US3469972A - Razor blades and similar thin elongated sharp-edged blades made of a chromium steel - Google Patents

Razor blades and similar thin elongated sharp-edged blades made of a chromium steel Download PDF

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Publication number
US3469972A
US3469972A US518583A US3469972DA US3469972A US 3469972 A US3469972 A US 3469972A US 518583 A US518583 A US 518583A US 3469972D A US3469972D A US 3469972DA US 3469972 A US3469972 A US 3469972A
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United States
Prior art keywords
steel
molybdenum
tungsten
hardness
blades
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Expired - Lifetime
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US518583A
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English (en)
Inventor
Jan-Christer Henric Ove Carlen
Francis Edward Flaherty
Wyman Carrick Tupper
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Santrade Ltd
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Sandvikens Jernverks AB
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Assigned to SANTRADE LTD., A CORP. OF SWITZERLAND reassignment SANTRADE LTD., A CORP. OF SWITZERLAND ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: SANDVIK AKTIEBOLAG, A CORP. OF SWEDEN
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/60—Making other particular articles cutlery wares; garden tools or the like
    • B21D53/64—Making other particular articles cutlery wares; garden tools or the like knives; scissors; cutting blades
    • B21D53/645—Making other particular articles cutlery wares; garden tools or the like knives; scissors; cutting blades safety razor blades
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26B—HAND-HELD CUTTING TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B26B21/00—Razors of the open or knife type; Safety razors or other shaving implements of the planing type; Hair-trimming devices involving a razor-blade; Equipment therefor
    • B26B21/54—Razor-blades
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26B—HAND-HELD CUTTING TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B26B21/00—Razors of the open or knife type; Safety razors or other shaving implements of the planing type; Hair-trimming devices involving a razor-blade; Equipment therefor
    • B26B21/54—Razor-blades
    • B26B21/58—Razor-blades characterised by the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium

Definitions

  • the method of making such blades which includes cold rolling the steel to the desired thin dimension, hardening the cold rolled steel to high hardness by heating it to a temperature within the range 1000 to 1150 C. and subsequently cooling to a temperature below room temperature, the temperature and time of the hardening step being selected to provide substantially maximum hardness of the steel after cooling.
  • the present invention relates to razor blades, and similar thin elongated sharp edged blades, having a very good corrosion resistance and a hardness above VPN 700 (Vickers hardness, 0.5 kg. load) also after tempering up to 500 C. Of particular importance are the razor blades of the present invention because of their superior shaving characteristics.
  • blades have been made from highchromium steels having a high carbon content and being hardened from a temperature exceeding 1000 C.
  • steel alloys containing 0.9-l.25'% carbon, 13-l5% chromium, the remainder being substantially all iron, possibly with minor additions of one or more further elements such as manganese, copper, molybdenum and cobalt.
  • the blades made of these alloys have in several essential respects been found not entirely satisfactory. Their corrosion resistance is moderate, and they corrode noticeably when in contact with other metals such as in a razor. Their edge smoothness is not of the desired quality.
  • These steels have also a limited temper resistance, i.e. they soften somewhat on tempering, and their hardness after hardening is decreased substantially when they are subjected to temperatures above 300 C., as e.g. in connection with the applying of certain coatings to improve the shaving properties.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide corrosion resistant blades having an improved corrosion resistance, in combination with superior edge sharpness and smoothness and improved temper resistance.
  • a "ice special heat treatment of the alloy of the present invention a further increase of the temper resistance can be obtained.
  • the appended drawing is a schematic diagram showing the chromium and carbon contents of the steels of the present invention.
  • the blades are made from a hardenable steel having a high corrosion resistance, good cutting properties and a hardness above VPN 700 (Vickers hardness, 0.5 kg. load) also after tempering up to 500 C.
  • VPN 700 Vanickers hardness, 0.5 kg. load
  • the steel can be given a hardness up to VPN 800 and even more after tempering.
  • the steel which also has good workability, is in the main characterized in that besides iron and such insignificant amounts of alloying elements and impurities normally present in iron it has carbon and chromium contents within the area ABCDE of the accompanying diagram; OJO-2.5% silicon; up to 2 ⁇ % manganese; 0.5-2.5% molybdenum or 1.0-5.
  • boron Up to 0.05% of boron may also be present, to improve working characteristics, this material serving as a grain reiiner. It is preferred that no other carbide formers be present in addition to chromium, molybdenum and tungsten. However, as a rule the carbon content should be chosen within the narrower range 0.60-0.75%. Further the chromium content should normally be held Within the range 942.5%, preferably 9.5-l2.5%.
  • the steels previously used for the purposes mentioned have been characterized by a structure having a very large number of rather coarse carbide grains of the order 3-30 microns (maximum linear dimension). These grains are only little influenced by the dilferent steps of treatment of the steel and form a serious disadvantage, as they are easily torn out during the grinding of the cutting edge and give the edge a frayed contour and surface.
  • steels having 0.5-0.75% C and 13l5% Cr but these steels have a limited temper resistance.
  • the amount of larger carbide grains is substantially reduced or practically completely eliminated whereby a considerable improved quality of the cutting edge is obtained.
  • the hardness and other desirable properties can be maintained at a high level.
  • steel A was considerably more corrosion resistant than steel B and approximately equivalent with steel C.
  • steel B and C steel A had the advantage of a higher initial hardness, and a higher temper resistance in addition to improved edge properties as will appear from the following.
  • the steel contains a relatively low amount of carbon at the same time as the amounts of carbide formers are held within rather narrow limits.
  • steel A is superior to steel B.
  • the amount of carbon should, however, be suflicienty high to provide desired hardness after hardening and subsequent cooling.
  • the blades which we produce are as previously mentioned made of steel containing C55-0.85% carbon and 9.0-14.5% chromium.
  • the amounts of carbon and chromium are chosen in accordance with the area ABCDEA in the accompanying diagram.
  • steel compositions above and to the right of line CD i.a. contain too coarse primary carbide grains, which would jeopardize the quality of the cutting edge.
  • the preferred range is the area ABDlEA in said diagram.
  • the limiting condition set by line CD of area ABCDEA gives the relation:
  • the steel have the proper quantities of molybdenum and/or tungsten to obtain a high corrosion resistance.
  • the high corrosion resistance in the steel according to the invention is remarkable with regard to the relatively low content of chromium. Besides depending on the silicon content as mentioned above this depends also on the molybdenum and/ or tungsten content. It is believed that this content has inuence upon the composition of the carbides so that a greater amount of free chromium, i.e. chromium not bonded in carbides, is obtained than would appear from the relation of carbonchromium.
  • the molybdenum and/ or tungsten in itself improves the corrosion resistance and makes the steel especially suitable for a special heat treatment which increases the temper resistance.
  • the molybdenum and/or tungsten content in the steel is suiciently high to provide in addition to good corrosion resistance, a secondary hardening when the steel is tempered within the range 450-600 C. and is in this regard better than steels B and C.
  • the molybdenum and/or tungsten also contributes to the temper resistance within 175 425 C. which also is superior to that of the steels B and C.
  • the effects produced by molybdenum are quite similar to those of tungsten except that the amounts (in weight percent) necessary to produce the effects with tungsten are about twice as great as those of molybdenum because of the substantial difference in the atomic weights of these two elements.
  • the molybdenum and/ or tungsten content is, however, rather limited as are also the contents of niobium, tantalum, titanium, vanadium; and/or zirconium, when present, in order not to cause large carbide grains in the steel.
  • the carbon content should be @5S-0.85%, preferably G60-0.75%, at the same time as the sum of the contents of the carbide formers chromium and molybdenum and/ or 1/z tungsten and, (when present) niobium, tantalum titanium, vanadium, and/or zirconium should amount to 10-15%, preferably l1-14%.
  • the silicon content must be 0.70-2.5%, preferably 0.8-2.0% and optimally 0.81.4%.
  • the content of chromium should not be less than 9.0% and the content of molybdenum and/or half of the content of tungsten not less than 0.5%.
  • the chromium content should not exceed 15.3%, the carbon content should not exceed 0.99%, the content of molybdenum and/or half of the content of tungsten should not exceed 2.5%, and the content of carbide formers niobium, tantalum and titanium should not exceed 2% as otherwise a large amount of coarse carbide grains would appear in the steel.
  • Up to 0.5% vanadium and up to 0.5% zirconium may also be used, but only when the carbon content is less than 0.65%.
  • the content of chromium should exceed 10% but not be more than 12% and preferably not more than 11.5%.
  • the chromium content should often be chosen within the range lll-11%.
  • the content of molybdenum and/or 1/2 tungsten should exceed 0.6% and preferably 0.8%.
  • a normal upper border for the content of molybdenum and/or 1/2 tungsten is 2%, and for the preferred steels according to the invention an upper border of 1.5%, and often 1.3% is chosen.
  • carbide formers chromium, molybdenum and tungsten there are as a rule no other carbide formers.
  • carbide formers niobium, tantalum and/or titanium provided the total content of them does not exceed 2% and preferably does not exceed 1%.
  • the content of manganese should preferably not exceed 1%.
  • Nickel, cobalt and/or copper may be present in a total amount not exceeding 1.5%
  • 0.60-0.75% carbon 0.8-1.4% silicon, up to 1.5% manganese, 10.0-11.5% chromium, 0.6-1.5% molybdenum (if no tungsten is present), l.2-3.0% tungsten (if no molybdenum is present), mixtures of molybdenum and tungsten in which the sum of the molybdenum and onehalf of the tungsten is 0.6-1.5%, the balance being iron with incidental impurities; and the more restricted range: 0.6l-0.72% carbon, O15-1.3% silicon, 0.4-0.8%
  • the following procedure may be used for the manufacture of the blades.
  • the steel is cold rolled in strip form to the desired thin dimension, e.g. 0.05-0.5 mm., after which a shaping as punching possibly is done.
  • the steel is then hardened to a high hardness by heating to a tem* perature within the range 1000 l 150 C., preferably within the range 1050-1125 C. with subsequent cooling to room temperature or lower, e.g. between the range 20 and 120 C., whereby the hardening temperature and the time at said temperature is chosen in such a way that the steel obtains maximum hardness or close to maximum hardness for the steel analysis used.
  • the steel when heated for hardening, is not overheated, i.e. heated to a temperature so high that instead of the desired maximum hardness a lower hardness is obtained because of an increased amount of residual austenite.
  • the hardening procedure according to the invention makes the cold rolled steel suitable for the subsequent grinding of the cutting edge or edges, said grinding being dicult to perform in case the hardening is performed in such a way that the steel ⁇ becomes too soft.
  • the cutting edges are shaped by grinding or the like.
  • the material is tempered during a limited period of time, for instance for about a minute up to one or a few hours, at a temperature within the range 275-425 C. preferably within the range 3D0-400 C.
  • the hardness of the steel after the said final tempering is at least VPN 700.
  • the steel sometimes is tempered at a relatively low temperature, e.g. between G-275 C.
  • the steel according to the invention maintains a hardness above VPN 700 even if it during a limited period of time is subjected to a heating up to 500 C.
  • a special treatment after the hardening it is furthermore possible to give the steel a hardness of up to VPN 800 and more, said hardness being maintained during a final tempering up to 400 C. during a limited period of time, as for instance when applying a coating on the cutting edges to improve the shaving properties.
  • This special treatment for raising the nal hardness is an important feature of the invention.
  • the steel is according to this procedure hardened as previously described by heating to a temperature within the range 1000-1150 C. with subsequent cooling to room temperature or lower, preferably between C.
  • the steel is then tempered for a short period of time, e.g. some seconds up to one minute or more within the temperature interval 450-600 C., preferably 475 550 C., which results in a hardness above VPN 700 and depending on the composition even above VPN 750.
  • the forming of the cutting edges by grinding or the like can be done before or after said tempering.
  • a tempering is performed to a temperature within the range 275-425 C., preferably within the range 3D0-400 C. It has been found that the hardness obtained by the first mentioned tempering is maintained unchanged when the steel is subjected to the later tempering. This is a very valuable property, which contributes to the advantageous results achieved by the blades according to the invention.
  • a cold rolled steel strip having a thickness of about 0.10 mm. 4and containing in addition to iron with incidental amounts of impurities approximately in percents of weight 0.66% C, 1.15% Si, 0.48% Mn, 10.9% Cr and 1.12% Mo was hardened by heating to about 1100 C. during approximately a minute followed by cooling to about 70 C. during about 15 seconds.
  • the strip was then tempered at about C.
  • a tempering at about 350 C. was done in the same way as when applying a coating for the improvement of the shaving ability.
  • the iinished razor blade had a hardness of about VPN 710.
  • a composition containing 0.64% C, 1.05% Si, 0.5% Mn, 10.4% Cr, 1.08% Mo, the balance iron with incidental amount of impurities was hardened from about 1125 C. with a subsequent cooling at about -80 C. Thereafter the steel was tempered at about 175 C. After forming the cutting edges a tempering at about 485 C. was done. Finally a tempering ⁇ at about 350 C. was done. The hardness was about VPN 775.
  • the razor blades according to the invention have been found to have extraordinary shaving properties and excellent edge qualities. They have furthermore a very good corrosion resistance.
  • the process of manufacture is moreover relatively simple and well suitable for mass production.
  • Razor blades having a good corrosion resistance and a cutting edge hardness above VPN 700 after tempering up to 500 C. characterized in that the razor blades are made from a steel having good working properties and consisting essentially of carbon and chromium in amounts within the area ABCDEA of the accompanying diagram; OJO-2.5% silicon; up to 2% manganese; a member of the class consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, and mixtures thereof, the amount of molybdenum when present alone being 0.5-2.5%, the amount of tungsten when present alone being 1.0-5.0%, and the sum of the amounts of molybdenum and one-half the tungsten when both are present being 0.5 to 2.5; -1.5% of nickel; 0-1.5% of copper, and 0-0.5% cobalt, the total amount of all nickel, copper and cobalt being at most 1.5%; and the remainder being substantially all iron; and in which the sum of the amounts of chromium, molybdenum and one-half the tungsten is 1015%.
  • Razor blades having a good corrosion resistance and a cutting edge hardness above VPN 700 after tempering up to 500 C. characterized in that the blades are made from a steel having good working properties which contains, in addition to iron with incidental impurities, carbon and chromium in amounts within the area ABCDEA of the accompanying diagram; 0.70-2.5% silicon; up to 2% manganese; up to 0.05% boron; a member of the class consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, and
  • the amount of molybdenum when present alone being 0.5-2.5%
  • the amount of tungsten when presentalone being 1.0-5.0%
  • the sum of the amounts of molybdenum and one-half the tungsten when both are present being 0.5 to 2.5
  • 0-1.5% of nickel 0-1.5% of copper, and 0-0.5% cobalt, the total amount of all nickel, copper and cobalt being at most 1.5%
  • 0-0.5% each of vanadium and zirconium said vanadium and zirconium being present only when the carbon content is less than 0.65%; and in which the sum of the amounts of chromium, molybdenum, one-half the tungsten, niobium, tantalum, titanium, vanadium, and zirconium is 10-15%.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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US518583A 1966-01-04 1966-01-04 Razor blades and similar thin elongated sharp-edged blades made of a chromium steel Expired - Lifetime US3469972A (en)

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BE (1) BE692197A (en)van)
CH (1) CH492794A (en)van)
DE (1) DE1553806B1 (en)van)
ES (1) ES335191A1 (en)van)
FR (1) FR1511688A (en)van)
GB (1) GB1105988A (en)van)
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3645724A (en) * 1969-02-10 1972-02-29 Robert L Goldberg Stainless steel
US4259126A (en) * 1978-10-19 1981-03-31 Wilkinson Sword Limited Method of making razor blade strip from austenitic steel
US5516303A (en) * 1995-01-11 1996-05-14 The Whitaker Corporation Floating panel-mounted coaxial connector for use with stripline circuit boards
WO2007116358A3 (en) * 2006-04-10 2007-12-21 Gillette Co Cutting members for shaving razors
CN102958626A (zh) * 2010-06-29 2013-03-06 吉列公司 弯曲的剃刀刀片及其制造
US20150082636A1 (en) * 2012-05-31 2015-03-26 Outokumpu Nirosta Gmbh Method and Device for Producing Shaped Sheet Metal Parts at a Low Temperature
JPWO2021045143A1 (en)van) * 2019-09-06 2021-03-11
US20220030766A1 (en) * 2018-09-13 2022-02-03 Husqvarna Ab Cutting Blade for a Robotic Work Tool
US11377803B2 (en) * 2016-06-28 2022-07-05 Vigor Industrial Llc Method for manufacturing an orthotropic deck panel
CN118441213A (zh) * 2024-06-15 2024-08-06 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 一种咖啡机刀片用钢及制备方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0485641B1 (en) * 1990-11-10 1994-07-27 Wilkinson Sword Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Razor blade steel having high corrosion resistance, razor blades and a process for manufacturing razor blades
DE102014217369A1 (de) 2014-09-01 2016-03-03 Leibniz-Institut Für Festkörper- Und Werkstoffforschung Dresden E.V. Hochfeste, mechanische energie absorbierende und korrosionsbeständige formkörper aus eisenlegierungen und verfahren zu deren herstellung

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2513935A (en) * 1947-12-13 1950-07-04 Jessop William & Sons Ltd Alloy steels
US2848323A (en) * 1955-02-28 1958-08-19 Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd Ferritic steel for high temperature use
US2934430A (en) * 1959-02-04 1960-04-26 Allegheny Ludlum Steel High temperature bearing alloys
US3349488A (en) * 1966-08-09 1967-10-31 Burnie J Craig Razor blades

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT159794B (de) * 1937-04-30 1940-11-11 Sandvikens Jernverks Ab Legierter Stahl.
GB643367A (en) * 1947-10-31 1950-09-20 Anders Goeran Molinder Improvements in or relating to the thermal treatment of steel and products thereof
DE917845C (de) * 1952-07-18 1954-09-13 August Blanke Verfahren zum Haerten von Rasierklingen
GB801463A (en) * 1954-08-11 1958-09-17 Steirische Gussstahlwerke Process for annealing steel in a vacuum
US3281287A (en) * 1962-02-27 1966-10-25 Sandvikens Jernverks Ab Corrosion resistant edge tool and method of making the same

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2513935A (en) * 1947-12-13 1950-07-04 Jessop William & Sons Ltd Alloy steels
US2848323A (en) * 1955-02-28 1958-08-19 Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd Ferritic steel for high temperature use
US2934430A (en) * 1959-02-04 1960-04-26 Allegheny Ludlum Steel High temperature bearing alloys
US3349488A (en) * 1966-08-09 1967-10-31 Burnie J Craig Razor blades

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3645724A (en) * 1969-02-10 1972-02-29 Robert L Goldberg Stainless steel
US4259126A (en) * 1978-10-19 1981-03-31 Wilkinson Sword Limited Method of making razor blade strip from austenitic steel
US5516303A (en) * 1995-01-11 1996-05-14 The Whitaker Corporation Floating panel-mounted coaxial connector for use with stripline circuit boards
WO2007116358A3 (en) * 2006-04-10 2007-12-21 Gillette Co Cutting members for shaving razors
CN102958626A (zh) * 2010-06-29 2013-03-06 吉列公司 弯曲的剃刀刀片及其制造
US20150082636A1 (en) * 2012-05-31 2015-03-26 Outokumpu Nirosta Gmbh Method and Device for Producing Shaped Sheet Metal Parts at a Low Temperature
US10532395B2 (en) * 2012-05-31 2020-01-14 Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag Method and device for producing shaped sheet metal parts at a low temperature
US11377803B2 (en) * 2016-06-28 2022-07-05 Vigor Industrial Llc Method for manufacturing an orthotropic deck panel
US20220030766A1 (en) * 2018-09-13 2022-02-03 Husqvarna Ab Cutting Blade for a Robotic Work Tool
JPWO2021045143A1 (en)van) * 2019-09-06 2021-03-11
EP4026926A4 (en) * 2019-09-06 2023-09-27 Proterial, Ltd. STEEL FOR KNIVES, MARTENSITIC STEEL FOR KNIVES, KNIFE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING MARTENSITIC STEEL FOR KNIVES
CN118441213A (zh) * 2024-06-15 2024-08-06 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 一种咖啡机刀片用钢及制备方法

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ES335191A1 (es) 1968-05-01
FR1511688A (fr) 1968-02-02
DE1553806B1 (de) 1971-12-09
CH492794A (de) 1970-06-30
GB1105988A (en) 1968-03-13
BE692197A (en)van) 1967-07-04
NL6700120A (en)van) 1967-07-05

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