US3368340A - Method and apparatus for doffing and straightening fibers during combing and spinning thereof - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for doffing and straightening fibers during combing and spinning thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3368340A US3368340A US580241A US58024166A US3368340A US 3368340 A US3368340 A US 3368340A US 580241 A US580241 A US 580241A US 58024166 A US58024166 A US 58024166A US 3368340 A US3368340 A US 3368340A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- spinning chamber
- fibers
- spinning
- combing roller
- channel means
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 title claims description 99
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 27
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001527902 Aratus Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002730 additional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003519 ventilatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
- D01H4/00—Open-end spinning machines or arrangements for imparting twist to independently moving fibres separated from slivers; Piecing arrangements therefor; Covering endless core threads with fibres by open-end spinning techniques
- D01H4/30—Arrangements for separating slivers into fibres; Orienting or straightening fibres, e.g. using guide-rolls
- D01H4/32—Arrangements for separating slivers into fibres; Orienting or straightening fibres, e.g. using guide-rolls using opening rollers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of dofiing and straightening bers while conveying the same from a combing roller into a spinning chamber during a splnning operation, and apparatus for carrying out the method.
- the method according to the present invention of dofiing and straightening fibers during conveying thereof from a combing roller into a spinning chamber wherein the fibers are spun mainly cornprises the steps of engaging the fibers by projections with a combing roller rotating with a given circumferential speed, directing a confined stream of air with a speed greater than the aforementioned circumferential speed of the roller and in substantially tangential direction against the fibers engaged by the projections of the roller, creating thereby in the air stream a pressure difference acting upon the fibers in substantially radial direction away from the combing roller, whereby the fibers are gradually lifted off the projections, straightened, and conveyed by the air stream into the spinning chamber.
- 1t is further considered advantageous to maintain the circumferential speed of the combing roller to about 12S-60% of the velocity of the air delivered to the dofiing point. It has also been found advantageous to deliver by the aforementioned air stream a volume of air amounting to 1.5-3.0 liters per second into the spinning chamber.
- the air stream is produced by creating an underpressure of 1D0-25() mm. water column in the spinning chamber and creating by this underpressure a suction effect for producing the air stream.
- the method according to the present invention may also include the step of producing in the spinning chamber, into which the fibers are conveyed by the aforementioned air stream, an air swirl so as to subject the fibers before they reach the collecting surface of the spinning chamber to another pressure and speed difference produced by the air swirl.
- the method may also include the step of gradually increasing the speed of the air conveying the fibers until the air reaches the collecting surface of the spinning chamber.
- the apparatus for carrying out the above method mainly comprises wall means defining a spinning chamber having an axis and being rotatable about the axis, the spinning chamber having an open end and a collecting surface facing the open end, closure means closing the open end of the spinning chamber, a combing roller having fiber engaging projections on the outer peripheral surface thereof and being rotatable about an axis, channel means arranged adjacent the peripheral portion of the combing roller so that the projections on the aforementioned portion project at least partly into the channel means, the channel means having an outer end communicating with the outer atmosphere and an inner end passing through the closure means and communicating with the interior of the spinning chamber, means cooperating with the spinning chamber to create an underpressure in the latter to produce thereby by suction an air stream passing through said channel means, means for feeding slivers to be spun into engagement with the projections on the combing roller at a portion of the latter spaced from the channel means, and means for withdrawing spun fibers from. the collecting surface of the spinning chamber.
- the aforementioned channel means preferably gradually taper from the outer to the inner end thereof.
- the apparatus may also include throttling means cooperating with the channel means for regulating the flow of air passing through the latter.
- the channel means leads into the spinning chamber at an angle of 20-40 with respect to plane normal to the axis of rotation of the spinning chamber.
- the wall means of the spinning chamber define between the open end and the collecting surface thereof an annular surface and the apparatus preferably includes a stationary separator in the spinning chamber having a surface spaced from and facing the annular surface of the wall means.
- the two aforementioned facing surfaces are preferably arranged in such a manner that they converge in the direction of ithe air flow passing between these surfaces.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view through the apparatus of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a partial cross sectional View, drawn to an enlarged scale, and showing a portion of the combing roller and a portion of the channel means adjacent thereto;
- FIG. 3 is a partial top view of the appara-tus with the spinning chamber and the separator removed therefrom and illustrating the arrangement of the inner end of the channel means with respect to the axis of rotation of the spinning chamber;
- FIGS. 4-7 are partial sectional views likewise drawn to an enlarged scale and schematically illustrating the removing of the fibers from the engaging projections of the combing roller and the straightening of the fibers in the channel means;
- FIG. 8 is a sectional perspective view of the apparatus shown in FIG. l.
- the apparatus mainly comprises support means which are preferably in the form of block 1 which is formed with a cylindrical cavity in which a combing roller 2 is arranged, driven about a preferably horizontal axis in counter-clockwise direction, as indicated by the arrow shown in FIG, 1, by means not shown in the drawing.
- the peripheral surface of the combing roller 2 is provided with engaging projections 3, which may have a saw tooth configuration as best shown in FIG. 2, and which may be formed from an appropriately crimped wire wound in a helix having a small lead about the peripheral surface of the roller 2 and connected thereto in any convenient manner.
- Channel means 7 are formed in the block 1, which lead into spinning chamber 8 and ldischarge into the space between a stationary separator 9 and the rotating wall 10 of the spinning chamber.
- the wall 10 has preferably an inner frusto-conical surface leading onto a collecting surface 11.
- the drive shaft of the spinning chamber 8 is rotatably supported in bearings 13 and 14, which are preferably ball bearings, as shown more clearly in FIG. 8, and the spinning chamber is rotated about a preferable vertical axis by means not shown in the drawing.
- the lower open end of the spinning chamber is closed by the upper surface of the block 1, which forms therefore a closure means for closing the open end of the spinning chamber 8.
- the upper surface of the block 1 is provided with an annular groove 27 arranged coaxially with the axis of rotation of the spinning chamber and into which the lower edge of the wall 1t) projects to form a labyrinth seal with the groove 27, as best shown in FIG. 8.
- the spinning chamber 8 is further provided with means ⁇ for producing an underpressure therein, which means may be in the form of a plurality of passages or bores 12 extending in substantially radial ydirection through a central upper raised wall portion of the spinning chamber, bu-t instead of the passages 12, other means may be provided in the spinning chamber to produce the desired underpressure therein.
- the separator 9 iS substantially diskshaped and fastened at its lower small diameter end to the top surface of the block 1 in any convenient manner.
- the separator 9 is provided at the center thereof with a discharge opening 15 aligned with a corresponding bore through the block 1 through which the finished yarn 16 is withdrawn by a known draw-off and winding mechanism as schematically shown in FIG. l and including a bobbin or spool 26 rotated about its axis by means not shown in the drawing and arranged below the block 1.
- the sliver 6 to be spun is positively fed by a feed roller 4 through an inlet 5 in the block 1 into engagement with the engaging projections 3 on the combing roller 2.
- the channel means 7 are arranged substantially tangential to the peripheral surface of the combing roller Z and the width of the channel means is advantageously slightly greater than the width of the peripheral surface of the combing roller which is provided with engaging projections.
- the channel means tapers from the outer inlet end 17 thereof which communicates with the outer atmosphere toward the outlet end 19 which communicates with the interior of the spinning chamber.
- the outlet end 19 of the channel means 7 is arranged, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 8 laterally of the axis of rotation of the spinning chamber so as to face the outer frustoconical surface 2t) of the separator 9.
- the channel means 7 is inclined at an acute angle of 20-40 to the upper surface of the yblock 1, that is to a plane extending at right angles to the vertical axis of rotation of the spinning chamber 8.
- Throttling means may also be provided cooperating with the channel means 7 for regulating the flow of air passing therethrough.
- the throttling means may comprise damper 1S mounted in front of the inlet end 17 of the channel means movably between a plurality of positions in which the damper covers the inlet end 17 to a greater or smaller extent.
- the damper 18 may for instance be turnably mounted by means of a screw or the like on the block 1 so that by loosening of the screw the damper plate may be turned from the position shown in FIG. 8 to a position in which it partly overlaps the inlet opening 17, whereafter the screw is tightened to hold the ⁇ damper plate 13 in the adjusted position.
- the lower surface 20 of the separator 9 and the inner surface of the wall 10 of the spinning chamber converge toward the collecting surface 11, however, their imaginary prolongations do not have to necessarily intersect at a line of the collecting surface 11.
- the channel means 7 discharge within the space between the surface Ztl of the separator 9 and the inner surface of the wall 10 of the spinning chamber 8.
- the apparatus above described forms part of a spinning unit.
- a plurality of such units are disposed side by side on a frame of a spinning machine not shown, and constitute together with other mechanisms such as drives, counter-shafts, etc., a ringless continuous spinning machine.
- the feed roller 4, the combing roller 2 and the spinning chamber 8 with the means 12 for creating an underpressure therein begin to rotate at predetermined speed ratios.
- the sliver 6, drawn from a not shown supply can or bobbin, is fed by the feed roller 4 into the range of the projections 3 of the combing roller 2, by the action of which the sliver is opened up and the fibers thereof are separated.
- the rotational speed of the combing roller 2, that of the spinning chamber 8, and the cross section of the channel means 7 are chosen in such a manner that the air stream passing through the channel means 7 has, in the region where the air stream acts on the engaging projections 3 on the peripheral surface of the combing roller 2, a maximum velocity, which is approximately twice as great as the circumferential Velocity of the combing roller 2.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the velocity distribution produced in the air stream passing through the channel 7 in the region in which the air stream acts on the engaging portions 3 of the combing roller 2.
- the velocity of the air stream at the peripheral surface of the combing roller 2 will be substantially equal to the circumferential speed Vv of the combing roller 2, and the air stream velocity increases in radial outward direction towards the opposite wall 21 of the channel means 7 and at the surface of this wall it will, due to friction, suddenly drop substantially to Zero.
- This Velocity distribution in the considered area will produce, according to Bernoullis law, in this area of the air stream a pressure distribution in the air stream creating a pressure difference acting approximately in the radial direction away from the combing roller 2.
- This pressure difference will act on the fibers 22 as shown in FIGURES 4-7 to gradually take the latter off from the engaging projections 3 so that the leading ends of the fiber pass into the area of higher velocity of the air stream whereby the fibers while being taken off from the engaging projections 3 are straightened.
- the outer surface of the separator 9 and the inner surface of the wall 10 of the spinning chamber are frusto-conical surfaces which are arranged, as clearly shown in FIG. 1, in such a manner that the space defined between these two surfaces tapers in upward direction toward the collecting surface 11 so that a drop of the air stream velocity is also avoided in this space, which in turn prevents a possible undesirable movement of the fibers.
- the circumferential speed of the combing roller 2 amounts to -60% of the maximum air velocity in the channel means 7 and the volume of air delivered from the atmosphere through the channel means 7 into the spinning chamber 8 is preferably in the order of 1.5-3.0 liters per second.
- the desired air velo-city in the channel means 7 is derived from the suction effect produced by the ventilator 12 which produces in the interior of the spinning chamber 8 an underpressure in the order of 1GO-250 mm. of water column.
- the velocity of the air stream gradually increases from the inlet end 17 of the channel means 7 up to the collecting surface 11 of the spinning chamber 8.
- a method of doffing and straightening fibers during conveying thereof from a combing roller into a spinning chamber wherein the fibers are spun comprising the steps of engaging the fibers by projections of the combing roller rotating with a given circumferential speed; directing a confined stream of air with a speed greater than said circumferential speed in substantially tangential direction against the fibers engaged by said projections of said roller and creating thereby in said air stream a pressure difference acting upon the fibers in substantially radial direction away from said combing roller, whereby said fibers are gradually lifted off said projections, straightened and conveyed by said air stream into the spinning chamber.
- An apparatus for dofiing and straightening fibers during combing and spinning thereof comprising, in combination, wall means defining a spinning chamber having an axis and being rotatable about said axis, said spinning chamber having an open end and a collecting surface facing said open end; closure means closing said open end of said spinning chamber; a combing roller having fiber engaging projections on the outer lperiphery thereof, said combing roller being rotatable about its axis; channel means arranged adjacent a peripheral portion of said combing roller so that the projections on said portion project at least partly into the channel means, said channel means having an outer end communicating with the atmosphere and an inner end passing through said closure means and communicating with the interior of said spinning chamber; means cooperating with said spinning chamber to create an underpressure in the latter to produce thereby suction creating an air stream passing from said outer end of said passage means through the latter; means for feeding siivers to be spun into engagement with said projections of the combing roller at a portion of the latter spaced from said channel means; and means for withdrawing spun fiber
- annular surface of said spinning chamber is a substantially frusto-eonical surface and wherein said separator has a frusto-conical wall, the outer surface of which forming said surface facing said annular frusto-conical surface of the spinning chamber.
- closure means is in the form of a block having an upper surface and including sealing means between the lower edge of the wall defining said spinning chamber and said upper surface of said block.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Spinning Or Twisting Of Yarns (AREA)
- Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CS594765 | 1965-10-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3368340A true US3368340A (en) | 1968-02-13 |
Family
ID=5405412
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US580241A Expired - Lifetime US3368340A (en) | 1965-10-01 | 1966-09-19 | Method and apparatus for doffing and straightening fibers during combing and spinning thereof |
Country Status (8)
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3511044A (en) * | 1968-01-19 | 1970-05-12 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Method of and apparatus for ringless spinning of fibers |
US3538698A (en) * | 1968-08-10 | 1970-11-10 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Break-spinning apparatus |
US3672144A (en) * | 1970-05-06 | 1972-06-27 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Break-spinning machine |
US3696605A (en) * | 1968-11-27 | 1972-10-10 | Daiwa Spinning Co Ltd | Ringless spinning machine |
US3712042A (en) * | 1969-09-16 | 1973-01-23 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Method of withdrawing fibers from a combing roller of a fiber separating device and device for performing said method |
US4879873A (en) * | 1987-07-31 | 1989-11-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Spinning unit in open-end spinning machine |
US5109663A (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1992-05-05 | Fritz Stahlecker | Arrangement for open end rotor spinning |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1305716A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1969-07-08 | 1973-02-07 | ||
GB1291104A (en) * | 1969-07-08 | 1972-09-27 | Tmm Research Ltd | Improvements in textile spinning machines |
CS151696B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1970-01-19 | 1973-11-19 | ||
US3834148A (en) * | 1972-03-27 | 1974-09-10 | Toyoda Automatic Loom Works | Ringless spinning apparatus |
CS168160B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1972-06-08 | 1976-05-28 | ||
CS183453B1 (en) * | 1975-10-03 | 1978-06-30 | Frantisek Jaros | Method of and apparatus for separating staple fibres from fibrous slivers |
DE3517253A1 (de) * | 1984-05-12 | 1985-11-14 | Výzkumný ústav bavlnářský, Ustí nad Orlicí | Vorrichtung zum vereinzeln von fasern an einer offen-end-spinneinheit |
DE10359417B4 (de) * | 2003-12-18 | 2014-04-03 | Saurer Germany Gmbh & Co. Kg | Faserleitkanal |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3115001A (en) * | 1962-09-18 | 1963-12-24 | Vyzk Ustav Bavinarsky | Spinning apparatus |
US3119223A (en) * | 1955-07-02 | 1964-01-28 | Julius F M Meimberg | Spinning device |
US3121306A (en) * | 1961-11-09 | 1964-02-18 | Vyzk Ustav Barlnarsky | Method and apparatus for the continuous manufacture of yarn from textile staple fibers |
GB969046A (en) * | 1960-10-28 | 1964-09-09 | Julius Meimberg | Improvements in or relating to apparatus for spinning fibrous material |
GB1033074A (en) * | 1964-01-08 | 1966-06-15 | Julius Meimberg | Process and apparatus for spinning staple fibres |
US3328949A (en) * | 1964-11-25 | 1967-07-04 | Elitex Zavody Textilniho | Device for continuous centrifugal spinning |
Family Cites Families (15)
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DE381994C (de) * | 1923-09-27 | Franz Werner | Vorkarde fuer Baumwolle | |
DE645948C (de) * | 1937-06-05 | Paul Truetzschler & Gey | Maschine zum Reinigen und Aufloesen von Baumwolle usw. | |
US689556A (en) * | 1901-03-27 | 1901-12-24 | Aaron Metcalf | Machinery for spinning and twisting fibrous materials. |
GB404686A (en) * | 1932-07-12 | 1934-01-12 | British Cotton Ind Res Assoc | Method of and means for opening, cleaning, and transporting cotton and such like fibrous materials |
GB477259A (en) * | 1937-06-05 | 1937-12-24 | Svend Ejnar Berthelsen | Improved method and means for the centrifugal spinning of fibrous material |
US2676364A (en) * | 1949-02-23 | 1954-04-27 | Chicopee Mfg Corp | Method and apparatus for making fabrics |
US2890497A (en) * | 1954-03-10 | 1959-06-16 | Curlator Corp | Machine for forming random fiber webs |
DE1107565B (de) * | 1954-03-10 | 1961-05-25 | Curlator Corp | Maschine zum Herstellen eines Faservlieses |
US2808697A (en) * | 1955-04-14 | 1957-10-08 | Harrison B Williams | Textile spinning |
DE963400C (de) * | 1955-07-02 | 1957-05-09 | Julius Meimberg | Spinnvorrichtung |
US3037248A (en) * | 1959-08-10 | 1962-06-05 | Birfield Eng Ltd | Apparatus for forming fibrous materials into a web |
DE1181593B (de) * | 1959-08-13 | 1964-11-12 | Birfield Eng Ltd | Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Fasermatten |
NL130261C (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1960-07-28 | |||
NL272961A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1961-12-20 | |||
US3121300A (en) * | 1962-02-01 | 1964-02-18 | Francesco V Rossi | Carton handling device |
-
1965
- 1965-12-29 AT AT1176665A patent/AT264331B/de active
-
1966
- 1966-01-03 DE DE1510998A patent/DE1510998C3/de not_active Expired
- 1966-08-26 CH CH1239566A patent/CH457216A/de unknown
- 1966-09-03 YU YU1662/66A patent/YU31431B/xx unknown
- 1966-09-08 BE BE686603D patent/BE686603A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1966-09-15 ES ES0331241A patent/ES331241A1/es not_active Expired
- 1966-09-19 US US580241A patent/US3368340A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1966-09-30 FR FR78402A patent/FR1495729A/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3119223A (en) * | 1955-07-02 | 1964-01-28 | Julius F M Meimberg | Spinning device |
GB969046A (en) * | 1960-10-28 | 1964-09-09 | Julius Meimberg | Improvements in or relating to apparatus for spinning fibrous material |
US3121306A (en) * | 1961-11-09 | 1964-02-18 | Vyzk Ustav Barlnarsky | Method and apparatus for the continuous manufacture of yarn from textile staple fibers |
US3115001A (en) * | 1962-09-18 | 1963-12-24 | Vyzk Ustav Bavinarsky | Spinning apparatus |
GB1033074A (en) * | 1964-01-08 | 1966-06-15 | Julius Meimberg | Process and apparatus for spinning staple fibres |
US3324642A (en) * | 1964-01-08 | 1967-06-13 | Meimberg Julius | Process and apparatus for spinning staple fibers |
US3328949A (en) * | 1964-11-25 | 1967-07-04 | Elitex Zavody Textilniho | Device for continuous centrifugal spinning |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3511044A (en) * | 1968-01-19 | 1970-05-12 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Method of and apparatus for ringless spinning of fibers |
US3538698A (en) * | 1968-08-10 | 1970-11-10 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Break-spinning apparatus |
US3696605A (en) * | 1968-11-27 | 1972-10-10 | Daiwa Spinning Co Ltd | Ringless spinning machine |
JPS5127296Y1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1968-11-27 | 1976-07-10 | ||
US3712042A (en) * | 1969-09-16 | 1973-01-23 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Method of withdrawing fibers from a combing roller of a fiber separating device and device for performing said method |
US3672144A (en) * | 1970-05-06 | 1972-06-27 | Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky | Break-spinning machine |
US4879873A (en) * | 1987-07-31 | 1989-11-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Spinning unit in open-end spinning machine |
US5109663A (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1992-05-05 | Fritz Stahlecker | Arrangement for open end rotor spinning |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1510998B2 (de) | 1974-10-17 |
CH457216A (de) | 1968-05-31 |
FR1495729A (fr) | 1967-09-22 |
DE1510998A1 (de) | 1970-12-23 |
YU31431B (en) | 1973-06-30 |
DE1510998C3 (de) | 1985-01-24 |
BE686603A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1967-02-15 |
AT264331B (de) | 1968-08-26 |
ES331241A1 (es) | 1967-09-16 |
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