US3616169A - Webs and nonwoven fabrics of chromed collagen fibers - Google Patents

Webs and nonwoven fabrics of chromed collagen fibers Download PDF

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Publication number
US3616169A
US3616169A US41516A US3616169DA US3616169A US 3616169 A US3616169 A US 3616169A US 41516 A US41516 A US 41516A US 3616169D A US3616169D A US 3616169DA US 3616169 A US3616169 A US 3616169A
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chromed
fiber
collagen
fibers
leather
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US41516A
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Hiroshi Okamura
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Fujibo Holdings Inc
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Individual
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/425—Cellulose series
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4266—Natural fibres not provided for in group D04H1/425
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4374—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece using different kinds of webs, e.g. by layering webs
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4382—Stretched reticular film fibres; Composite fibres; Mixed fibres; Ultrafine fibres; Fibres for artificial leather
    • D04H1/43835—Mixed fibres, e.g. at least two chemically different fibres or fibre blends
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/654—Including a free metal or alloy constituent
    • Y10T442/655—Metal or metal-coated strand or fiber material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/666—Mechanically interengaged by needling or impingement of fluid [e.g., gas or liquid stream, etc.]
    • Y10T442/667—Needled
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/668—Separate nonwoven fabric layers comprise chemically different strand or fiber material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/671—Multiple nonwoven fabric layers composed of the same polymeric strand or fiber material

Definitions

  • FIG. 2 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
  • the present invention relates to webs and nonwoven fabrics made wholly of chromed collagen fiber obtained from chromed leather or its blend with other fibers such as cotton, hemp, wool, and the like, natural fibers and/or with synthetic fibers including chemical fibers such as rayon staple fiber.
  • a principal object of the present invention is the provision of novel, nonwoven fabric having a combination of desirable properties.
  • Another object of the present invention is the provision of novel, nonwoven fabric which is particularly useful as the base of artificial leather.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an economical process for producing a novel fabric having a combination of desirable characteristics including excellent moisture absorption-release characteristics.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide novel webs and nonwoven fabrics having excellent moisture absorption-release properties the degree of which can be easily varied over a wide range depending on the purposes and requirements of the final products made therefrom.
  • the nonwoven fabric of the invention consists essentially of chromed collagen fibers, which have been separated from chromed leather, having a fiber length of about I to cm. or a mixture of the chromed collagen fiber and at least one other natural or synthetic fiber.
  • the webs and nonwoven fabrics are produced from fine fibers of chromed collagen having a length of about I to 5 cm. obtained by chemical or physical treatment of the derm or true skin of natural leather and also by blending the collagen fibers with other fibers.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of comparative characteristic of the moisture absorption-release performance of chromed collagen and wool.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional side view of a nonwoven fabric which was prepared with the use of a web of the present invention.
  • curve a shows a moisture release performance of chromed collagen and curve b shows the moisture absorption performance of chromed collagen.
  • curve 0 shows the moisture release performance of wool and curve d shows the moisture absorption performance of the wool.
  • the necessary time for the maximum water content of about 60% at the relative humidity of 100% was 24 hours, however, the necessary time for the wool which allowed a maximum water content of about 30% required 192 hours.
  • wool which is considered to have the most excellent moisture absorption-release performance among fibers exhibits a maximum water content of up to about 30% at the relative humidity of 100% and requires a period of as long as 8 days for absorption and release of moisture, whereas the chromed collagen fiber, even though the moisture absorption is about twice as much, needs only one-eighth the time of wool.
  • the chromed collagen fiber to be used in the present invention is prepared by a procedure which involves impregnating chromed leather with a sufficient quantity of water so as to loosen the collagen fibrous bundle texture, neutralizing the impregnated leather with dilute alkali solution followed by the addition of sulfate oil to form semidried leather, then beating and opening the resultant dried leather by the use of a fiberopening machine.
  • fine fibers are formed having a mean diameter of about 0.05 mm. and a length from about I to 5 cm. (It is also possible to obtain fibers having a length greater than 5 cm.)
  • Most of the fibers are about I.5-3.5 cm. long, or more specifically, about 60% of the fibers are about 1.8-2.8 cm. in length.
  • the chromed collagen fiber obtained in this way is different from so called "leather powder" of amorphous type which is prepared by simply grinding chromed leather.
  • the present fibers have excellent intertwining characteristics and form strong fabrics, even in the absence of a binder.
  • the present nonwoven fabric is produced by forming a web from the chromed collagen fiber or a mixture of chromed collagen fiber and one or more additional fibers, which are preferably of approximately the same length as the collagen fiber.
  • the web is formed by conventional means such as with a land feeder and/or land webber.
  • the web is then punched to improve the intertwining of the fibers.
  • many fewer needle punchings per sq. cm. are used than are generally required for other fibers and fiber combinations.
  • about 200 punchings per sq. cm. are adequate and up to about 400 punchings per sq. cm. may be used.
  • the fibers are damaged by excessive punchings and preferably punching in an amount of 600 per sq. cm. or more are avoided.
  • the strands of the chromed collagen fiber are well intertwined with one another or other fibers after the needle punching operation.
  • the high intertwining ability of the present collagen fiber is probably due at least in part to its branched structure.
  • the chromed collagen fiber also swells radially and shrinks lengthwise when soaked in warm water.
  • the present fabric and the intertwining of the fibers may be strengthened further by soaking the fabric in warm water at about 40 C. to C. or C.
  • the swell shrink phenomenon takes place at about 40 C., but this is not sufficient for an industrial process and non-nal scale of industry. Normally over 60 C. is preferable.
  • the entwining between collagen fibers or mixture of collagen and other fibers takes place satisfactorily when a chromed fiber of 1-5 cm. length is used as described above, due to the nature of the chromed collagen fiber itself, so that the number of needle punchings required for a satisfactory web is substantially reduced. Further, when any binder is to be used for the purpose of-improving the mechanical strength of the web, the desired effect can be attained with a small quantity of the binder such that the moisture absorption-release performance of the chromed collagen fiber is not substantially changed.
  • nonwoven fabrics are produced according to the invention in the absence of a binder
  • conventional binders may be used providing they do not substantially alter nonorientated web by treatment successively with a land feeder and a land webber. Then the web was punched with a fiber rocker to give 200 punchings per square centimeter, soaked in hot water at 7080 C. for about 3 minutes while being held at its both faces with wire gauzes, and passed through mangle rolls to remove water to a satisfactory extent. Then it was dried with a hot air circulation type drier.
  • Emulsion type binders include, for example, NBR latex, SBR latex, chloroprene latex, MBR latex, polyacrylic acid ester emulsion, polyvinylacetic acid emulsion, polyvinyl chloride emulsion and the like.
  • Water soluble type binders include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, and salts thereof, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and sodium alginate.
  • the binder is chosen according to the desired touch of the goods. When a comparatively soft touch is favored, polyacrylic acid ester or NBR latex are suitable, and polychloride viny lidene is useful for a hard touch.
  • the webs and nonwoven fabrics of the present invention can be widely varied in their strength, elasticity and texture as well as their moisture absorption capacity by varying the proportion of type of fibers mixed with the collagen fibers.
  • EXAMPLE 1 a Preparation of the Chromed Collagen Fiber A chromed split is soaked in about 5 parts by volume of a warm aqueous solution containing a nonionic surface active agent at temperature of 50-60 C. for 16 hours and is then washed with water for l hour. The thus treated split is neutralized by tumbling in a rotary drum with about 2 parts by volume of a warm 1% aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate at a temperature of 40 C. for 1 hour and is subsequently washed with water for minutes. The neutralized split is then oiled by tumbling in a rotary drum with about 2 parts by volume of warm water at 60 C.
  • the oiled split is dehydrated by means of a centrifugal separator and dried with hot air at temperatures of at most 50 C. to have a moisture content of about -45%.
  • the dried split is then beaten by means of a stamp mill for 30 minutes, and is disintegrated by pressing it on a scratch roll of a diameter of about 60 cm. having on its peripheral surface a number of saw-toothed flukes and revolving at 1300 rpm.
  • EXAMPLE 2 The web was prepared in the same way as in example 1. It was impregnated with a poly(ethyl acrylate) binder emulsion composed of acrylate (solid part 45%) 100 parts, hexamethylol melamine (solid part 80%) 4 parts, organic amine catalyst 0.4 part and water 39.6 parts. The thus impregnated web was squeezed immediately to remove excess emulsion. The resultant sheet was dried first at 120 C. for 15 minutes with an infrared ray, then at 130 C. for additional 20 minutes and then subjected to curing. In this way, the fibers of chromed collagen were intertwined with one another by thermal shrinkage to form a state favorable for manufacturing articles of nonwoven fabrics.
  • a poly(ethyl acrylate) binder emulsion composed of acrylate (solid part 45%) 100 parts, hexamethylol melamine (solid part 80%) 4 parts, organic amine catalyst 0.4 part and water 39.6 parts.
  • the blended web consisting of 60% by weight of the chromed collagen fiber and 40% by weight of nylon fiber has a moisture absorption capacity as much as in excess of 5 times that of a web made wholly of nylon fiber.
  • FIG. 2 An example of a laminated nonwoven fabric is shown in FIG. 2 showing an enlarged section of a part of the laminated sheet in which a sheet 1 is made of a thin nonwoven fabric sheet comprising 80% by weight of the chromed collagen fiber and 20% by weight of Tetron fiber and a sheet 2 laminated thereon is made of another thin nonwoven fabric sheet comprising by weight of short cut nylon fiber and 20% by weight of Tetron fiber.
  • An adhesive 3 holds the layers together.
  • the moisture absorption of leather is not effected solely by the penetration of moisture through one side to another, but is usually realized by absorption of ambient moisture inside the leather texture until reaching an equilibri' urn condition and release of the absorbed moisture when the condition becomes contrary. Accordingly, the degree of moisture absorption is mainly dependent upon the moisture absorption-release performance of the nonwoven fabric sheet used in the laminate.
  • the sheet 1 has a moisture absorption as high as nearly 9.0 mg./g. as seen from table 1, so that the artificial leather prepared from the laminated sheet as the base exhibits high water-vapor absorption property which in turn gives pleasant wearing feeling similar to that obtained from natural leather articles, especially shoes since it effectively absorbs perspiration and warmth-keeping property is not reduced.
  • the minimum length of the chromed collagen fiber with which it can still entwine with synthetic fibers blended in the present invention is about 1. cm. Chrome collagen fiber which is shorter does not have adequate entwining ability.
  • nonwoven fabrics can be manufactured by varying the texture density of the nonwoven fabric and content of binders impregnated as well as the kind and blending ratio of the fiber to be blended, but also nonwoven fabrics having the desired texture and water absorption property can be realized by laminating plural layers of thin nonwoven fabric sheets of the present invention.
  • Fabrics of the present invention are particularly useful as a base material for synthetic leather for shoes, gloves and other articles wherein the combination of qualities found in natural leather has been found to be especially desirable.
  • a nonwoven fabric consisting essentially of chromed collagen fibers separated from chromed leather and having a fiber length of about 1 to S cm. or a mixture of said chromed collagen fiber with at least one of other natural or synthetic fibers, said fabric being free of binders, and said collagen fibers being highly entwined and providing a high degree of moisture absorption-release capacity.
  • a fabric according to claim 1 which contains about 40 to 60% by weight ofsaid chromed collagen fiber.
  • a fabric according to claim 1 containing about 40 to 60% of chromed collagen fiber and remainder being selected from at least one fiber selected from polyethylene terephthalate fiber, nylon fiber, and cotton.
  • a fabric according to claim 1 comprising a laminate of at least two thin nonwoven fabric sheets which may be the same or different, each of said sheets consisting essentially of said chromed collagen fibers or a mixture of said chromed collagen fiber and at least one other natural or synthetic fiber, and each of said sheets being free of binders.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
US41516A 1967-03-01 1970-05-28 Webs and nonwoven fabrics of chromed collagen fibers Expired - Lifetime US3616169A (en)

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US (1) US3616169A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE1710346A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1538003A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1190819A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2828394A1 (de) * 1977-06-29 1979-01-18 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Bahnmaterial und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US4162996A (en) * 1976-02-26 1979-07-31 Montedison S.P.A. Fibrous materials useful as leather substitutes and consisting essentially of leather fibers, fibrils or fibrides of synthetic polymers and cellulose fibers
US4287252A (en) * 1979-09-28 1981-09-01 Serge Dimiter Reconstituted leather and method of manufacture
US5958554A (en) * 1996-06-05 1999-09-28 Mat, Inc. Reconstituted leather product and process
US20070186352A1 (en) * 2004-04-10 2007-08-16 Liwen Zhang Yarn of animal collagen fiber and manufacture process thereof
US20070292217A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2007-12-20 Mat, Inc. Corn stover blanket and method of making the same
CN103233324A (zh) * 2013-04-08 2013-08-07 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种低成本胶原纤维再生皮革及其制造方法
CN103233325A (zh) * 2013-04-08 2013-08-07 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种胶原纤维再生皮及其制造方法
CN103266425A (zh) * 2013-04-08 2013-08-28 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种高压高密度胶原纤维再生皮及其制造方法
US20240191408A1 (en) * 2021-04-13 2024-06-13 Chiorino Technology S.P.A. Dry methods for producing a nonwoven fabric from tanned leather waste

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2551773A1 (fr) * 1983-09-12 1985-03-15 Dollfus Noack Procede de fabrication d'un feutre compose de fibres textiles et de fibres de cuir, dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede, produit obtenu et utilisation de ce produit

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4162996A (en) * 1976-02-26 1979-07-31 Montedison S.P.A. Fibrous materials useful as leather substitutes and consisting essentially of leather fibers, fibrils or fibrides of synthetic polymers and cellulose fibers
DE2828394A1 (de) * 1977-06-29 1979-01-18 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Bahnmaterial und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
US4287252A (en) * 1979-09-28 1981-09-01 Serge Dimiter Reconstituted leather and method of manufacture
US5958554A (en) * 1996-06-05 1999-09-28 Mat, Inc. Reconstituted leather product and process
US8328878B2 (en) * 2004-04-10 2012-12-11 Liwen Zhang Yarn of animal collagen fiber and manufacture process thereof
US20070186352A1 (en) * 2004-04-10 2007-08-16 Liwen Zhang Yarn of animal collagen fiber and manufacture process thereof
US20070292217A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2007-12-20 Mat, Inc. Corn stover blanket and method of making the same
CN103233324A (zh) * 2013-04-08 2013-08-07 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种低成本胶原纤维再生皮革及其制造方法
CN103233325A (zh) * 2013-04-08 2013-08-07 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种胶原纤维再生皮及其制造方法
CN103266425A (zh) * 2013-04-08 2013-08-28 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种高压高密度胶原纤维再生皮及其制造方法
CN103233324B (zh) * 2013-04-08 2016-05-04 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种低成本胶原纤维再生皮革及其制造方法
CN103233325B (zh) * 2013-04-08 2016-05-11 江阴骏华纺织科技有限公司 一种胶原纤维再生皮及其制造方法
US20240191408A1 (en) * 2021-04-13 2024-06-13 Chiorino Technology S.P.A. Dry methods for producing a nonwoven fabric from tanned leather waste

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DE1790346A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1900-01-01
DE1710346A1 (de) 1972-11-09
GB1190819A (en) 1970-05-06
FR1538003A (fr) 1968-08-30

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