current densities J and J respectively, whereby the base-to-emitter differential AV therebetween has a positive temperature coefficient and may be expressed as where k is Boltzmanns constant, T is absolute temperature, and q is the charge on an electron, and
  • circuit means having a negative temperature coefficient operatively combined with said first and second transistors to develop said reference voltage between said second and third terminals,
  • voltage follower means operatively coupling said input terminal to said output terminal and having a first input terminal coupled to said second terminal and a second input terminal coupled to said adjustment terminal, said voltage follower means being responsive to a voltage developed at said adjustment terminal when said adjustment terminal is resistively coupled to a circuit ground and said unregulated input voltage is applied between said input terminal and said circuit ground, said voltage follower means being operative to develop a regulated voltage at said output terminal.
  • circuit means includes a third transistor having a third base coupled to said second collector, a third emitter coupled to said second terminal and a third collector coupled to said third terminal, said negative temperature coefficient being a function of the base-to-emitter voltage V of said third transistor.
  • said voltage follower means includes, a first differential amplifier responsive to the voltage developed between said second terminal and saidadjustment terminal and operative to develop a control signal, and an emitter follower amplifier responsive to said control signal and operative to control current flow between said input terminal and said output terminal thereby developing a regulated voltage at said output terminal.
  • a voltage reference circuit comprising:
  • a first transistor having a first emitter coupled to said second terminal, a first collector coupled to said first terminal, and a first base coupled to said first collector, and
  • a second transistor having a second base coupled to said first collector, a second emitter coupled to said second terminal, and a second collector coupled to said first terminal;
  • second circuit means for developing a second voltage which decreases with temperature including, a third transistor having a third base coupled to said second collector, a third emitter coupled to said second terminal and a third collector coupled to said first terminal, said first and second voltages being combined to develop a reference voltage across said first and second terminals.
  • AV is the base-to-emitter differential between said first and second transistors.
  • An electrical regulator circuit comprising:
  • a first transistor having a first emitter coupled to said second terminal, a first collector coupled to said third terminal, and a first base coupled to said first collector
  • circuit means having a negative temperature coefficient operatively combined with said first and second transistors to develop said reference voltage between said second and third terminals,
  • voltage follower means operatively coupling said input terminal to said output terminal and having a first input terminal coupled to said second terminal and a second input terminal coupled to said adjustment terminal, said voltage follower means being responsive to a voltage developed at said adjustment terminal when said adjustment terminal is resistively coupled to a circuit ground and said unregulated input voltage is applied between said input terminal and said circuit ground, said voltage follower means being operative to develop a regulated voltage at said output terminal.

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  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
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  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
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  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Continuous-Control Power Sources That Use Transistors (AREA)
US21968A 1970-03-23 1970-03-23 Electrical regulator apparatus including a zero temperature coefficient voltage reference circuit Expired - Lifetime US3617859A (en)

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JP (1) JPS5318694B1 (ja)
CA (1) CA921553A (ja)
DE (1) DE2113630A1 (ja)
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CN103392159A (zh) * 2011-01-25 2013-11-13 密克罗奇普技术公司 具有基于负载阻抗的电流及电压返送的电压调节器
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TWI547783B (zh) * 2011-01-25 2016-09-01 微晶片科技公司 具有基於負載阻抗的電流及電壓返送之電壓調節器
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CN107819458A (zh) * 2016-06-09 2018-03-20 利萨·德雷克塞迈尔有限责任公司 用于补偿基极‑发射极路径的温度响应曲线的开关设备
DE102016110666A1 (de) 2016-06-09 2017-12-14 Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH Schaltvorrichtung zum Kompensieren eines Temperaturgangs einer Basis-Transmitter-Strecke
DE102016110666B4 (de) 2016-06-09 2021-12-09 Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH Schaltvorrichtung zum Kompensieren eines Temperaturgangs einer Basis-Emitter-Strecke eines Transistors
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FR2083494A1 (ja) 1971-12-17
JPS5318694B1 (ja) 1978-06-16
GB1325257A (en) 1973-08-01
DE2113630A1 (de) 1971-10-14
CA921553A (en) 1973-02-20
FR2083494B1 (ja) 1974-10-11

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