US3508406A - Composite arch structure - Google Patents

Composite arch structure Download PDF

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Publication number
US3508406A
US3508406A US834219A US3508406DA US3508406A US 3508406 A US3508406 A US 3508406A US 834219 A US834219 A US 834219A US 3508406D A US3508406D A US 3508406DA US 3508406 A US3508406 A US 3508406A
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Prior art keywords
liner
arch
buttresses
arch structure
members
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Expired - Lifetime
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US834219A
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English (en)
Inventor
Christopher L Fisher
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Contech Engineered Solutions LLC
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Armco Inc
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Assigned to MELLON BANK (EAST), NATIONAL ASSOCIATION reassignment MELLON BANK (EAST), NATIONAL ASSOCIATION SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONTECH CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS INC., AN OH. CORP.
Assigned to CONTECH CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS INC., A OHIO CORP. reassignment CONTECH CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS INC., A OHIO CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ARMCO INC.
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D1/00—Bridges in general
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/02—Piers; Abutments ; Protecting same against drifting ice
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F5/00—Draining the sub-base, i.e. subgrade or ground-work, e.g. embankment of roads or of the ballastway of railways or draining-off road surface or ballastway drainage by trenches, culverts, or conduits or other specially adapted means
    • E01F5/005—Culverts ; Head-structures for culverts, or for drainage-conduit outlets in slopes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D2101/00—Material constitution of bridges
    • E01D2101/30—Metal

Definitions

  • the composite arch structure comprises a pair of flexible retaining wall portions and a top portion extending therebetween. Longitudinally extending load spreading means are provided on either side of the vertical axis of the structure at positions where a radial force acting on the structure forms an angle of about 45 or more to the horizontal.
  • the invention relates to new and useful improvements in composite arch structures, particularly relatively large dimensioned composite arch structures.
  • composite arch structure is intended to include arch structures having a planar base thus forming, when viewed in end elevation, a truncated ellipsoid; arch structures having a planar top portion; and arch structures which might be considered to consist of a pair of flexible retaining wall sections together with top and bottom sections so that they present, when viewed in cross section, a pure ellipsoid, circle or modification of these shapes.
  • the difference in moment strength may only be a small fraction of what would be designed for conventional rigid structures.
  • the lining which is normally manufactured from corrugated steel sheet material, can be relatively thin even though the internal dimensions may -be relatively large.
  • the present invention overcomes this particular fault of the structure by providing load-spreading buttresses formed of concrete and extending along or adjacent to the junctions between the flexible retaining walls and the flattened arch structure.
  • This provides a length of consolidated material at the location where compaction and backilling equipment cannot effectively work thus enabling the compaction and backlling to continue without distortion occurring to the arch structure.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of one or more stiffening members extending between the buttress means and over the top portion of the arch structure.
  • the present invention relates to improvements in relatively large com-posite arch structures made of relatively thin arcuately curved metallic sheets of the type generally used for small culverts and the like.
  • longitudinally extending concrete buttresses are affixed to the exterior of the arch structure along areas where the flexibility of the arch structure is such that, in the absence of such buttresses, normal backfllling and compacting procedures could not be used.
  • the buttresses enable conventional backfilling equipment and compacting equipment to be utilized on relatively large dimensioned flexible arch structures thus eliminating the necessity of increasing the thickness of the material forming these arch structures. They can be precast and secured to the surface of the arch structure or, alternatively, they can be cast in place when required.
  • the buttresses are simple in construction and economical to manufacture.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of additional structure in the form of one or more stiffening members extending over the top portion of the arch structure and affixed to the buttresses.
  • the one o-r more stiflening members control the flexibility of the arch structure and prevent side sway during the erection and backfllling operations.
  • the static deflection load can mount to 6 to 12 inches in the center.
  • the top section of the arch liner is, in effect, hung from the members thus preventing side sway and also preventing static load deflection. It should be stressed that this deflection would, of course, disappear when backfllled completely but, with relatively wide spans, distortion would be diflicult to control and in fact, excessive deflection may cause collapse if these stiflening members are not used.
  • Use of the present invention enables the operators to maintain a more accurate curvature to the thin plate during assembly and backlling and also when loaded with live loads.
  • stiffening members can be cast in place with the buttresses or, alternatively, can be bolted to bolts extending from the buttresses, if it is desired to make the members detachable.
  • FIGURE l is a cross sectional view of a composite arch structure showing the invention in situ.
  • FIGURE 2 is an alternative embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGURE 3 is a cross sectional view showing the invention utilized with flexible retaining walls and a precast arch or spreader beam extending therebetween.
  • FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary enlarged sectional view showing one method of providing the buttress.
  • FIGURE 5 is an isometric fragmentary view showing the buttress in place.
  • FIGURE 6 is an isometric view of a composite arch structure showing the use of stiiening members.
  • FIGURE 7 is an end view showing an alternative construction of the composite arch structure utilizing stiflening members.
  • FIGURE 8 is an enlarged fragmentary end elevation showing a method of attaching the stiffening members to the arch structure.
  • FIGURE 9 is a fragmentary end elevation showing an alternative form of one of the stiffening members.
  • FIGURE 10 is a fragmentary side elevation of a composite arch structure illustrating the use of stiflening members.
  • FIGURE 11 is a fragmentary end elevation showing an alternative method of attachment of the stiffening members to the buttress.
  • Safe composite support for loads upon underground flexible structures have been obtained by using a proper relationship between the size of structure, to thickness of material, to type of soil adjacent to the structure, and the degree of consolidation imparted to that soil.
  • the present application is therefore related to relatively large structures manufactured from relatively thin gauge sheet corrugated material.
  • the composite arch structure collectivelydesignated 10 comprises a pair of flexible retaining wall structures 11 and a flexible flattened arch structure 12.
  • The/.bases of the flexible wall structures 11 are secured within footings 13 and soil 14 is compacted around footings and around the outside of the flexible wall structures 11 as described in the above-mentioned patent.
  • the radius arrows 15 indicate the change in radius between the flexible wall structures 11 and the flexible flattened arch structure 12.
  • Theareas in which this radius change occurs may be considered as the junctions between the flexible wall structures and the flexible flattened arch structure.
  • buttresses are provided designated 17 along these, junctions or areas which spread the compacting load at these points thus enabling conventional earth moving and compacting machinery to be utilized.
  • buttresses are substantially triangular when viewed in cross section and are provided with a substantially horizontal wall 19 and a substantially vertical wall 18 extending therefrom.
  • buttresses extend clear along the junction area 16' and provide support for the structure so that soil can be compacted against the vertical wall as indicated by the arrows 22 thus spreading the load over a greater area at this vital point.
  • FIGURE 2 shows a slightly dilferent embodiment in which the composite arch structure extends across the base 25 in the form of an arcuately curved structure.
  • buttresses 17 are provided adjacent the areas 16 where there is a change of radius between the flexible retaining wall structures 11 and the flexible llattened arch structure 12.
  • the Vertical and horizontal surfaces 18 and 19 are concave thus assisting in locating the structure during'the compaction process as well as spreading the loads over a greater area of the compacted soil or lill 14.
  • buttresses 17 enable the arch structure to be modified as shown in FIGURE 3.
  • the llexible flattened arch structure is eliminated and a spreader beam or plate 26 substituted.
  • This spreader beam which may be of precast concrete, is formed with rabbetted edges 27 which engage over the horizontal surfaces 19 of the buttresses 17 as clearly shown.
  • the back-filling material is compacted up to the areas 16 whereupon the buttresses are secured and then the spreader beams may be placed in position to form a solid roof and the over burden 23 compacted into position.
  • the composite arch structure is relatively spherical as shown in phantom in FIGURE 3, it is necessary to provide some means of preventing rotation of the structure during the backlilling and compacting process.
  • An elongated keel 29 is provided depending downwardly from the arcuately curved base 30 and when soil is compacted around this keel, rotational displacement of the structure cannot take place.
  • the buttresses 17 may either be precast and then secured to the areas 16 by means of hook bolts 31 extending from the buttresses, and through the Walls of the liner or, alternatively, they may be poured in place. If they are poured in place then conventional cribbing 32 may be positioned and supported by braces 33 and concrete poured into place under which circumstances the hook anchors 31 may be inserted prior to the pouring of the concrete.
  • Concrete buttresses 19 are poured in place or precast and fastened to the outer flexible surface thus providing consolidated material at this location where compaction equipment cannot work effectively.
  • FIGURES 6 and 7 illustrate composite arch structures of the type having relatively large horizontal or width dimensions.
  • FIGURES 6 and 7 generally illustrates composite arch structures of the type to which the present invention may be applied.
  • the composite arch structure in FIGURE 6 (generally indicated at 34) includes a pair of flexible retaining wall sections 35 and 36 and an arcuately curved top section 37 joined to the retaining wall sections 35 and 36- to form, in cross section, a truncated ellipsoid shell.
  • the retaining wall sections 35 and 36 and the top section 37 are both formed of arcuately curved sheets of relatively thin corrugated steel bolted together and anchored to base abutments 38 and 39.
  • FIGURE 7 shows a modified arch construction which is ellipsoidal when viewed in cross section and which consists of llexible retaining wall side sections 44 and 45 and arcuately curved top section 46. Also provided in this embodiment, is a lower arcuately curved section 47 thus forming the ellipsoid.
  • This embodiment ⁇ also includes similar elongated buttresses 48 and 49 situated at the junction areas 50 and 51 respectively.
  • both the arch structure shown in FIGURE 6 and the arch structure shown in FIGURE 7 become very flexible, particularly during the backfilling operation.
  • the upper sections 37 in FIGURE 6 and 46 in FIGURE 7 may actually sag due to the static load inherent in the construction.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of a plurality of arcuately curved reinforcing and stabilizing members overspanning the top sections and being secured by the ends thereof to the buttresses. These stitfening members are curved to follow the curvature of the upper sections of the arch structures and are in contact with these sections when installed.
  • stifening members 52 are illustrated as spanning top section 37, With their ends affixed to buttress 42 and 43.
  • stiffening member S3 is shown spanning top section 46, with its ends afiixed to buttresses 48 and 49.
  • the stiifening members 52 and 53 of FIGURES 6 and 7 may take various forms. A number of embodiments of stilfening members are illustrated in FIGURES 8 through 11.
  • FIGURE 8 illustrates a stitfening member (generally indicated at 54) fabricated of channel iron with an upper flange 55, a lower llange 56 and an intermediate web 57.
  • FIGURE 10 illustrates another embodiment of the stiilening members.
  • the arch structure (generally indicated at 58) has side portionslone of which is shown at 59), a top portion 60 and buttresses (one of which is shown at 61).
  • the top portion 60 is overspanned by a plurality of identical stiffening members 62, each having an angle i-ron cross section with a vertical llange 63 and a horizontal flange 64.
  • tubular members such as tubular members, square cross sectional members, I-beam cross sectional members and the like, depending upon the requirements and design parameters.
  • the buttresses would be cast in place as described above. Before these buttresses a-re cast in place, the stiifening members should be placed in position ywith their end portions entering into the forms for the buttresses 15.
  • the buttresses could be poured thus incorporating the members into the buttresses and anchoring the members by the ends thereof.
  • FIGURES 6, 7, 8 and 1() illustrate stiffening members with their end portions embedded and supported by buttresses.
  • the buttress 65 is illustrated in dashed line.
  • FIGURE 1l an arch structure 66 is illustrated together with one of its buttresses 67.
  • a stiffening member 68 is shown with one of its ends 68a angled to conform to the upper surface 67a of the buttress 67.
  • the end 68a of the stiifening member is perforated to permit passage therethrough of bolts 69 and 70.
  • the bolts 69 and 70 are embedded in the buttress 67 as at 69a and 70a respectively.
  • Nuts 71 and 72 hold the stiifening member removably affixed to the buttress.
  • FIGURE 8 shows details of one method of attachment. Pairs of bolts 73 pass through the top portion of the arch structure 74 and the anges 56 and 55 of the stiffening member 54 and nuts 75 clamp the top portion to the underside of flange 56, it being understood that washer plates 76 may be utilized in the well known manner.
  • top portion of the arch structure is secured to the stiffening members, as shown in FIGURE 8, then, in effect, the top portion is suspended from the stiffening members which, due to the rigidity of construction thereof, maintain the arch structure in the desired configuration during backtilling and compacting.
  • stiffening members 62 of FIG- URE 10 may have the top portion 60' of the arch structure 58 aflixed thereto. In this instance bolts will pass through perforations in the top portion 60 and the horizontal anges 64 of the stiifening members 62. Again washer plates may be used. This is diagrammatically indicate at 73 in FIGURE 10.
  • FIGURE 9 shows a side elevation of an alternative method of construction of the stiifening members and in this instance, the stiffening member is identied by the reference character 77.
  • the stiffening member 77 is cast in concrete integrally with the adjacent buttresses, conventional forming being provided for this purpose. It is normally desirable that reinforcing steel 78 be incorporated in this construction and concrete bolts 79 or similar fasteners may hold the top portion 80 and the arch structure to the stiffening member 77.
  • a plurality of stiffening members would be situated in spaced and parallel relationship along the entire length of the top portion of the arch structure and these would remain in place after compacting and backilling.
  • one pair of stiffening members may be secured to the arch structure and a narrow roadway built and compacted over the top of the arch structure between the two adjacent stiffening members. One of these may then be detached and moved outwardly as the road is widened until the entire length of the arch structure has been backilled and compacted in conjunction with the formation of the roadway overhead.
  • a composite arch structure of the type having compacted backll material thereabout comprising an elongated flexible liner, side portions at least of said liner being formed of relatively thin gauge corrugated sheet material, a pair of load-spreading buttress means, said buttress means comprising elongated bodies extending longitudinally of said liner, said buttress means being affixed to the exterior surface of said liner on either side of the vertical axis thereof at positions where a radial force acting on said liner forms an angle of about 45 or more to the horizontal, each of said buttress means having a longitudinal surface abutting said exterior surface of said liner at said position where said buttress means is affixed to said liner and at least one additional load-spreading surface in Contact with said compacted backlill material.
  • each of said buttress means when viewed in cross section, includes a substantially vertical wall surface comprising said load spreading surface, a substantially horizontal wall surface extending from the upper edge of said vertical wall surface and an arcuately curved surface extending between the distal ends of said wall surfaces thus defining a substantially triangular configuration, said arcuate surface comprising said surface abutting the exterior surface of said liner.
  • each of said buttress means is precast and secured to said exterior surface of said liner.
  • each of said buttress means is poured in place against the exterior surface of said liner.
  • said liner includes an arcuately curved base extending between the lower edges of the said side portions thus forming a substantially oblate spheroid when viewed in cross section, and means to prevent rotational displacement of said liner during the compacting of backiilling material thereabout, said means comprising an antirotation keel secured to and extending outwardly from said base.
  • reinforcing and stabilizing means extend between said buttress means and overspan said top portion of said liner, said reinforcing and stabilizing means comprise at least one substantially rigid stiffening member being arcuately curved to conform substantially to the arcuate curvature of said top portion of said liner and means to secure said member by the ends thereof, to said buttress means.
  • said liner includes an arcuately curved base extending between the lower edges of the said side portions thus forming a substantially oblate spheroid when viewed in cross section, and means to prevent rotational displacement of said liner during the compacting of backlling material thereabout, said means comprising an antirotational keel secured to and extending outwardly from said base.
  • said liner includes an arcuately curved base extending between the lower edges of the said side portions thus forming a substantially oblate spheroid when viewed in cross section, and means to prevent rotational displacement of said liner during the compacting of backflling material thereabout, said means comprising an antirotation keel secured to and extending outwardly from said base.
  • said reinforcing and stabilizing means comprises a plurality of said stiffening members in parallel spaced relationship.
  • stiffening member is manufactured from steel section arcuately curved to a curvature similar to the curvature of said top portion of said liner, said buttress means being concrete poured in place around the ends of said stiening member to secure same.
  • a composite arch structure of the type having compacted backll material thereabout comprising an elongated ilexible liner having side portions and a top portion, the lines of juncture of said top portion and said side portions of said liner each being defined by a radius change in said liner, said side portions at least of said liner being formed of relatively thin gauge corrugated sheet material, a pair of load-spreading buttress means, said buttress means comprising elongated bodies extending longitudinally of said liner, each of said buttress means being aixed to the exterior Surface of said liner adjacent one of said lines of juncture, each of said buttress means having a longitudinal surface abutting said exterior surface of said liner and at least one additional loadspreading surface in contact with said compacted backll material.
  • top portion of said liner is arcuate, reinforcing and stabilizing means extend between said buttress means and over-span said top portion f said liner, said reinforcing and stabilizing means comprise at least one substantially rigid stilfening member being arcuately curved to conform substantially to the arcuate curvature of said top portion of said liner and means to secure said stifening member by the ends thereof, to said buttress means.
  • reinforcing and stabilizing means comprises a plurality of said stifening members in parallel spaced relationship.
  • a method of constructing a composite arch structure having compacted backfill material about a liner, side portions at least of which are formed of relatively thin gauge corrugated sheet material comprising the steps of setting said liner in place, anchoring the base thereof against movement, backlling and compacting backfill material against the exterior surface of both sides of said liner to positions thereon where a radial force on said liner forms an angle of about 45 or more to the horizontal, securing to said liner elongated load-spreading buttress means on both sides of the vertical axis of said liner and extending longitudinally of said liner, each of said buttress means having a longitudinal surface abutting theexterior surface of said liner at one of said positions and a longitudinal load-spreading surface, backlling and compacting backill material against said load-spreading surfaces of said buttress means and then continuing backilling and compacting backll material to cover said structure.
  • the method according to claim 17 including the steps of placing a plurality of arcuately curved substantially rigid stiffening members in parallel spaced relationship overspanning the top portion of said liner and anchoring said stiffening members by the ends thereof to said buttress means.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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US834219A 1968-10-15 1969-06-10 Composite arch structure Expired - Lifetime US3508406A (en)

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3735595A (en) * 1971-10-29 1973-05-29 United States Steel Corp Reinforced soil bridge
US3968655A (en) * 1973-07-13 1976-07-13 Mcglothlin William K Method of reinforcing tunnels before excavation
US4010617A (en) * 1975-05-19 1977-03-08 Armco Steel Corporation Composite arch structure
US4150910A (en) * 1977-08-19 1979-04-24 Promon Engenharia Sa Construction of underground galleries
US4318635A (en) * 1980-07-07 1982-03-09 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Culvert structure having corrugated ribbing support
EP0057082A2 (fr) * 1981-01-28 1982-08-04 Armco Inc. Arceau composite de soutènement
FR2508072A1 (fr) * 1981-06-17 1982-12-24 Peterson Carl Structure de poutre en arc destinee notamment a etre utilisee avec des buses pour la construction de conduites
US4459063A (en) * 1980-08-07 1984-07-10 Shaw Christopher B Building construction
FR2546931A1 (fr) * 1983-05-31 1984-12-07 Peterson Carl Structure de poutre en arc destinee plus particulierement a la construction de ponceaux
US4558969A (en) * 1984-03-19 1985-12-17 Bebo Of America Hinge for use with large pre-cast overfilled load support structures
US4650369A (en) * 1985-11-27 1987-03-17 Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation Culvert structure
US4693635A (en) * 1981-11-17 1987-09-15 Marcel Matiere Method of producing hollow structures and hollow structures
US4695187A (en) * 1984-08-02 1987-09-22 Bridginfill Design Ltd. Concrete arch buried bridge
US5449020A (en) * 1991-10-07 1995-09-12 Matiere; Marcel Elongated enclosure of large cross-section, and process for its manufacture
US5833394A (en) * 1996-06-12 1998-11-10 Michael W. Wilson Composite concrete metal encased stiffeners for metal plate arch-type structures
US20040179899A1 (en) * 2003-03-10 2004-09-16 Vanbuskirk Calvin D. Reinforced soil arch
US20080307744A1 (en) * 2005-12-20 2008-12-18 Fixon E&C Co., Ltd. Reinforcement Method and Reinforcement Structure of the Corrugated Steel Plate Structure
US20110020066A1 (en) * 2009-07-27 2011-01-27 Terratech Consulting Ltd. Reinforced Soil Arch
US9243380B2 (en) 2013-06-10 2016-01-26 Terratech Consulting Ltd. Reinforced arch with floating footer and method of constructing same
US9617750B1 (en) * 2015-08-28 2017-04-11 H. Joe Meheen Corrugated metal sheets and concrete modular building structure

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2126091A (en) * 1937-03-06 1938-08-09 Lyle Culvert & Pipe Company Footer construction
US3304954A (en) * 1963-08-13 1967-02-21 Edward W Kaiser Housing duct for utility devices

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2126091A (en) * 1937-03-06 1938-08-09 Lyle Culvert & Pipe Company Footer construction
US3304954A (en) * 1963-08-13 1967-02-21 Edward W Kaiser Housing duct for utility devices

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3735595A (en) * 1971-10-29 1973-05-29 United States Steel Corp Reinforced soil bridge
US3968655A (en) * 1973-07-13 1976-07-13 Mcglothlin William K Method of reinforcing tunnels before excavation
US4010617A (en) * 1975-05-19 1977-03-08 Armco Steel Corporation Composite arch structure
US4150910A (en) * 1977-08-19 1979-04-24 Promon Engenharia Sa Construction of underground galleries
US4318635A (en) * 1980-07-07 1982-03-09 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Culvert structure having corrugated ribbing support
US4459063A (en) * 1980-08-07 1984-07-10 Shaw Christopher B Building construction
EP0057082A3 (en) * 1981-01-28 1983-11-23 Armco Inc. Composite arch structure
US4390306A (en) * 1981-01-28 1983-06-28 Armco Inc. Composite arch structure
EP0057082A2 (fr) * 1981-01-28 1982-08-04 Armco Inc. Arceau composite de soutènement
FR2508072A1 (fr) * 1981-06-17 1982-12-24 Peterson Carl Structure de poutre en arc destinee notamment a etre utilisee avec des buses pour la construction de conduites
US4563107A (en) * 1981-06-17 1986-01-07 Nova Span International Ltd. Arch beam structure
US4693635A (en) * 1981-11-17 1987-09-15 Marcel Matiere Method of producing hollow structures and hollow structures
FR2546931A1 (fr) * 1983-05-31 1984-12-07 Peterson Carl Structure de poutre en arc destinee plus particulierement a la construction de ponceaux
US4605338A (en) * 1983-05-31 1986-08-12 Peterson Carl W Culvert
US4558969A (en) * 1984-03-19 1985-12-17 Bebo Of America Hinge for use with large pre-cast overfilled load support structures
US4695187A (en) * 1984-08-02 1987-09-22 Bridginfill Design Ltd. Concrete arch buried bridge
US4650369A (en) * 1985-11-27 1987-03-17 Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation Culvert structure
US5449020A (en) * 1991-10-07 1995-09-12 Matiere; Marcel Elongated enclosure of large cross-section, and process for its manufacture
US5833394A (en) * 1996-06-12 1998-11-10 Michael W. Wilson Composite concrete metal encased stiffeners for metal plate arch-type structures
US6595722B2 (en) 1996-06-12 2003-07-22 Ail International, Inc. Composite concrete metal encased stiffeners for metal plate arch-type structures
US20040179899A1 (en) * 2003-03-10 2004-09-16 Vanbuskirk Calvin D. Reinforced soil arch
US6874974B2 (en) * 2003-03-10 2005-04-05 Terratech Consulting Ltd. Reinforced soil arch
US20080307744A1 (en) * 2005-12-20 2008-12-18 Fixon E&C Co., Ltd. Reinforcement Method and Reinforcement Structure of the Corrugated Steel Plate Structure
US8220220B2 (en) * 2005-12-20 2012-07-17 Fixon E&C Co., Ltd Reinforcement method and reinforcement structure of the corrugated steel plate structure
US20110020066A1 (en) * 2009-07-27 2011-01-27 Terratech Consulting Ltd. Reinforced Soil Arch
US8215869B2 (en) 2009-07-27 2012-07-10 Terratech Consulting Ltd. Reinforced soil arch
US9243380B2 (en) 2013-06-10 2016-01-26 Terratech Consulting Ltd. Reinforced arch with floating footer and method of constructing same
US9617750B1 (en) * 2015-08-28 2017-04-11 H. Joe Meheen Corrugated metal sheets and concrete modular building structure

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