US3531337A - Hard aluminum alloy - Google Patents
Hard aluminum alloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3531337A US3531337A US693100A US3531337DA US3531337A US 3531337 A US3531337 A US 3531337A US 693100 A US693100 A US 693100A US 3531337D A US3531337D A US 3531337DA US 3531337 A US3531337 A US 3531337A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- hardness
- alloy
- aluminum
- alloys
- aging
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 16
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 36
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- -1 nitrogen-containing compound Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000737 Duralumin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017061 Fe Co Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000954 Medium-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKUGPJPKMAEJOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate Chemical compound CCCSC(=O)N(CCC)CCC OKUGPJPKMAEJOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910009369 Zn Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZVWKZXLXHLZXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitride Chemical compound [Zr]#N ZVWKZXLXHLZXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/10—Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
Definitions
- the aluminum alloys which are widely used as construction materials are light in weight as well as considerably strong.
- the alloys have defects in actual use thereof in such points that their hardness are far lower than those of iron and steel materials or other nonferrous materials such as copper alloys, etc.
- the aluminum alloys are relatively soft, and therefore the surfaces of the alloys are not only readily scratched, but also deformed or worn away. Accordingly they cannot be used as screw nuts, and other parts of machines.
- Table 1 shows the comparison of hardness between typical constructional metals and practically used high tension aluminum alloys.
- the object of the present invention is to obtain an aluminum material whose hardness is higher than any other commercial aluminum alloys by special treatments to 3,531,337 Patented Sept. 29, 1970 which the chemical ingredients of the aluminum alloy is subjected, and to make the aluminum material applicable as such screws, viz nuts, springs, and other parts of machines that require high abrasion resistance property as those of iron and steel.
- the chemical ingredients contained in the present alloys are 2.67.8% zinc and 0.6-3.8% magnesium as the principal additive elements which mainly act as the components of age hardening.
- the present alloys contain 02-12% of each of iron and nickel of transition metals of Group IV of the Periodic Table, 0.1-1.2% manganese, and 0.5% chromium.
- the alloys contain ODS-1.2% zirconium of Group IVa (in some cases, this being replaced in part with titanium 0r hafnium), 0.0050.3% boron which is a metalloid, and 0.050.85% silicon, and the remainder of aluminum.
- the characteristics points in treating the alloys of the present invention are in that the molten metal is kept at elevated temperature after the melting of the alloys and in the nitrogenization of alloy which is carried out by passing nitrogen or a nitrogen-containing gas, for example, ammonium into the molten alloy to react with each other or by reacting a nitrogen-containing compound such as an ammonium-containing compound or a nitrate, so that zirconium of Group IV (in some cases, titanium or hafnium are included) is dispersion hardened as a zirconium nitride. Boron, also, forms in part boron nitride, and promotes the strengthening of dispersion.
- nitrogen or a nitrogen-containing gas for example, ammonium into the molten alloy to react with each other or by reacting a nitrogen-containing compound such as an ammonium-containing compound or a nitrate
- zirconium of Group IV in some cases, titanium or hafnium are included
- Boron also, forms in part boron
- iron, nickel and cobalt of Group IV of the Periodic Table form intermetallic compounds in the aging aluminum alloys.
- 1% addition thereof is destructive, the simultaneous addition of at least two elements, however, hardly damaging the aging hardness.
- Manganese has an effect to improve the fineness of grain size of crystal and toughness together with chromium, and since chromium increases the corrosion resistance, against especially stress corrosion, the addition of a small amount of chromium is effective. Also, the addition of a small amount of silicon which already exists in the raw metal contributes to the age hardening.
- the present invention is an alloy melt prepared by adding the above-mentioned various elements to the aging aluminum-zinc-magnesium system, and subjecting the system to the nitriding treatment.
- the greatest characteristics of the present invention is to produce an alloy having hot and cold workabilities and at the same time such a high hardness produced by solution treatment and age hardening (T treatment) or the work hardening thereafter that has never been observed.
- the hardness reaches about 180 in the aging hardening conditions, which is the highest hardness in the conventional aluminum alloy.
- This hardness matches the hardness of hardened phosphorus bronze or that of medium carbon steel.
- the aging hardening of the alloy of the present invention is stopped before the highest possible hardness is obtained by this treatment, it is possible to produce an incredibly high hardness of Vickers hardness 200 or more by applying about 50% cold work to this alloy.
- the alloy of a Vickers hardness of 205 is obtained in Example 1, and a Vickers hardness of 201, in Example 2, these hardness being about twice of that imparted to duralumin 2017, and matching the hardness of copper alloy naturally or even that'of iron material.
- the present alloy is, as explained above, an alloy having such a high hardness that ever seen as a wrought aluminum alloy having workability and as aluminum base alloy treated with T treatment.
- the present alloy also shows an extremely high hardness as casting material, and is further improved by solution and aging treatments (T treatment) after the alloy was cast.
- composition of the example and the aging hardness under such treatment condition as described above are as shown in Table 4.
- the alloy of the present invention shows, as illustrated above, a considerable hardness (a Vickers hardness of 127) under casting condition.
- a Vickers hardness of 127 By the T treatment, the hardness of the present alloy reaches a Vickers hardness which is as high as 180, so that the aluminum alloy excellent in abrasion resistance is obtained as a casting product.
- the aluminum alloy high in hardness to which the present invention relates demonstrates excellent properties produced by such a composition as was shown in the previous example, and by various treatments suited for the composition.
- zirconium in some cases, titanium or hafnium being included
- boron become, as already explained above, dispersion particles by forming nitrides thereof by the solution treatment, and perform the action of dispersion strengthening by blocking the move of dislocation line.
- the suitable amount of zirconium or a metal of its group is 0.051.2%
- the amount of boron 0.0050.3%.
- Transition metal iron, nickel and cobalt of Group IV of the Periodic Table have very little solid solubility in aluminum, concentrate around crystalline grain boundary and strengthen the neibourfood of grain boundary by increasing the dislocation density, and promote the Work hardenings.
- the single use of these metals is in some cases, as described above, destructive to the age hardening, while the simultaneous use of at least two elements of these do not damage the age hardening, so that these elements are added simultaneously for these reasons.
- the suitable amount of each of these ingredients is in the range of 0.21.2%. When the amount is smaller than the lower limit, there is no practical effect, and when the amount exceeds the upper limit, the corrosion resistance is damaged, toughness, also, being reduced.
- Chromium and manganese of the transition metals of Group IV check the deterioration of the grain boundary by making the crystalline grains finer similarly to the action of iron with an effect that corrosion resistance is increased. Both elements are very useful and especially when chromium is contained at 0.5% or below, the ingredient is effective particularly to casting alloys. 01-- 1.2% manganese has an effect of improving malleability. Silicon promotes the age hardening, and, similarly to the above-mentioned iron and other transition metals, has an effect of checking the deterioration of the grain boundary. The addition of a large amount of silicon, however, damages workability. Its suitable amount is in the range of ODS-0.88%.
- An aged aluminum alloy product high in hardness and abrasion resistance characterized by elevating the hardness of an alloy containing 2.6-7.8% zinc, 0.63.8% magnesium, 0.21.2% iron, 0.2-1.2% nickel and/or cobalt, 0.1-1.2% manganese, 0.5 or below of chromium, 0.05-1.2% of at least one element from the group consisting of zirconium, hafnium and titanium, said element being combined with nitrogen in the product to form dispersed nitrides; 0.0050.3% boron, at least a part of which is combined with nitrogen in the product to form dispersed nitrides, and 0.03-0.85% silicon, and the remainder of aluminum, said product having been made by subjecting said alloy to a nitriding treatment while in the molten state, and then to a solution heat treatment at a temperature in the range of 450490 C. as cast or after working and thereafter to an aging treatment at a temperature of to C. to produce a high hardness, and, in some cases
- An alloy product of claim 1 comprising 5.0% Zn, 2.0% Mg, 0.4% Ni, 0.35% Zr, 0.4% Fe, 0.006% B, 04% Si and 0.6% Mn.
- An alloy product of claim 1 comprising 5.0% Zn, 2.0% Mg, 0.2% Ni, 0.35% Zr, 0.8% Fe, 0.6% Co, 0.1% B, 0.18% Si and 0.3% Mn.
- An alloy product of claim 1 comprising 5.0% Zn, 2.0% Mg, 0.55% Ni, 0.35% Zr, 0.7% Fe, 0.1% Cr, 0.1% B, 0.35% Si and 0.7% Mn.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8456066 | 1966-12-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3531337A true US3531337A (en) | 1970-09-29 |
Family
ID=13834013
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US693100A Expired - Lifetime US3531337A (en) | 1966-12-26 | 1967-12-26 | Hard aluminum alloy |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3531337A (cs) |
| CH (1) | CH488808A (cs) |
| DE (1) | DE1608190B1 (cs) |
| FR (1) | FR1548155A (cs) |
| GB (1) | GB1215817A (cs) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4060411A (en) * | 1975-02-26 | 1977-11-29 | Mamiya Koki Kabushiki Kaisha | Precipitation-hardenable, nitrided aluminum alloys and nitrided mother alloys therefor |
| US4830826A (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1989-05-16 | Matsuo Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process of manufacturing high-strength high-elasticity aluminum alloys |
| US5302218A (en) * | 1991-09-24 | 1994-04-12 | Mazda Motor Corporation | Surface reforming method of aluminum alloy members |
| FR2788317A1 (fr) * | 1999-01-13 | 2000-07-13 | Pechiney Rhenalu | Ressort helicoidal en fil d'alliage d'aluminium |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2793949A (en) * | 1950-12-18 | 1957-05-28 | Imich Georges | Method of preparing composite products containing metallic and non-metallic materials |
| US3171760A (en) * | 1963-04-29 | 1965-03-02 | Aluminum Co Of America | Thermal treatment of aluminum base alloy products |
| US3180728A (en) * | 1960-10-03 | 1965-04-27 | Olin Mathieson | Aluminum-tin composition |
| US3262762A (en) * | 1963-12-27 | 1966-07-26 | Du Pont | High temperature-resistant materials of aluminum, boron, carbon, nitrogen and silicon, and their preparation |
| US3304209A (en) * | 1966-02-03 | 1967-02-14 | Aluminum Co Of America | Aluminum base alloy |
| US3332773A (en) * | 1965-05-12 | 1967-07-25 | Aluminum Co Of America | Welding aluminum |
| US3468658A (en) * | 1965-12-08 | 1969-09-23 | Bendix Corp | Method of producing dispersion strengthened metals |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE823353C (de) * | 1947-02-19 | 1951-12-03 | Ici Ltd | Verfahren zur Verbesserung der Korrosionsbestaendigkeit von Aluminiumlegierungen |
| DE1041695B (de) * | 1955-03-29 | 1958-10-23 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Kornfeinung von Aluminiumguss |
| BE639908A (cs) * | 1962-11-15 |
-
1967
- 1967-12-26 FR FR1548155D patent/FR1548155A/fr not_active Expired
- 1967-12-26 US US693100A patent/US3531337A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1967-12-27 GB GB58633/67A patent/GB1215817A/en not_active Expired
- 1967-12-27 CH CH1821167A patent/CH488808A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1967-12-27 DE DE19671608190 patent/DE1608190B1/de active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2793949A (en) * | 1950-12-18 | 1957-05-28 | Imich Georges | Method of preparing composite products containing metallic and non-metallic materials |
| US3180728A (en) * | 1960-10-03 | 1965-04-27 | Olin Mathieson | Aluminum-tin composition |
| US3171760A (en) * | 1963-04-29 | 1965-03-02 | Aluminum Co Of America | Thermal treatment of aluminum base alloy products |
| US3262762A (en) * | 1963-12-27 | 1966-07-26 | Du Pont | High temperature-resistant materials of aluminum, boron, carbon, nitrogen and silicon, and their preparation |
| US3332773A (en) * | 1965-05-12 | 1967-07-25 | Aluminum Co Of America | Welding aluminum |
| US3468658A (en) * | 1965-12-08 | 1969-09-23 | Bendix Corp | Method of producing dispersion strengthened metals |
| US3304209A (en) * | 1966-02-03 | 1967-02-14 | Aluminum Co Of America | Aluminum base alloy |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4060411A (en) * | 1975-02-26 | 1977-11-29 | Mamiya Koki Kabushiki Kaisha | Precipitation-hardenable, nitrided aluminum alloys and nitrided mother alloys therefor |
| US4830826A (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1989-05-16 | Matsuo Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process of manufacturing high-strength high-elasticity aluminum alloys |
| US5302218A (en) * | 1991-09-24 | 1994-04-12 | Mazda Motor Corporation | Surface reforming method of aluminum alloy members |
| FR2788317A1 (fr) * | 1999-01-13 | 2000-07-13 | Pechiney Rhenalu | Ressort helicoidal en fil d'alliage d'aluminium |
| WO2000042334A1 (fr) * | 1999-01-13 | 2000-07-20 | Pechiney Rhenalu | Ressort helicoidal en fil d'alliage d'aluminium |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CH488808A (fr) | 1970-04-15 |
| GB1215817A (en) | 1970-12-16 |
| FR1548155A (cs) | 1968-11-29 |
| DE1608190B1 (de) | 1972-05-31 |
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