US3481689A - Method for disinfecting medical instruments and apparatus - Google Patents

Method for disinfecting medical instruments and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3481689A
US3481689A US593342A US3481689DA US3481689A US 3481689 A US3481689 A US 3481689A US 593342 A US593342 A US 593342A US 3481689D A US3481689D A US 3481689DA US 3481689 A US3481689 A US 3481689A
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United States
Prior art keywords
disinfecting
aerosol
atomizer
instruments
carrier gas
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Expired - Lifetime
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US593342A
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English (en)
Inventor
Karl-Gustaf Engelbrekt Rosdahl
Carl-Gunnar Daniel Engstrom
Paul Herzog
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CARL GUNNAR DANIEL ENGSTROM
KARL GUSTAF ENGELBREKT ROSDAHL
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KARL GUSTAF ENGELBREKT ROSDAHL
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/20—Gaseous substances, e.g. vapours
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/025—Ultrasonics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/22—Phase substances, e.g. smokes, aerosols or sprayed or atomised substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/14—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using sprayed or atomised substances including air-liquid contact processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/30—Materials not provided for elsewhere for aerosols

Definitions

  • a method for disinfecting and sterilizing delicate surgical instruments and medical apparatus includes forming an aerosol of an aqueous ethanol solution in a carrier gas by ultrasonic vibrations and contacting the instruments or apparatus with the aerosol. After disinfection the aerosol remaining on the instruments may be removed by scavenging with the carrier gas alone.
  • the present invention relates to a device for disinfecting apparatus and instruments, preferably medical ones.
  • Said method has the drawback of using great amounts of disinfecting agent and also the drawback that it is difiicult afterwards completely to remove the disinfecting agent, so that the apparatus becomes dry and ready for use.
  • Another method of disinfecting is gas-disinfecting, with ethylene oxide, which agent, however, is strongly toxic and requires special precautions, and yet another, the method of sterilization by heating, for instance in an autoclave, which, however, is inconceivable' for apparatus having fragile members not resisting an increased temperature.
  • the present invention has for its object to remove the drawbacks indicated above and provide a method for an efficient and yet mild sterilization of apparatus or instruments, preferably medical ones.
  • the disinfection is carried out by means of a disinfecting agent carried by a gas, and the method comprises passing a carrier gas to an ultrasonic atomizer, in which the disinfecting agent is atomized and transferred into the carrier gas to form an aerosol, which is then brought into contact with the apparatus or instruments, and then possibly drying the apparatus or instruments by interrupting the atomization and passing carrier gas alone into contact therewith.
  • the disinfecting agent can be ethanol, preferably a 70% aqueous solution thereof, or disinfecting agents dissolved in ethanol.
  • the diameter of the particles generated is dependent on the viscosity of the liquid to be atomized and decreases with decreasing viscosity.
  • the particles generated are even smaller, having a diameter of about 0.6 micron, in view of the lower viscosity of ethanol as compared to water.
  • the aerosol produced has a surprising stability and that the particle size is very small has for an effect, that the disinfection obtained is very effective in view of the great active surface of the aerosol particles and that there is little precipitation of liquid in the apparatus or instruments to be disinfected. In view of this it is very easy after the disinfection to remove the residual liquid so as to render the disinfected object ready for use.
  • the present invention can be used when disinfecting rooms, apartments and the like, and also in this case the stability of the aerosol is of a great importance as it enables avoiding deleterious effects on expensive furniture, paintings etc. contained in the infected accommodation.
  • the invention also provides a device for carrying out the method of the invention, and the device comprises an ultrasonic atomizer having an atomizing chamber and an inlet thereto and an outlet therefrom for supplying a carrier gas and discharging aerosol formed in the ultra-sonic atomizer, respectively, driving means connected to the supersonic atomizer, preferably the inlet thereof, for propelling the carrier gas and means for passing the aerosol formed into contact with the apparatus or instruments.
  • the driving means can be a pressure tube connected to the inlet containing carrier gas or a fan connected to the inlet.
  • An embodiment of the device of the invention particularly useful for sterilizing small instrument Such as scalpels syringes and the like, comprises an openable container having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet of which is connected to the outlet of the ultrasonic atomizer and being adapted to contain the instruments, the container preferably being provided with an interior horizontal grid for supporting the instruments during the disinfection.
  • variable restriction such as a control valve or strangler, can be arranged in the flow path of the carrier gas of the aerosol for controlling the flow resistance and thus the flow rate of the aerosol.
  • FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically an embodiment of the device of the invention having a pressure tube as driving means.
  • FIG. 2 shows diagrammatically another embodiment of the device of the invention having a fan as driving means.
  • FIG. 3 shows in section and more in detail an ultrasonic atomizer for atomizing disinfecting agent.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show diagrammatically two different arrangements of the invention for disinfecting medical instruments.
  • the device of FIG. 1 consists of an ultra-sonic atomizer 1 and a pressure tube 3 connected thereto.
  • the ultra-sonic atomizer 1 is adapted for the atomization of a disinfecting agent, which is supplied from above from a diagrammatically indicated funnel 5 having a shut-off cock 7.
  • the ultra-sonic atomizer 1 which is described more closely below has an inlet 9 connected to the pressure tube 3 and an outlet 11.
  • the pressure tube 3 is provided with a restriction or control valve 13 such as a needle valve for controlling or varying the gas flow.
  • the outlet 11 of the ultra-sonic atomizer 1 is connected to a diagrammatically indicated rnedical apparatus 17 to be disinfected through a conduit 15.
  • the apparatus 17 can be a heart-lung machine having a complicated tube system the interior of which is difiicult to get access to.
  • the function of the device of FIG. 1 is the following.
  • a suitable gas fiow from the pressure tube 3 to the ultra-sonic atomizer 1 is obtained by adjusting valve 13, and by adjusting the cock 7 of the funnel 5 a suitable drop rate for the disinfecting agent is obtained.
  • the gas from the pressure tube 3 is supplied with atomized disinfection agent to the formation of an aerosol, which leaves through the outlet 11 and is transferred to the apparatus 17 through the conduit 15.
  • the connection to the apparatus 17 can be done at any suitable location of the conduit system of the apparatus, and the aerosol can be brought to flow in a closed circuit inside, or through the apparatus.
  • the supply of disinfecting agent to the ultra-sonic atomizer 1 is interrupted by closing the cock 7, the apparatus 17 then being dried by continued flushing of carrier gas alone.
  • a manifold increase of the gas flow can be obtained by de' creasing the flow resistance of the valve 13. In this way an eflicient disinfection of the apparatus 17 can be obtained with a minimum use of disinfecting agent, Moreover in the manner indicated above the interior of the apparatus can be dried fast and efiiciently so as to be ready for use immediately.
  • a conventional fan 19 is used as a driving means feeding the ultra-sonic atomizer 1 with carrier gas.
  • a restriction or control valve 20, such as a throttle valve, for controlling or varying the flow of carrier gas is provided in the conduit between the fan 19 and the ultra-sonic atomizer 1.
  • the conduit extending from the outlet 11 of the ultra-sonic atomizer 1 is connected to a container 21, which at its upper end is provided with a hinged lid 23. Inside the container 21 there is provided a horizontal grid 25.
  • An electric heating element 27 is provided in connection to the conduit 15 for a purpose to be described below.
  • the device of FIG. 2 is primarily adapted for the disinfection of small medical instruments 29, such as scalpels, tongs, syringes or the like, which are positioned on the grid in the container 21, the lid 23 then being closed.
  • the disinfection is then carried out in a similar way as described in connection to FIG. 1.
  • a closed system can be used by recirculating the aerosol discharged from the container 21 through a return conduit 28 (diagrammatically indicated with a dashed line) to the fan 19.
  • the drying of the sterilized instruments 29 can be facilitated by heating the carrier gas passed through the container 21 by means of the fan 19 by actuating the element 27 after having interrupted the su ply of disinfecting agent.
  • the ultra-sonic atomizer consists of a container having side walls 62, a bottom 63 and a removable lid 64, which is connected to the side walls 62 by means of a gastight gasket 65. Said members form an atomizing chamber containing an atomizing space 68.
  • the chamber has a gas inlet 69 for the supply of carrier gas and a gas outlet 70 for the aerosol discharged.
  • an ultra-sonic vibrator 72 is arranged having a plane vibrator plate 73, which is supplied with high frequency current of f.i. 3 megacycles/ sec. through the coaxial cable 74.
  • a drain pipe 76 having a cock 77.
  • the disinfecting agent to be atomized is supplied from a bottle 80 suspended from a bracket 81.
  • the bottle may be an ordinary hospital drop flask intended for use in blood transfusions.
  • the bottle 80 is suspended upside down and is sealed with a plug 82, through which there is passed a liquid discharge pipe 83 and an air admitting pipe 84, reaching up adjacent to the bottom of the bottle.
  • a liquid discharge pipe 83 and an air admitting pipe 84 reaching up adjacent to the bottom of the bottle.
  • air admitting pipe 84 reaching up adjacent to the bottom of the bottle.
  • air admitting pipe 84 As disinfecting agent is consumed, air enters through the pipe 84.
  • the liquid passes, when jam-nut 87 is open, from the bottle 80 through the flexible tube to the conduit 88, which is passed through the lid 64 through a sealing plug 89 and opens some distance above the vibrating plate 73.
  • the conduit can be extended to a position close to said vibrating plate, but in view of the difficulty of accurately determining the distance between the opening of the conduit and the plate 73, preferably, a funnel 91 is positioned between the opening of the conduit 88 and the plate 73.
  • the opening 92 of the funnel can be set with sufiicient precision at the desired distance above plate 73, and said distance should be at least 0.1 mm. and is preferably 1-2 mm.
  • the conduit 88 is assumed to be a capillary tube or having a capillary portion at its opening 90, the capillary diameter being, for instance, 0.1-0.2 mm.
  • baffle means are preferably arranged above the vibrating plate.
  • the bafiies are arranged in the form of an inverse truncated cone 95 having openings 96 between the bafiles 97.
  • a leader thread 98 may be arranged between the opening of the funnel or the conduit, respectively, in or in the neighborhood of the vibrating plate 73.
  • the amount of disinfecting agent supplied is easily adjusted relative to the flow of carrier gas to obtain maximum disinfecting efiiciency.
  • the supply of disinfecting agent to the ultra-sonic vibrator is easily interrupted and it is then possible, possibly with a manifold increase of the carrier gas flow, rapidly to dry the apparatus or the instruments having been disinfected.
  • This drying efficiency can be further increased by mounting a heating element in the flow path of the carrier gas such as the electric element 27 of FIG. 2.
  • a disinfecting agent all known liquid agents can be used and a preferred agent is ethanol, which is suitably used in the form of a 70% aqueous solution. Solid disinfectants dissolved in ethanol, water or other suitable solvent can also be used. Air, nitrogen gas or other gases, which do not effect the disinfecting agent used, can be used as a carrier gas.
  • An ejector pump for instance a conventional water ejector, can be used as a driving means and is connected to a point downstream of the object to be disinfected, for instance at the outlet of container 21 (FIG. 1).
  • a method of disinfecting and sterilizing medical instruments and apparatus comprising atomizing by ultrasonic vibrations a disinfecting agent consisting essentially of an aqueous ethanol solution containing about 70% ethanol by weight, in the presence of an inert carrier gas stream to form an aerosol, contacting the instruments to be disinfected with the aerosol and thereafter continuing to contact said instruments with the inert carrier gas stream to remove the disinfecting aerosol remaining thereon.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
US593342A 1965-11-18 1966-11-10 Method for disinfecting medical instruments and apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3481689A (en)

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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3900109A (en) * 1973-11-28 1975-08-19 Wendell C Peterson Elongated surgical instrument holder
US4066399A (en) * 1972-06-13 1978-01-03 American Sterilizer Company Method for humidifying a gas sterilizer
WO1979001074A1 (en) * 1978-05-16 1979-12-13 Ex Cell O Corp Method and means for applying bactericide to container for sterilization
US4282179A (en) * 1980-02-08 1981-08-04 American Sterilizer Company Disinfection with isopropanol vapor
US4366125A (en) * 1979-11-27 1982-12-28 Dai Nippon Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Sterilization apparatus and process utilizing synergistic effect of combining hydrogen peroxide and ultra-violet-ray sterilization
US4512935A (en) * 1983-01-25 1985-04-23 Tetra Pak International Ab Apparatus for the volatilization of a liquid
US4545956A (en) * 1982-12-14 1985-10-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for disinfecting waterlines of a medical device
US4866859A (en) * 1988-07-25 1989-09-19 Kopelman Robert Z Transducerized pressurized hot-vapor spraying device
US5785523A (en) * 1997-08-15 1998-07-28 Overmyer; Thad J. Dental water line flushing and disinfecting system
US5837204A (en) * 1994-01-31 1998-11-17 Universite De Montreal System for disinfecting the water lines of a dental unit
WO2007019825A1 (de) * 2005-08-17 2007-02-22 Nivoclean Gmbh Vorrichtung und verfahren zur reinhaltung und desinfektion bei behandlungsstühlen im dentalbereich
US20080199355A1 (en) * 2005-08-04 2008-08-21 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Membrane Concentrator
US9050385B2 (en) 2007-02-02 2015-06-09 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Methods of disinfection or sterilization
US10834922B2 (en) 2014-11-26 2020-11-17 Microban Products Company Surface disinfectant with residual biocidal property
US10842147B2 (en) 2014-11-26 2020-11-24 Microban Products Company Surface disinfectant with residual biocidal property
CN112023095A (zh) * 2020-09-15 2020-12-04 重庆拓谱生物工程有限公司 一种点样机、靶板灭活装置及靶板灭活方法
US10925281B2 (en) 2014-11-26 2021-02-23 Microban Products Company Surface disinfectant with residual biocidal property
US11033023B2 (en) 2014-11-26 2021-06-15 Microban Products Company Surface disinfectant with residual biocidal property
CN113289173A (zh) * 2020-02-21 2021-08-24 哈尔滨万宇科技股份有限公司 一种适用于防治呼吸系统疾病的设备
CN113750388A (zh) * 2021-08-31 2021-12-07 南通通易航天科技股份有限公司 一种航空供氧面罩除菌消毒烘干一体机
US11285230B2 (en) 2019-08-26 2022-03-29 GE Precision Healthcare LLC Methods and systems for flushing a medical gas flow system
US11503824B2 (en) 2016-05-23 2022-11-22 Microban Products Company Touch screen cleaning and protectant composition

Families Citing this family (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2440195A1 (fr) * 1978-10-31 1980-05-30 Duval Annick Appareil pour aseptiser rapidement les materiels delicats
NL9200386A (nl) * 1992-03-03 1993-10-01 Physio B V Inrichting en werkwijze voor het desinfecteren van een inrichting voor het beademen van patienten.
FR2702377B1 (fr) * 1993-03-10 1995-04-28 Gabriel Robez Sarl Procédé et appareil pour la désinfection d'articles d'habillement, tels que des chaussures.
AUPP427398A0 (en) * 1998-06-23 1998-07-16 Novapharm Research (Australia) Pty Ltd Improved disinfection
AU2006249279A1 (en) * 1998-06-23 2007-01-04 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Improved disinfection
EP1224948A1 (de) * 2001-01-22 2002-07-24 Bub AG Verfahren zur Gasbefeuchtung/Entkeimung
DE20101147U1 (de) 2001-01-22 2001-06-07 Bub Ag, Bern-Ittigen Vorrichtung zur Gasbefeuchtung und Entkeimung
US8177142B2 (en) 2005-08-26 2012-05-15 Ricciardi Jonathan J Method and apparatus for an improved aerosol generator and associated uses and equipment
US7871016B2 (en) 2005-08-26 2011-01-18 Altapure, Llc Method and apparatus for an improved aerosol generator and associated uses and equipment
US8382008B1 (en) 2005-08-26 2013-02-26 Jonathan J. Ricciardi Optimized and miniaturized aerosol generator
DE102007010939A1 (de) * 2007-03-07 2008-09-11 Merz Pharma Gmbh & Co. Kgaa Alkoholhaltiges Mittel und Verfahren zur mikrobiologischen Schnell- Desinfektion unbelebter Oberflächen im Sekundenbereich
US8506900B1 (en) 2008-09-25 2013-08-13 Jonathan J. Ricciardi Methods and apparatuses for applying agent to objects
US9408931B1 (en) 2009-09-25 2016-08-09 Jonathan J. Ricciardi Methods and apparatuses for applying agent to objects
US8062590B1 (en) 2011-03-21 2011-11-22 Ricciardi Jonathan J Methods and apparatuses for applying agent to objects
US8359984B1 (en) 2010-01-18 2013-01-29 Wolf Ii John D Portable automated vent cover
US8196604B1 (en) 2010-01-18 2012-06-12 Ricciardi Jonathan J Deployable automated vent cover device
US8486332B1 (en) 2011-03-21 2013-07-16 Jonathan J. Ricciardi Methods and apparatuses for the disinfection of devices and other areas
JP6480325B2 (ja) * 2012-03-28 2019-03-06 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェＫｏｎｉｎｋｌｉｊｋｅ Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ Ｎ．Ｖ． 流体の導管のためのガス殺菌／消毒システム及び方法
CN112051122A (zh) * 2020-09-15 2020-12-08 重庆拓谱生物工程有限公司 一种点样仪

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US1675123A (en) * 1926-10-23 1928-06-26 California Cyanide Company Inc Method of and apparatus for fumigating
US2122853A (en) * 1933-12-20 1938-07-05 John L Biggs Means for fumigating materials
US2119837A (en) * 1934-03-28 1938-06-07 Firm Deutsche Ges Fur Schadlin Process and apparatus for exterminating pests in articles
US2537833A (en) * 1946-09-12 1951-01-09 Joos Bernhard Apparatus for nebulizing liquids
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Cited By (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4066399A (en) * 1972-06-13 1978-01-03 American Sterilizer Company Method for humidifying a gas sterilizer
US3900109A (en) * 1973-11-28 1975-08-19 Wendell C Peterson Elongated surgical instrument holder
WO1979001074A1 (en) * 1978-05-16 1979-12-13 Ex Cell O Corp Method and means for applying bactericide to container for sterilization
US4366125A (en) * 1979-11-27 1982-12-28 Dai Nippon Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Sterilization apparatus and process utilizing synergistic effect of combining hydrogen peroxide and ultra-violet-ray sterilization
US4282179A (en) * 1980-02-08 1981-08-04 American Sterilizer Company Disinfection with isopropanol vapor
US4545956A (en) * 1982-12-14 1985-10-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for disinfecting waterlines of a medical device
US4512935A (en) * 1983-01-25 1985-04-23 Tetra Pak International Ab Apparatus for the volatilization of a liquid
US4866859A (en) * 1988-07-25 1989-09-19 Kopelman Robert Z Transducerized pressurized hot-vapor spraying device
US5837204A (en) * 1994-01-31 1998-11-17 Universite De Montreal System for disinfecting the water lines of a dental unit
US5785523A (en) * 1997-08-15 1998-07-28 Overmyer; Thad J. Dental water line flushing and disinfecting system
US8658089B2 (en) 2005-08-04 2014-02-25 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Membrane concentrator
US9192164B2 (en) 2005-08-04 2015-11-24 Saban Ventures Pty Ltd Membrane sterilization
US20080219884A1 (en) * 2005-08-04 2008-09-11 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Aerosol
US20080223404A1 (en) * 2005-08-04 2008-09-18 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Space Disinfection
US20080240981A1 (en) * 2005-08-04 2008-10-02 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Membrane Sterilization
US8444919B2 (en) 2005-08-04 2013-05-21 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Space disinfection
US8591808B2 (en) * 2005-08-04 2013-11-26 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Aerosol
US8591807B2 (en) 2005-08-04 2013-11-26 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Membrane sterilization
US9241491B2 (en) 2005-08-04 2016-01-26 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Aerosol
EP1933887B1 (en) * 2005-08-04 2014-10-08 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Improved aerosol
US8974737B2 (en) 2005-08-04 2015-03-10 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Space Disinfection
US20080199355A1 (en) * 2005-08-04 2008-08-21 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Membrane Concentrator
US9138005B2 (en) 2005-08-04 2015-09-22 Saban Ventures Pty Limited Membrane concentrator
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DK119725B (da) 1971-02-15
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