US3435992A - Pouring nozzle for continuous casting liquid metal or ordinary steel - Google Patents

Pouring nozzle for continuous casting liquid metal or ordinary steel Download PDF

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Publication number
US3435992A
US3435992A US540446A US3435992DA US3435992A US 3435992 A US3435992 A US 3435992A US 540446 A US540446 A US 540446A US 3435992D A US3435992D A US 3435992DA US 3435992 A US3435992 A US 3435992A
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United States
Prior art keywords
nozzle
insert
continuous casting
temperature
metal
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Expired - Lifetime
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US540446A
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English (en)
Inventor
Norman F Tisdale
Rowland A Tisdale
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TISDALE CO Inc
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TISDALE CO Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/02—Induction heating
    • H05B6/10—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications
    • H05B6/14—Tools, e.g. nozzles, rollers, calenders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
    • B22D11/18—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for pouring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles
    • B22D41/60—Pouring-nozzles with heating or cooling means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/15—Tapping equipment; Equipment for removing or retaining slag
    • F27D3/1509—Tapping equipment
    • F27D3/1518—Tapholes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/15—Tapping equipment; Equipment for removing or retaining slag
    • F27D3/1509—Tapping equipment
    • F27D3/1527—Taphole forming equipment, e.g. boring machines, piercing tools

Definitions

  • Nozzles are a source of trouble. Their apertures are small, erode quickly during pouring or build up by silica, or nonmetallic alumina, adherence at the hole. This changes the size of the stream and, therefore, the rate of flow. This, in turn, affects the movement of the steel through the mold. Since the temperature of the liquid steel is usually high, it has an adverse effect on the ability of the nozzle to give good service.
  • An object of our invention is to provide a novel nozzle assembly which overcomes the above named disadvantages of conventional nozzles such as presently used in continuous casting systems or regular pouring of hot metals so as to assure constant and even flow of molten metal through the nozzle at all times and thus assure a more perfect billet, ingot or slab.
  • a more specific object of our invention is to provide a novel nozzle assembly including an induction heated insert so constructed and arranged that the skin or hole-defining surface, through which the metal is poured, will be kept at sufficiently high temperature, that is, about or even higher than the temperature of the molten stream, so as to assure that metal or non-metallics will not solidify or freeze so as to constrict the size of the opening through the nozzle.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the tundish and ladle assembly of a continuous casting system
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged, elevational View of insert 22 of the nozzle 34 shown in FIG. 3, two of which are shown at the bottom of the tundish 16 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a less enlarged, vertical cross-sectional view of a nozzle assembly including the insert 22 of FIG. 2 and an electrical, induction heating circuit for heating the insert of the nozzle;
  • FIG. 4 is a top view of the nozzle shown in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a modification of the heating circuit embodying resistance heating.
  • Nozzles are usually made from a ceramic composition. They vary in design, hole size and composition. They may erode quickly due to the flow of the liquid metal which reduces their life.
  • This non-metallic buildup causes a restriction on the amount of aluminum that can be used, usually .4 lb. maximum of aluminum per ton. This restricts the use of continuous casting to certain grades of steel. Steels such as deep drawing sheet steels which are made in large tonnages in the regular manner and must use in excess of 2 pounds of aluminum per ton of steel may not be made by the continuous process using the old type nozzles.
  • an insert which will carry an electrical current.
  • This insert Will be part of the nozzle and the part of the insert that is exposed to the fiow of metal may be coated or plated with a high temperature heat resisting material or ceramic to prevent wear or rapid erosion.
  • the temperature of the area in the nozzle, where clogging usually occurs, Will be maintained above the melting point of the clogging material thus keeping the nozzle clear for uninterrupted pouring.
  • numeral 10 generally denotes the initial section of a continuous casting system, embodying a ladle 12 having a stopper 13 which opens and closes a hole 14 at the bottom thereof to allow molten metal to pour into a tundish 16.
  • the tundish has holes (two being shown) at the bottom thereof fitted with refractory nozzles through which molten metal is poured into two oscillating, water-cooled molds to form a pair of strands of cast steel .20, 20'.
  • numeral 22 generally denoted a nozzle insert which is closely fitted into a ceramic nozzle 34 of zirconium oxide or other suitable substantially nonelectrically conductive refractory material.
  • the insert comprises a conductive material, such as portion 28 of graphite, which forms a close and tight fit inside the correspondingly shaped, well portion formed in nozzle 34.
  • the insert 22, or at least the refractory plug 38 may be replaced from time to time without the necessity of replacing the induction coil 42.
  • a hard surface coating 32 of about .02 to about .03 inch thick is provided on the surface of portion 28 which defines the aperture which is in registry with aperture of plug or nozzle 38.
  • This hard surface or coating 32 may be of silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, zirconium oxide, zirconium carbide, boron carbide, yttrium boride or oxide or similar materials that will resist erosion by a molten stream of about 2,950 degrees F. It was found that the abovementioned difiiculties of clogging could be averted by raising the temperature of the bore surface of the nozzle by about 100 F. above the casting temperature or the melting point of the clogging material.
  • induction heating which is done by a helical induction coil 42 closely surrounding the ceramic nozzle or plug 34, which coil 42 is energized by a motor generator 60 through a pair of line conductors 44, 46, across which are connected a fixed condenser 48 and a plurality of variable condensers 50, 52, 54, 56, and 58 which are inserted in the circuit as the temperature increases since electrical properties change with the temperature.
  • condensers are used to compensate for variations occurring before and during operation of the continuous casting system or regular liquid metal pouring.
  • a unique feature of the invention is that the induction heating will not appreciably raise the temperature of the ceramic nozzle 38, but will considerably increase the temperature of the graphite liner or insert 22, particularly the coated surface 32, Where the high temperature is mostly needed so as to prevent congealing or solidification of metal from the molten stream passing through apertures 30 and 40.
  • the principles of induction heating as contrasted with other means of heating is summarized in Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th edition, pp. 2541 to 2543, by John H. Pen'y, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • the coated surface 32 may be kept perhaps below, or higher, or at the same temperature as that of the molten stream.
  • the insert itself may be of other materials than graphite, such as zirconium carbide ZrC or zirconium diboride ZrB2 or Yttria zerconia.
  • induction heating frequencies may range from about 7 to 50 kilocycles.
  • 3 to 7 kilocycles may be suitable, but for holes of the order of 1 /2 inch and up, the frequency may be in the range of 40 to 50 kc.
  • a mercury gap oscillator may be employed.
  • the tundish 16 is preheated in the regular manner and the metal is allowed to flow in from the ladle 12.
  • the current is turned on in advance to the nozzle 18 or the surface exposed to the liquid steel and its temperature raised to 2900 degrees F. or higher, as desired. This temperature is maintained throughout the pour.
  • the present induction heating system may also be modified so as to heat the molten stream instead.
  • this extra electrical loading by the stream and rapid disposal of the heat by the stream involves substantially greater power consumption than the use of induction 4 heating, which induction heating provides eddy currents for heating the surface of the carbon portion 28 and coating 32.
  • FIG. 5 shows a modification involving a source of A.C., for energizing the primary of a transformer 68 after closing of switch 82 of the primary circuit, whereby the secondary coil passes current through a fixed resistor 64 and a variable resistor 66, which resistors may be embedded in an insulating insert substituted for the insert 22 of FIG. 3.
  • resistance heating as shown in FIG. 5, is not very eflicient as compared to the induction heating system shown in FIG. 3.
  • a further modification could be capacitance or dielectric heating, involving embedding a pair of electrodes in an insulating insert, shaped like insert 22, and applying a source of potential across such electrodes.
  • capacitance heating is likewise not as efficient as the induction heating system shown in FIG. 3.
  • novel nozzle assembly embodying the present invention has been described in connection with a continuous casting system for improving the flow of molten metal, it has also other general applications, such as in the ladle 12 or in any other ladies or containers wherein it is desired to make sure that solidification will not clog the outlet hole thereof when a liquid metal is to be poured through a nozzle.
  • induction coil 42 is shown as surrounding the ceramic nozzle 38, it could be positioned in an annular well portion formed therein, instead, for additional pro tection.
  • an efficient nozzle assembly embodying a ceramic nozzle having an electrically conductive insert which is inductively heated at the surface thereof to very high temperatures, approximating or exceeding the temperature of the molten steel poured therethrough so as to prevent solidification or congealing of metal and clogging the hole opening.
  • a nozzle composed of a substantially nonelectrically conductive refractory material through which molten metal is poured, an induction coil surrounding and substantially coaxially disposed with the nozzle opening, an electrically conductive insert surrounding the nozzle opening and fitting into a well portion formed in the opening of said nozzle, and a source of high frequency current in the range of between about 3 to 50 kc. for energizing said coil so as to inductively heat the insert in said nozzle to substantially the temperature of said poured molten metal.
  • refractory nozzle is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, zirconium carbide and zirconium diboride.
  • a method for preventing the congelation of molten metal in passing from a receptacle through a substantially nonelectrically conductive nozzle orifice to maintain uniform flow thereof comprising lining the orifice with an electrically conductive insert, applying a protective refractory coating to the insert, disposing an induction coil about said nozzle, energizing the coil with a high frequency current to inductively heat the insert to substantially the temperature of the molten metal.
  • That method of assuring maintenance of constant ferrostatic pressure on a mold in the continuous casting of steel by preventing solidification of metal in a substantially nonelectrically conductive nozzle used in said continuous casting comprising, installing in said nozzle a refractory electrically conductive insert having a substantially centrally located passageway, there being an induction coil about said nozzle, energizing said coil with a high frequency current suflicient to maintain the insert defining said passage at substantially the temperature of the steel to thereby prevent the formation of a film and the gradual building up thereof in said passage which would close said passage thereby assuring a constant ferrostatic pressure while said molten metal is flowing through said passage.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
US540446A 1966-03-11 1966-03-11 Pouring nozzle for continuous casting liquid metal or ordinary steel Expired - Lifetime US3435992A (en)

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US54044666A 1966-03-11 1966-03-11

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US (1) US3435992A (xx)
BE (1) BE695386A (xx)
GB (1) GB1139122A (xx)
LU (1) LU53111A1 (xx)
NL (1) NL6703749A (xx)

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3578062A (en) * 1968-03-05 1971-05-11 Nippon Kokan Kk Method of and apparatus for continuous casting with immersion-type long nozzles
US3596804A (en) * 1969-03-07 1971-08-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Pouring spout for continuous casting of molten metals
US3604598A (en) * 1969-07-09 1971-09-14 United States Steel Corp Outlet passage construction for teeming vessels
US3628706A (en) * 1968-10-15 1971-12-21 Southwire Co Long life spout
US3675351A (en) * 1969-11-21 1972-07-11 Gen Electric Steam iron and valve structure
US3765798A (en) * 1971-06-23 1973-10-16 Aeg Elotherm Gmbh Electromagnetic conveyor trough for conveying liquid metals
US3797712A (en) * 1970-04-23 1974-03-19 Didier Werke Ag Compound body nozzle for a container holding a liquid melt
US3822735A (en) * 1969-07-11 1974-07-09 Nat Steel Corp Process for casting molten silicon-aluminum killed steel continuously
US4161971A (en) * 1976-06-21 1979-07-24 Jet Spray Corp. Dispenser for perishable beverages
US4359625A (en) * 1978-11-07 1982-11-16 Nippon Crucible Co., Ltd. Method of preheating immersion nozzle for continuous casting
US4469162A (en) * 1978-06-13 1984-09-04 Asea Akt Continuous casting temperature control apparatus
US4475721A (en) * 1982-09-13 1984-10-09 Pont-A-Mousson S.A. Induction heated casting channel with graphite sleeve
US4668554A (en) * 1983-05-12 1987-05-26 Thor Ceramics Limited Composite refractory product
US4805806A (en) * 1980-12-17 1989-02-21 Boc Limited Apparatus for dispensing liquefied gas
US4971294A (en) * 1989-03-15 1990-11-20 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Induction heated sliding gate valve for vacuum melting furnace
US5004153A (en) * 1990-03-02 1991-04-02 General Electric Company Melt system for spray-forming
US5052597A (en) * 1988-12-19 1991-10-01 Didier-Werke Ag Inductively heatable refractory member, inductive coil employable therewith, and process for use thereof
US5164097A (en) * 1991-02-01 1992-11-17 General Electric Company Nozzle assembly design for a continuous alloy production process and method for making said nozzle
US5272718A (en) * 1990-04-09 1993-12-21 Leybold Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for forming a stream of molten material
US5339329A (en) * 1993-01-25 1994-08-16 Armco Steel Company, L.P. Induction heated meniscus coating vessel
US5413744A (en) * 1991-08-05 1995-05-09 Didier-Werke Ag Process for inductive heating of ceramic shaped parts
DE19515230A1 (de) * 1995-04-28 1996-11-07 Didier Werke Ag Verfahren zum induktiven Aufheizen eines feuerfesten Formteils sowie ein entsprechendes Formteil hierfür
US5891355A (en) * 1996-05-23 1999-04-06 Wei; Long Self-sealing, bottom pouring system
EP0911098A2 (de) * 1997-10-23 1999-04-28 Femuk Betriebsberatung GmbH Giessanlage für Metalle, insbesondere für Aluminium-Legierungen
EP1332813A2 (de) * 2002-02-01 2003-08-06 Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. Feuerfester Ausguss für ein metallurgisches Gefäss
US6799595B1 (en) * 2003-03-06 2004-10-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Meltable and reclosable drain plug for molten salt reactor
US20070057416A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2007-03-15 Ati Properties, Inc. Methods and apparatus for processing molten materials
CN113399635A (zh) * 2021-06-04 2021-09-17 钢铁研究总院淮安有限公司 一种铁铬铝合金熔铸一体化装置及方法

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS4978632A (xx) * 1972-12-04 1974-07-29
JPS5326207B2 (xx) * 1973-07-13 1978-08-01
JPS5424373B2 (xx) * 1973-12-27 1979-08-21
JPS5095131A (xx) * 1973-12-27 1975-07-29
LU82177A1 (fr) * 1980-02-15 1981-09-10 Arbed Equipement du trou de coulee d'un four de fusion de matieres non-metalliques
DE3903210C1 (xx) * 1989-01-31 1990-06-28 Mannesmann Ag, 4000 Duesseldorf, De

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1381500A (en) * 1919-09-15 1921-06-14 Russell F Reader Electric wax-heater
US1920300A (en) * 1929-12-21 1933-08-01 Albert J Gesel Teeming nozzle
US2676235A (en) * 1952-03-08 1954-04-20 Ajax Electrothermic Corp Control means for induction furnaces
US2770022A (en) * 1952-12-08 1956-11-13 Joseph B Brennan Method of continuously casting molten metal
US2896936A (en) * 1955-03-03 1959-07-28 Philips Corp System for high-frequency heating of work pieces
US3048972A (en) * 1958-01-07 1962-08-14 Ici Ltd Rocket motor construction
US3129560A (en) * 1960-06-13 1964-04-21 Stanley P Prosen Convectively cooled rocket nozzle
US3157026A (en) * 1962-10-19 1964-11-17 Super Temp Corp Composite nozzle structure
US3197824A (en) * 1962-07-23 1965-08-03 Dolenic George Nozzle block for ladles
US3207365A (en) * 1964-06-11 1965-09-21 Pennsalt Chemicals Corp Chemical apparatus and method
US3268958A (en) * 1963-12-19 1966-08-30 Midvale Heppenstall Company Slow pouring and casting system for ferrous and other metals
US3331909A (en) * 1965-03-12 1967-07-18 Ohio Crankshaft Co Apparatus for energizing an induction melting furnace with a three phase electrical network

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1381500A (en) * 1919-09-15 1921-06-14 Russell F Reader Electric wax-heater
US1920300A (en) * 1929-12-21 1933-08-01 Albert J Gesel Teeming nozzle
US2676235A (en) * 1952-03-08 1954-04-20 Ajax Electrothermic Corp Control means for induction furnaces
US2770022A (en) * 1952-12-08 1956-11-13 Joseph B Brennan Method of continuously casting molten metal
US2896936A (en) * 1955-03-03 1959-07-28 Philips Corp System for high-frequency heating of work pieces
US3048972A (en) * 1958-01-07 1962-08-14 Ici Ltd Rocket motor construction
US3129560A (en) * 1960-06-13 1964-04-21 Stanley P Prosen Convectively cooled rocket nozzle
US3197824A (en) * 1962-07-23 1965-08-03 Dolenic George Nozzle block for ladles
US3157026A (en) * 1962-10-19 1964-11-17 Super Temp Corp Composite nozzle structure
US3268958A (en) * 1963-12-19 1966-08-30 Midvale Heppenstall Company Slow pouring and casting system for ferrous and other metals
US3207365A (en) * 1964-06-11 1965-09-21 Pennsalt Chemicals Corp Chemical apparatus and method
US3331909A (en) * 1965-03-12 1967-07-18 Ohio Crankshaft Co Apparatus for energizing an induction melting furnace with a three phase electrical network

Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3578062A (en) * 1968-03-05 1971-05-11 Nippon Kokan Kk Method of and apparatus for continuous casting with immersion-type long nozzles
US3628706A (en) * 1968-10-15 1971-12-21 Southwire Co Long life spout
US3596804A (en) * 1969-03-07 1971-08-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Pouring spout for continuous casting of molten metals
US3604598A (en) * 1969-07-09 1971-09-14 United States Steel Corp Outlet passage construction for teeming vessels
US3822735A (en) * 1969-07-11 1974-07-09 Nat Steel Corp Process for casting molten silicon-aluminum killed steel continuously
US3675351A (en) * 1969-11-21 1972-07-11 Gen Electric Steam iron and valve structure
US3797712A (en) * 1970-04-23 1974-03-19 Didier Werke Ag Compound body nozzle for a container holding a liquid melt
US3765798A (en) * 1971-06-23 1973-10-16 Aeg Elotherm Gmbh Electromagnetic conveyor trough for conveying liquid metals
US4161971A (en) * 1976-06-21 1979-07-24 Jet Spray Corp. Dispenser for perishable beverages
US4469162A (en) * 1978-06-13 1984-09-04 Asea Akt Continuous casting temperature control apparatus
US4359625A (en) * 1978-11-07 1982-11-16 Nippon Crucible Co., Ltd. Method of preheating immersion nozzle for continuous casting
US4805806A (en) * 1980-12-17 1989-02-21 Boc Limited Apparatus for dispensing liquefied gas
US4475721A (en) * 1982-09-13 1984-10-09 Pont-A-Mousson S.A. Induction heated casting channel with graphite sleeve
US4668554A (en) * 1983-05-12 1987-05-26 Thor Ceramics Limited Composite refractory product
US5052597A (en) * 1988-12-19 1991-10-01 Didier-Werke Ag Inductively heatable refractory member, inductive coil employable therewith, and process for use thereof
US5054664A (en) * 1988-12-19 1991-10-08 Didier-Werke Ag Inductively heatable refractory member, inductive coil employable therewith, and process for use thereof
US4971294A (en) * 1989-03-15 1990-11-20 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Induction heated sliding gate valve for vacuum melting furnace
US5004153A (en) * 1990-03-02 1991-04-02 General Electric Company Melt system for spray-forming
US5272718A (en) * 1990-04-09 1993-12-21 Leybold Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for forming a stream of molten material
US5164097A (en) * 1991-02-01 1992-11-17 General Electric Company Nozzle assembly design for a continuous alloy production process and method for making said nozzle
US5413744A (en) * 1991-08-05 1995-05-09 Didier-Werke Ag Process for inductive heating of ceramic shaped parts
US5460651A (en) * 1993-01-25 1995-10-24 Armco Steel Company, L.P. Induction heated meniscus coating vessel
US5339329A (en) * 1993-01-25 1994-08-16 Armco Steel Company, L.P. Induction heated meniscus coating vessel
US5901776A (en) * 1995-04-28 1999-05-11 Didier-Werke Ag Process for the inductive heating of a fireproof molding and a suitable molding therefor
DE19515230A1 (de) * 1995-04-28 1996-11-07 Didier Werke Ag Verfahren zum induktiven Aufheizen eines feuerfesten Formteils sowie ein entsprechendes Formteil hierfür
US6148903A (en) * 1995-04-28 2000-11-21 Didier-Werke Ag Method for the inductive heating of a refractory mold part as well as corresponding mold part for such
US5891355A (en) * 1996-05-23 1999-04-06 Wei; Long Self-sealing, bottom pouring system
EP0911098A3 (de) * 1997-10-23 2000-05-17 FEMUK Betriebsberatung GmbH Giessanlage für Metalle, insbesondere für Aluminium-Legierungen
EP0911098A2 (de) * 1997-10-23 1999-04-28 Femuk Betriebsberatung GmbH Giessanlage für Metalle, insbesondere für Aluminium-Legierungen
EP1332813A2 (de) * 2002-02-01 2003-08-06 Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. Feuerfester Ausguss für ein metallurgisches Gefäss
US20030146553A1 (en) * 2002-02-01 2003-08-07 Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. Refractory nozzle for a metallurgical vessel
EP1332813A3 (de) * 2002-02-01 2003-11-26 Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. Feuerfester Ausguss für ein metallurgisches Gefäss
US6832707B2 (en) 2002-02-01 2004-12-21 Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. Refractory nozzle for a metallurgical vessel
US6799595B1 (en) * 2003-03-06 2004-10-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Meltable and reclosable drain plug for molten salt reactor
US20070057416A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2007-03-15 Ati Properties, Inc. Methods and apparatus for processing molten materials
US7913884B2 (en) * 2005-09-01 2011-03-29 Ati Properties, Inc. Methods and apparatus for processing molten materials
US20110142975A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2011-06-16 Ati Properties, Inc. Methods and apparatus for processing molten materials
US9789545B2 (en) * 2005-09-01 2017-10-17 Ati Properties Llc Methods and apparatus for processing molten materials
CN113399635A (zh) * 2021-06-04 2021-09-17 钢铁研究总院淮安有限公司 一种铁铬铝合金熔铸一体化装置及方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1139122A (en) 1969-01-08
BE695386A (xx) 1967-08-14
NL6703749A (xx) 1967-09-12
LU53111A1 (xx) 1968-12-09

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