US3608496A - Ballast tamping apparatus - Google Patents

Ballast tamping apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3608496A
US3608496A US831060A US3608496DA US3608496A US 3608496 A US3608496 A US 3608496A US 831060 A US831060 A US 831060A US 3608496D A US3608496D A US 3608496DA US 3608496 A US3608496 A US 3608496A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
ballast
tamping
track
tie
adjacent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US831060A
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English (en)
Inventor
Ludwig Schenkir
Josef Dultinger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Franz Plasser Bahnbaumaschinen Industrie GmbH
Original Assignee
Franz Plasser Bahnbaumaschinen Industrie GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AT557768A external-priority patent/AT303796B/de
Priority claimed from AT190869A external-priority patent/AT310222B/de
Application filed by Franz Plasser Bahnbaumaschinen Industrie GmbH filed Critical Franz Plasser Bahnbaumaschinen Industrie GmbH
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3608496A publication Critical patent/US3608496A/en
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B27/00Placing, renewing, working, cleaning, or taking-up the ballast, with or without concurrent work on the track; Devices therefor; Packing sleepers
    • E01B27/12Packing sleepers, with or without concurrent work on the track; Compacting track-carrying ballast
    • E01B27/13Packing sleepers, with or without concurrent work on the track
    • E01B27/16Sleeper-tamping machines
    • E01B27/17Sleeper-tamping machines combined with means for lifting, levelling or slewing the track
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B27/00Placing, renewing, working, cleaning, or taking-up the ballast, with or without concurrent work on the track; Devices therefor; Packing sleepers
    • E01B27/12Packing sleepers, with or without concurrent work on the track; Compacting track-carrying ballast
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B27/00Placing, renewing, working, cleaning, or taking-up the ballast, with or without concurrent work on the track; Devices therefor; Packing sleepers
    • E01B27/12Packing sleepers, with or without concurrent work on the track; Compacting track-carrying ballast
    • E01B27/13Packing sleepers, with or without concurrent work on the track
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2203/00Devices for working the railway-superstructure
    • E01B2203/12Tamping devices
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2203/00Devices for working the railway-superstructure
    • E01B2203/12Tamping devices
    • E01B2203/127Tamping devices vibrating the track surface
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2203/00Devices for working the railway-superstructure
    • E01B2203/16Guiding or measuring means, e.g. for alignment, canting, stepwise propagation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improvements in the tamping of railroad bed ballast.
  • ballast compacting pressure exerted by the reciprocating tools must be limited so that the tamping of the ballast under the ties does not cause the tamped tie and tracktobe lifted beyond the desired grade.
  • ballast in the spaces between the ties after the ballast under the ties has been tamped so that a more fully compacted ballast bed may be obtained.
  • vibratory surface tampers has also been suggested for the ballast spaces at the ends of the ties.
  • Such surface tampers usually comprise vibratory plates pressed into contact with the surface of the ballast and preferably held under a yielding tension or pressure while a rotating out-of-balance or eccentric actuator vibrates the plate to impart a pulsating motion thereto.
  • This and other objects of the invention are accomplished by simultaneously tamping the ballast underneath a transversely extending track tie and the adjacent space of the bed between this tie and a next adjacent tie.
  • a vertically downwardly directed force is applied to the ballast in this space to tamp the same, and a horizontally directed force is simultaneously applied to the ballast at a desired depth beneath the tie to tamp the ballast at this depth, at least one of these forces being pulsating.
  • the ballast under a tie is tamped while the ballast in the adjacent space is simultaneously compacted, thus avoiding the disadvantages of the prior methods involving subsequent ballast treating operation s.
  • the vertical tamping force When the vertical tamping force is additionally subjected to vibrations or pulsation, it serves not only to compact the ballast in the space between adjacent ties but also tamps some ballast under an adjacent tie. In view of the static pressure, the compaction of the ballast in. the deeper zones under the ties is particularly effective but a proper tie support is obtained only if a horizontally directed tamping force is also applied in such zones.
  • This force may be according to one embodiment of the present invention a component of an obliquely directed pressure force moving towards the tie under which the ballast is to be tamped.
  • the thus compacted ballast constitutes a counterforce preventing the ballast being tamped under the tie by the horizontally directed pressure extending towards the compacted ballast from being displaced.
  • the two simultaneously applied tamping forces cooperate to provide a solidly compacted ballast bed.
  • the apparatus of this invention comprises a frame mounted for mobility on a track, with two groups of tamping tools mounted on the frame.
  • the first group of tools is arranged transversely of the track and exerts a vertically downwardly directed pressure force against the ballast between two adjacent, transversely extending ties to tamp the ballast in the space between the adjacent ties.
  • the second group of tools is spaced from the first group on at least one side thereof in the direction of track elongation and imparts a horizontally directed pressure force against the ballast under the tie adjacent the space.
  • Means is provided for imparting a pulsating motion to the tamping tools of one or both groups, which means includes an eccentric actuator and means for holding the tamping tools under yielding tension.
  • the horizontally directed pressure force may be the result of the movement of the tamping tools of the second group in the direction of the track elongation while the tools are immersed in the ballast adjacent the tie. It may also constitute a horizontal component of an obliquely extending pressure produced by tamping tools extending towards the tie in an oblique direction.
  • the second group of tools may be arranged on both sides of the space, thus tamping ballast under two adjacent ties simultaneously while the ballast in the space between these ties is compacted by the first group of tampers.
  • the compacted ballast in the center of the tamping operation serves as a counterforce to the ballast being tamped under the ties towards the compacted center.
  • two ties are effectively tamped in a single stage in a manner superior to recently proposed methods and apparatus for tamping ties in tandem.
  • the tamping tools of the first group are preferably surface tam ers with plate means arranged to make pressure contact with the surface of the ballast adjacent one transverse edge of a tie and its two ends while the tamping tools of the second group are immersed in the ballast adjacent the other transverse edge of the tie.
  • the simultaneous tamping in the vertical and horizontal direction produces, as outlined hereinabove, a particularly effective condensation and compaction of the ballast.
  • This action is further improved by providing downwardly extending projections on the plate means of the surface tampers, which projections are immersed in the ballast and thus transmit the vibrations of the tampers to the ballast, aiding in the compaction movement of the ballast when the platelike projections extend perpendicularly to the direction of the horizontal pulsation of the surface tampers.
  • the ballast is vibrated in a horizontal direction while simultaneously being subjected to a vertically downwardly directed pressure force of the surface tampers so that the tamping extends not only deeply into the ballast but also moves the same horizontally under the adjacent tie.
  • the tamping pressure of the tamping tools is increased if the same are held under a yielding tension or pressure while they are pressed vertically downwardly or horizontally. Therefore, according to one feature of the invention, compression springs are mounted between the tool holders or carriers and the tools to keep the same biased towards the ballast.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic side views of the tamping assemblies of respective embodiments of ballast tamping apparatus according to this invention
  • FIG. 3 is a similar side view of another embodiment
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic side view of a track grading machine comprising a tamping assembly according to the invention
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic top view showing the operation of the tamping assembly illustrated in FIG. 4;
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are schematic side views of ballast surface tamping means useful in the tamping apparatus.
  • FIGS. 8 and 8a illustrate two embodiments of a preferred detail of the surface tamper.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a frame 1 of a carriage mounted for mobility on a track in the operating direction indicated by arrow 2.
  • the track includes transversely extending ties 9 on each side of which extends a respective space 8 and 4 of the ballast railroad bed which supports the track.
  • a first group of ballast tamping tools 3 is mounted on frame I.
  • the tamping tools 3 are arranged transversely of the track (a single tool being shown in the side view), and means, such as the illustrated hydraulic motor, is provided for imparting to these tamping tools 3 a vertically downwardly directed pressure force against the ballast in space 4.
  • This pressure force imparting means is supplemented by an out-of-balance or eccentric rotary actuator 6 imparting a pulsating motion to the surface tamper, to which the actuator is fixedly attached, and a compression spring 5 mounted between the actuator and the piston rod of the hydraulic motor mounted on frame 1 to exert a yielding tension on the tamping tools. When depressed, the spring 5 stores kinetic energy exerting a pressure or tension on the surface tamper, thus increasing its effectiveness.
  • a second group of ballast tamping tools 7 precedes the first group of tools.
  • the tamping tools 7 are also mounted on frame 1 and are so spaced from the first group of tools that they may be immersed in the space 8 when the first group of tools compacts the ballast in space 4, the tie 9 being positioned between the two groups of tamping tools.
  • Tamping tools 7 are mounted on a vertically adjustable tamping tool carrier for immersion into the ballast.
  • a support arm 10 which is vibrated by a crank shaft extending transversely to the track whereby a pulsating or vibratory motion is imparted to the tamping tools while they are moved about a transversely extending pivot 11 in the direction of track elongation, for instance, by a hydraulic motor, to impart a horizontally directed pressure force against the ballast under tie 9 when the tool is immersed in the ballast.
  • the surface tampers 3a of the embodiment of FIG. 2 differ from those of FIG. 1 only by stronger compression spring means 5a mounted between the hydraulic motor and the eccentric rotary actuator 6a.
  • the tamping tools 12 of the second group are mounted for oblique vertical movement into the ballast on a carrier frame 17.
  • the carrier frame is mounted for glidable movement on obliquely extending columns 17 which are mounted on carriage frame 14 and extend obliquely towards tie 9 and the first group of tampers.
  • a hydraulic motor moves the carrier 17 along the columns 17 for immersion of the tamping tools 12 into the ballast.
  • the tamping tools are fixedly attached to an out-of-balance actuator 13 which is mounted on the carrier frame and imparts a pulsating or vibratory motion to the tamping tools, a compression spring 15 being mounted between a shoulder on the piston rod of the hydraulic motor and the carrier frame to exert a yielding tension on the tamping tools.
  • Another hydraulic motor 16 linked respectively to the frame 14 and carrier frame 17 reciprocates the tamping tools in the direction of track elongation to tamp the ballast under tie 9 when the tamping tools are immersed in the ballast and while the surface tamper 3a tamps the ballast in the adjacent space between the ties.
  • FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIG. 2 but increases the efficiency of the apparatus, like reference numerals indicating like parts operating in a like manner in both embodiments.
  • a pair of like tamping tools 12, 12 are mounted on carriage frame 14, with the surface tamper 3a positioned therebetween, so as to tamp the ballast under adjacent ties 9, 9 simultaneously with the tamping of the ballast in the space 4 between these ties, the tamping tools 12, 12' being obliquely directed towards the surface tamper and being reciprocated by hydraulic motors 16, 16'.
  • FIG. 4 shows a generally conventional track grading or leveling machine including a carriage frame 21 mounted on wheels running on track 26 and having an overhanging frame portion forwardly of the front wheel for support of a ballast tamping assembly.
  • a track lifting device 22 is also mounted on the overhanging frame portion for lifting the track in respect of reference line 23 extending from a front bogie 24 positioned in an ungraded track section to a rear station 25 supported on a previously graded track section in a well-known manner.
  • the tamping assembly includes the tamping tools 28 which are mounted for vertical movement on columns 27 so that they may be immersed in the ballast.
  • the lower ends of the tamping tools have flat plates extending parallel to the ties and the tools may be reciprocated in any suitable manner in the direction of track elongation towards an adjacent tie so that, upon immersion in the ballast, the ballast is tamped under the adjacent tie. Additionally, each tool is shown to be mounted for vibration and is under yielding downward bias.
  • surface tampers are mounted on the overhanging frame portion for operation in the space between the ties on the other side of the tie under which the tools 28 tamp the ballast, the surface tampers being mounted on vertically adjustable holders 30.
  • the lower ends of the surface tampers have plates 31 for pressure contact with the surface of the ballast whence downwardly projecting extensions 32 extend into the ballast when the plates 31 contact the ballast surface.
  • the plates 31 are subject to horizontally extending vibrations and the extensions 32 extend perpendicularly to these vibrations to transmit this pulsating motion to the ballast during tamping.
  • FIG. 5 shows an additional group of tampers 28 of the same type as tampers 28 so that the ballast under the ties 29 adjacent the surface tampers may be simultaneously tamped. Also, the ballast adjacent the ends of the ties is simultaneously tamped by sur' face tampers 33, 33' also mounted on the carriage frame 21.
  • the surface tampers are under yielding tension or downward pressure by means of compression springs 34 and are vibrated by one (FIG. 7) or more (FIG. 6) rotating out-of-balance or eccentric actuators 35 which impart a horizontal pulsating motion to the plates 31.
  • FIG. 8 shows one embodiment of a downwardly projecting extension of plate 31 for transmitting the pulsating motion of the plate to the ballast.
  • the extension 32' is trapezoidal while the extensions 32" of FIG. 8a are triangular.
  • the tamping assembly simultaneously tamps the ballast surrounding a tie while the ballast under the tie is tamped to assure a compact ballast bed.
  • the surface tampers are subjected to a pulsating motion extending transversely to the track elongation while the vibrating motion of the tampers compacting the ballast under the adjacent tie or ties is directed in the direction of track elongation.
  • An apparatus for tamping the ballast of a railroad bed to provide a compacted ballast support for the track comprising a frame mounted for mobility on the track, a first group of ballast tamping tools mounted on the frame and arranged transversely of the track, means for imparting to the tamping tools of said first group vertically downwardly directed pressure force against the ballast between two adjacent, transversely extending ties to tamp the ballast in the space between the adjacent ties, a second group of ballast tamping tools mounted on the frame and spaced from the first group on at least one side thereof in the direction of the track, means for simultaneously imparting to the tamping tools of said second group a horizontally directed pressure force against the ballast under the tie adjacent said space, means for imparting a pulsating motion to the tamping tools of at least one of said groups, said means including an eccentric rotary actuator, and means for holding the tamping tools under yielding pressure.
  • An apparatus for tamping the ballast of a railroad bed to provide a compacted ballast support for the track comprising a frame mounted for mobility on the track; a first ballast Page 2 of 2 UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. I 3,608,496
  • said first ballast tamping means including plate means extending transversely of the track for surface engagement with the ballast in the space between two adjacent, transversely extending ties and extending transversely of said space adjacent the ends of one of said ties, means for exerting a vertically downwardly directed pulsating pressure force upon the plate means to force the same into pressure contact with the ballast surface, and flat extensions projecting from the plate means in a direction substantially perpendicular to the pulsating force exerted upon the plate means: and second tamping means mounted in the frame, the second tamping means including vibratory tamping tools, means for immersing the vibratory tamping tools in the ballast adjacent said one tie and spaced from the first tamping means in the direction of the track on the other side of said one tie, and means for simultaneously imparting a horizontally directed force to the immersed vibratory tamping tools in the track direction to tamp the ballast under the one tie.
  • An apparatus for tamping the ballast of a railroad bed to provide a compacted ballast support for the track comprising a frame mounted for mobility on the track: a first ballast tamping means mounted on the frame, said first ballast tamping means including plate means extending transversely of the track for surface engagement with the ballast in the space between two adjacent, transversely extending ties and extending transversely of said space adjacent the ends of one of said ties, and means for exerting a vertically downwardly directed pulsating pressure force upon the plate means to force the same into pressure contact with the ballast surface, said means for imparting a vertically downwardly directed pulsating pressure force including compression spring means exerting a yielding pressure upon the plate means: and second tamping means mounted in the frame,
  • the second tamping means including vibratory tamping tools, means for immersing the vibratory tamping tools in the ballast adjacent said one tie and spaced from the first tamping means in the direction of the track on the other side of said one tie, and means for simultaneously imparting a horizontally directed force to the immersed vibratory tamping tools in the track direction to tamp the ballast under the one tie.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Machines For Laying And Maintaining Railways (AREA)
US831060A 1968-06-11 1969-06-06 Ballast tamping apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3608496A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT557768A AT303796B (de) 1968-06-11 1968-06-11 Verfahren und Maschine zum Herstellen eines dichten Schotterbettes für Gleise
AT190869A AT310222B (de) 1969-02-25 1969-02-25 Vorrichtung zum Verdichten des Bettungsschotters des Eisenbahnoberbaues

Publications (1)

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US3608496A true US3608496A (en) 1971-09-28

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US831060A Expired - Lifetime US3608496A (en) 1968-06-11 1969-06-06 Ballast tamping apparatus

Country Status (8)

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US (1) US3608496A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS4819644B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH509466A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CS (1) CS180556B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2010687A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1276163A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
HU (1) HU165418B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
PL (1) PL72631B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3766859A (en) * 1972-01-03 1973-10-23 M Byrne Rail vibrating machine
US3828679A (en) * 1972-05-30 1974-08-13 H Helgemeir Tool for ballast compacting machine
US3965822A (en) * 1974-11-11 1976-06-29 Canron, Inc. Shoulder tamping lifting jack
US4111129A (en) * 1976-03-31 1978-09-05 Canron Railgroup Method and apparatus for the vibratory tamping of railway tracks
US4355579A (en) * 1979-12-12 1982-10-26 Franz Plasser Bahnbaumaschinen-Industriegesellschaft M.B.H. Track tamper
US4449459A (en) * 1981-01-23 1984-05-22 Canron Corp. Pivoting head continuous tamper
US10017902B2 (en) 2015-05-22 2018-07-10 William Moorhead Tie gang ballast replacer-compactor and related methods
US11105047B2 (en) * 2016-10-04 2021-08-31 Plasser & Theurer Export Von Bahnbaumaschinen Gesellschaft M.B.H. Tamping unit and method for tamping sleepers of a track

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5144262U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1974-09-30 1976-04-01
JPH0823121B2 (ja) * 1993-06-21 1996-03-06 株式会社中道兄弟商会 高速鉄道用バラス道床の補修方法及び補修装置
RU2378442C1 (ru) * 2008-06-04 2010-01-10 Анатолий Николаевич Шилкин Приспособление для уплотнения сыпучих сред, в частности балласта рельсового пути (варианты)
RU2381322C1 (ru) * 2008-08-29 2010-02-10 Анатолий Николаевич Шилкин Уплотнительно-подбивочный блок (варианты)
AT517843B1 (de) * 2015-11-24 2017-05-15 Plasser & Theurer Export Von Bahnbaumaschinen Gmbh Verfahren sowie Stopfaggregat zum Unterstopfen eines Gleises

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1074221A (fr) * 1952-04-01 1954-10-04 Matisa Materiel Ind Sa Dispositif pour décharger les rails du poids d'une machine à bourrer le ballast
US2791971A (en) * 1952-08-22 1957-05-14 Meer Ag Maschf Track-packing machines
US3000328A (en) * 1958-02-24 1961-09-19 Plasser Franz Mobile track tamping machine
US3012516A (en) * 1955-06-14 1961-12-12 Matisa Materiel Ind Sa Light tamping machine
US3111909A (en) * 1958-10-30 1963-11-26 Plasser Franz Mobile track tamper assembly
US3372651A (en) * 1965-03-19 1968-03-12 Plasser Franz Track tamping machine

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1074221A (fr) * 1952-04-01 1954-10-04 Matisa Materiel Ind Sa Dispositif pour décharger les rails du poids d'une machine à bourrer le ballast
US2791971A (en) * 1952-08-22 1957-05-14 Meer Ag Maschf Track-packing machines
US3012516A (en) * 1955-06-14 1961-12-12 Matisa Materiel Ind Sa Light tamping machine
US3000328A (en) * 1958-02-24 1961-09-19 Plasser Franz Mobile track tamping machine
US3111909A (en) * 1958-10-30 1963-11-26 Plasser Franz Mobile track tamper assembly
US3372651A (en) * 1965-03-19 1968-03-12 Plasser Franz Track tamping machine

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3766859A (en) * 1972-01-03 1973-10-23 M Byrne Rail vibrating machine
US3828679A (en) * 1972-05-30 1974-08-13 H Helgemeir Tool for ballast compacting machine
US3965822A (en) * 1974-11-11 1976-06-29 Canron, Inc. Shoulder tamping lifting jack
US4111129A (en) * 1976-03-31 1978-09-05 Canron Railgroup Method and apparatus for the vibratory tamping of railway tracks
US4355579A (en) * 1979-12-12 1982-10-26 Franz Plasser Bahnbaumaschinen-Industriegesellschaft M.B.H. Track tamper
US4449459A (en) * 1981-01-23 1984-05-22 Canron Corp. Pivoting head continuous tamper
US10017902B2 (en) 2015-05-22 2018-07-10 William Moorhead Tie gang ballast replacer-compactor and related methods
US11105047B2 (en) * 2016-10-04 2021-08-31 Plasser & Theurer Export Von Bahnbaumaschinen Gesellschaft M.B.H. Tamping unit and method for tamping sleepers of a track

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH509466A (de) 1971-06-30
PL72631B1 (en) 1974-08-30
GB1276163A (en) 1972-06-01
FR2010687A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-02-20
JPS4819644B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-15
CS180556B2 (en) 1978-01-31
DE1928619A1 (de) 1970-01-29
HU165418B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-08-28
DE1928619B2 (de) 1975-12-18

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