US3313721A - Dish-shaped anode - Google Patents

Dish-shaped anode Download PDF

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Publication number
US3313721A
US3313721A US784273A US78427358A US3313721A US 3313721 A US3313721 A US 3313721A US 784273 A US784273 A US 784273A US 78427358 A US78427358 A US 78427358A US 3313721 A US3313721 A US 3313721A
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United States
Prior art keywords
platinum
anode
titanium
metal
electrode
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US784273A
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English (en)
Inventor
Rodney B Teel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ENGLEHARD IND Inc
ENGLEHARD INDUSTRIES Inc
BASF Catalysts LLC
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ENGLEHARD IND Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE584834D priority Critical patent/BE584834A/xx
Priority to NL246885D priority patent/NL246885A/xx
Application filed by ENGLEHARD IND Inc filed Critical ENGLEHARD IND Inc
Priority to US784273A priority patent/US3313721A/en
Priority to FR810637A priority patent/FR1240939A/fr
Priority to GB44159/59A priority patent/GB944715A/en
Priority to DK475059AA priority patent/DK132338B/da
Priority to DEE18708A priority patent/DE1229816B/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3313721A publication Critical patent/US3313721A/en
Assigned to ENGELHARD CORPORATION reassignment ENGELHARD CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: PHIBRO CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
    • C23F13/16—Electrodes characterised by the combination of the structure and the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F2213/00—Aspects of inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F2213/30—Anodic or cathodic protection specially adapted for a specific object
    • C23F2213/31—Immersed structures, e.g. submarine structures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F2213/00—Aspects of inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F2213/30—Anodic or cathodic protection specially adapted for a specific object
    • C23F2213/32—Pipes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
    • E02B17/0017—Means for protecting offshore constructions
    • E02B17/0026—Means for protecting offshore constructions against corrosion

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to anodes which are used in cathodic protection systems for the control of corrosion and, more particularly, to insoluble anodes used in impressed current cathodic protection systems for the control of metallic corrosion in sea water.
  • anode material should be capable of handling large anode current densities.
  • the anode should be made of a material which is practically non-consumable. Fur ther, in order to permit the anode to be used in practice, it must be durable and resistant to mechanical impact.
  • Another desideratum of the anode is that it be relatively inexpensive in order that a large investment need not be made in a permanent cathodic protection system.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an economical novel composite anode having improved resistance to mechanical damage which is adapted to be used at current densities up to about 550 a.s.f.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a novel composite anode which is not detrimentally affected by discontinuities and/ or imperfections resulting from cracks, porosity, etc., in or to the anodic surface, for example, by accidental damage occurring in manufacture or use.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide an improved method of cathodically protecting a metal structure from the adverse action of corrosion.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a metallic anode which does not require external insulation at the lead-in portions.
  • FIGURE 1 is a view in part section of the novel electrode of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an alternative electrode in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a part sectional view of a strip electrode in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3A is a part sectional view of an alternative strip or sheet electrode in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3B is a sectional view of a still further modification of an electrode in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows in section a still further electrode in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates schematically the system used in accordance with the present invention for cathodically protecting metal immersed in sea water
  • FIG. 6 shows an electrode arrangement contemplated in accordance with the present invention for cathodically protecting pipe lines which are buried in soil
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a ship hull and shows an advantageous positioning of anodes in accordance with the present invention.
  • the present invention contemplates a composite electrode structure adapted to be used in impressed current corrosion protection systems and particularly adapted to be subjected to current densities up to at least about 550 a.s.f. comprising a current-discharging surface made of metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium and alloys with other platinum group metals containing at least about of platinum and/or rhodium, superimposed on and intimately bonded in metal-to-metal electrical contact to a base of titanium metal.
  • the platinum group alloys can contain up to about 10% of other elements which do not detrimentally aiiect the corrosion resistance thereof.
  • the electrode can also have an inner core of metal having good electrical conductivity.
  • Metals suitable for the inner core include copper, silver--and aluminum. It is to be observed, however, that when such an inner core is used it must be completely enclosed in or completely sheathed by titanium metal so that it will not readily be exposed to a corroding medium through inadvertence or accident.
  • the present invention also contemplates the method of cathodically protecting metal structures through the use of the electrode of the present invention.
  • the improved method in accordance with the present invention comprises applying an electrical potential diiierence between an electrode as described above and a metallic structure to be protected when both are in contact with the electrolyte so as to oppose galvanic currents and thereby suppress corrosion.
  • the metal to be protected is made cathodic with respect to the anode.
  • platinum is superimposed on or bonded to titanium to provide the anode of the present invention.
  • the platinum can be plated, clad, sprayed, spot welded, vacuum deposited, resistance welded or attached in any manner whatsoever to the titanium so long as it is in metalto-metal electrical contact with the titanium underbase.
  • Particularly advantageous methods of applying the platinum metal are vacuum sublimation and cathodic sputterplatinized platinum surface which can accommodate a higher current.
  • platinum metal alloys such as platinum-palladium alloys containing up to about 50% palladium, platinum-rhodium alloys containing up to about 10% rhodium, platinum-ruthenium alloys containing up to about 5% ruthenium and platinum-iridium alloys containing up to about iridium can be used to advantage.
  • platinum metal alloys such as platinum-palladium alloys containing up to about 50% palladium, platinum-rhodium alloys containing up to about 10% rhodium, platinum-ruthenium alloys containing up to about 5% ruthenium and platinum-iridium alloys containing up to about iridium can be used to advantage.
  • platinum metal alloys such as platinum-palladium alloys containing up to about 50% palladium, platinum-rhodium alloys containing up to about 10% rhodium, platinum-ruthenium alloys containing up to about 5% ruthenium and platinum-iridium alloys containing up to about iridium can be used to
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates a rod-like bi-rnetal electrode of the present invention having a base 11 made of titanium and having a continuous platinum-metal sheath 12 superimposed thereon in metal-to-metal electrical contact with said titanium.
  • the novel bi-metal electrode contemplated in accordance with the present invention can also have other configurations.
  • a bimetal electrode made from a titanium lead wire extending to a bi-rnetal platinum-titanium electrode or any platinum surface at which current discharge will occur, is also contemplated in accordance with the present invention.
  • the advantage of the titanium lead is that it will conduct electricity from the current source to the point of desired discharge and will not suffer corrosion because of the formation of a high resistance surface film where its surface contacts the electrolyte.
  • the point of junction or contact between the titanium lead and the platinum-titanium electrode or any platinum surface at which current discharge will occur has all the desirable qualities of the novel bi-metal electrode of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a strip of titanium having a sheath 12 of platinum metal.
  • FIG. 3A shows an anode having only one side which is coated with platinum.
  • the anode shown in section in FIG. 3B is most advantageous, since it provides an extensive current distribution shield made of titanium 11 with a current discharging button of platinum 12 substantially centrally located thereon. It is to be observed that the anode as shown in FIG. 3B is circular when viewed in plan.
  • the dished shape of titanium 11 in this embodiment of the anode is particularly advantageous for use in conjunction with ship hulls in sea water.
  • the electrode can also be in the form of a button, a wire, a small plate or foil or in any form whatsoever so long as the platinum metal is in metal-to-metal electrical contact with the titanium metal and suitably disposed to discharge current.
  • FIG. 4 An alternative, highly advantageous form of the electrode of the present invention is shown in FIG. 4, wherein titanium metal 11 has an inner core of metal 13 which has good electrical conductivity.
  • the titanium 11 is externally sheathed by platinum 12.
  • Metal 13 may be copper, silver, aluminum, etc., and must be in electrical contact with and completely sheathed by a substantially thick layer of titanium.
  • the titanium layer should be at least about 10 mils thick in order to minimize any danger of accidentally exposing the underlying core.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 the novel anode of the present invention is used in impressed current corrosion protection systems as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.
  • an aqueous electrolyte 14 such as sea water is shown for convenience in container 15.
  • Metal to be protected 16 for example, steel, is at least partly immersed in electrolyte 14.
  • An electrical circuit is provided so that unidirectional current is passed from battery 17 or other source of electromotive force through conductor It; and rheostat 19 (or other control means) into anode 2i and cathodically protected metal 16.
  • Anode 29 has a platinum layer 12 superimposed on and bonded in metal-to-metal electrical contact with a titanium base ill. The electrical circuit is completed through electrolyte 14.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the application of the present invention in the cathodic protection of metallic structures which are buried beneath the ground.
  • a metallic pipe line 23, set below ground level 24 in soil 25 which normally contains electrically conductive water, is usually covered by a non-metallic covering 2-1.
  • pipe line 23 may be cathodically protected in an impressed current system through the use of platinum-coated titanium anodes 20a or 2017.
  • the platinum-titanium electrode can be in the form of a Wire as illustrated at Zha Where an advantage would be gained in being able to spiral it around a non-metallic coated metal pipe which is to receive cathodic protection after it has been buried in the soil.
  • the electrode can be in the form of a pipe or rod such as illustrated at 2% which is driven or buried in the soil as part of a ground bed system.
  • Anode 2% can be either totally covered by the soil or partially exposed above the soil. It is preferred to completely cover the anode in the soil.
  • anodes 280 or 20d may be mounted either directly on hull 27 or on the keel 28 of a ship. Such anodes are electrically insulated from the hull 27 at the point of placement. Appropriate electrical connections are made from a DC. source to the anode and to the hull 27 so that said hull is cathodically charged.
  • the anodes must be mounted below waterline 29 and advantageously are positioned about two-thirds the distance from how 3% to stern area 21. Under any conditions the anodes 280 and/or 20d must be completely immersed in the water no matter what the condition of loading of the ship.
  • the present invention makes it possible to retain the electrical advantages of platinum through the use of a substantially cheaper bi-metal electrode construction including a platinum element.
  • the bi-metal electrode comprises a platinum outer layer, coating or surface, which need not be complete and an inner supporting member made of titanium.
  • the bi-metal anode permits electrical discharge from the platinum surface or surfaces thereof but not from any surface portions comprising titanium.
  • the high current capacity of the novel platinum-titanium anode will reduce the cost of a cathodic protection installation because of the smaller number of anodes that would be required to produce the necessary current.
  • the minimum thickness of the platinum layer in the novel electrode should be about five millionths of an inch. The upper limit of platinum thickness is determined by economics. While it is usually desirable that the entire surface of the intended anode area be covered with platinum, this is not an essential requirement for the novel anode of the present invention.
  • the novel electrode comprises a structural mass of titanium upon which. is deposited a surface of platinum which can be continuous or discontinuous and of any size, shape or thickness so long as electrical conductance is achieved between the titanium underlayer and the platinum and the platinum is disposed to discharge the current to the electrolyte.
  • an anode for the protection of ship hulls should be rugged in order to minimize the adverse effects of in in ances where adverse mechan- .1 action is datively s1 ht such as in the cathodic the purpose of giving those skilled in the art at understanding of the i vention, the following illustrative examples are given:
  • Example I A -inch length of titanium wire, 0.065 inch in diameter, or" the grade sold under the designation T175A which contains nominally 0.1% iron, 0.02% nitrogen, a nia num of 0.04% carbon and a maximum of 0.08% en, with the balance being essentially titanium, was tip,-.-d with a globule or" platinum.
  • the platinum globule had a diameter about 0.12 inch.
  • the untipped end of the titanium wire was coa.e with a plastic tape so that only two inc s including the globular tip was exposed.
  • the tipped wire so constructed was introduced as an anode into an electrical circuit which included flowing sea water as the eiectrolyste, a bare steel sheet as the cathode and a variable source of direct current and was used to cathodically protect the steel sheet for two periods of two weeks.
  • the anode was subjected to a current density, with respect to titanium, of 3.5 a.s.f. and, with respect to platinum, of 34 est.
  • the anode was subjected to a current density of 7.1 a.s.f., with respect to titanium and, with respec to platinum, of 69 a.s.f.
  • satisfactory operation of the anode was observed and cathodic protection of the bare steel sheet was achieved.
  • Example 11 A steel ship hull is protected from corrosion due to contact with water and, in particular, sea water, by attaching thereto externally an anode having a base of titanium and a current discharging surface of platinum.
  • the anode is electrically insulated from the hull and is connected in an electrical circuit including a source of direct current and the hull as a cathode.
  • Two forms of anodes are advantageous.
  • a strip-like anode is advantageously mounted on the keel of the hull whereas a circular anode having a centrally located discharging surface is advantageously mounted on the hull.
  • novel anode is not operative until it is included in an electrical circuit including the hull as a cathode and an electrical power means operative to provide a potential diderence between the anode and the hull.
  • electrical power means include batteries and rectified alternatin current circuits.
  • the electrode of the present invention can be employed in impressed current cathodic protection systems for the prevention of corrosion not only of ship hulls but also drilling platforms, floating docks, seaplane hulls, underground pipe lines, tank cars, tank trucks, tanks, chemical processing apparatus, bulk liquid compartments, among others.
  • the novel anode of the present invention can also be employed as in inert anode in metal electroplating operations, anodizing operations and in other electrochemical processes where control 6 of the current discharging areas of a gross structure is desired. 7
  • a substantially circular dish-shaped bi-laye'r anode especially well suited for use in impressed current cathodic protection systems for control of corrosion and capable of being subjected to current densities of up to about 550 amperes per square foot, which comprises a substantially circular dish-shaped non-porous mass of titanium metal, and affixed thereto and bonded in metal-to-metal electrical contact with the dish-shaped titanium metal mass a substantially centrally located electrical current discharging buttom of metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, platinum group metal alloys containing at least about 50 percent platinum, platinum group metal alloys containing at least about 50 percent rhodium, and platinum group metal alloys containing at least about 50 percent platinum plus rhodium, the anode being free of layer of metal intermediate the platinum group metal of the current discharging button and the titanium metal mass, and also free of material unclergoin substantial consumption when in contact with sea water and during electrical current discharge through the anode.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
US784273A 1958-12-31 1958-12-31 Dish-shaped anode Expired - Lifetime US3313721A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE584834D BE584834A (hu) 1958-12-31
NL246885D NL246885A (hu) 1958-12-31
US784273A US3313721A (en) 1958-12-31 1958-12-31 Dish-shaped anode
FR810637A FR1240939A (fr) 1958-12-31 1959-11-19 électrode pour systèmes anti-corrosion
GB44159/59A GB944715A (en) 1958-12-31 1959-12-29 Improvements in or relating to cathodic protection systems
DK475059AA DK132338B (da) 1958-12-31 1959-12-30 Anode, især til anvendelse i anlæg til katodisk beskyttelse.
DEE18708A DE1229816B (de) 1958-12-31 1959-12-30 Anode fuer kathodische Schutzeinrichtungen

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US784273A US3313721A (en) 1958-12-31 1958-12-31 Dish-shaped anode

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US3313721A true US3313721A (en) 1967-04-11

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US784273A Expired - Lifetime US3313721A (en) 1958-12-31 1958-12-31 Dish-shaped anode

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US (1) US3313721A (hu)
BE (1) BE584834A (hu)
DE (1) DE1229816B (hu)
DK (1) DK132338B (hu)
FR (1) FR1240939A (hu)
GB (1) GB944715A (hu)
NL (1) NL246885A (hu)

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US3469074A (en) * 1963-05-31 1969-09-23 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Method of electrically heating an aqueous electrolyte
US3515661A (en) * 1965-11-04 1970-06-02 Murgatroyd S Salt & Chem Co Lt Electrolytic cells having detachable anodes secured to current distributors
US3880721A (en) * 1972-03-02 1975-04-29 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Method for reducing (pseudo-) ohmic overpotential at gas-evolving electrodes
US4042484A (en) * 1972-10-19 1977-08-16 Gerhard Thiele Metal anode for electro-chemical processes
US4062750A (en) * 1974-12-18 1977-12-13 James Francis Butler Thin film electrochemical electrode and cell
US4140617A (en) * 1976-05-25 1979-02-20 Dzhaparidze Levan N Anode for producing electrolytic manganese dioxide
US4267029A (en) * 1980-01-07 1981-05-12 Pennwalt Corporation Anode for high resistivity cathodic protection systems
US4298445A (en) * 1977-05-09 1981-11-03 Marston Excelsior Limited Anode for cathodic protection system
US4330376A (en) * 1979-03-05 1982-05-18 Atlantic Richfield Company Process for inhibiting titanium corrosion
US4407711A (en) * 1979-11-02 1983-10-04 Texas Instruments Incorporated Corrosion protection system for hot water tanks
US4413408A (en) * 1982-03-24 1983-11-08 Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation Method for fabricating electrodes
WO1983003849A1 (en) * 1982-04-28 1983-11-10 Gould Inc. Method and means for generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environments
US4417132A (en) * 1980-01-21 1983-11-22 The Electricity Council Apparatus for heating electrically conductive flowable media
US4582582A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-04-15 Gould Inc. Method and means for generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environment
US4627891A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-12-09 Gould Inc. Method of generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water marine environments
WO1989004479A1 (en) * 1987-11-02 1989-05-18 Biologix Inc. Electrode system for use in a portable blood chemistry measuring apparatus
WO1989007264A1 (en) * 1988-02-08 1989-08-10 Rosemount Inc. Thin film moisture sensing elements and process for the manufacture thereof
US4990236A (en) * 1988-02-08 1991-02-05 Rosemount Inc. Thin film moisture sensing element
DE4008329C1 (en) * 1990-03-15 1991-05-02 Norsk Hydro Magnesiumgesellschaft Mbh, 4250 Bottrop, De Electric water heater - has resistance heater embedded in electrically insulating material, esp. magnesium oxide
US5328584A (en) * 1992-06-19 1994-07-12 Water Regeneration Systems, Inc. Passive circulation in electrolytic fluid treatment systems
US5368706A (en) * 1990-03-02 1994-11-29 Esa, Inc. Amperometric detection cell
US5411646A (en) * 1993-05-03 1995-05-02 Corrpro Companies, Inc. Cathodic protection anode and systems
WO1997040211A2 (en) * 1996-04-10 1997-10-30 Patterson James A Electrolytic production of excess heat for transmutation
WO1998003699A2 (en) * 1996-07-09 1998-01-29 Patterson James A Electrolytic nuclear transmuted elements having unnatural isotopic distributions

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US3408280A (en) * 1964-06-24 1968-10-29 Hydronautics Anode-assembly for cathodic protection systems
GB2190399A (en) * 1986-05-02 1987-11-18 Nat Res Dev Multi-metal electrode
DE102008050135B4 (de) 2008-10-04 2010-08-05 Umicore Galvanotechnik Gmbh Verfahren zur Abscheidung von Platin-Rhodiumschichten mit verbesserter Helligkeit
CN106975894A (zh) * 2017-03-01 2017-07-25 东莞市佳乾新材料科技有限公司 一种复合钛基惰性阳极板及其制备方法

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US2826543A (en) * 1955-01-31 1958-03-11 Standard Magnesium Corp Mounting means for cathodic protection anodes
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US388592A (en) * 1888-08-28 Ice or refrigerating machine
US571380A (en) * 1896-11-17 Pail-bottom
GB190303388A (en) * 1903-02-12 1903-09-17 Theodor Lukitch Tschaikowsky A Process to Prevent the Rusting and Fouling of Ships' Bottoms made of or Coated with Iron or with Steel.
US989596A (en) * 1909-02-24 1911-04-18 Hermann Geppert Method of protecting articles from earth-currents.
US1415186A (en) * 1919-01-25 1922-05-09 Eastern Potash Corp Process of eliminating color from caustic alkali
US1477099A (en) * 1922-07-07 1923-12-11 Firm Of Chem Fab Weissenstein Anode for forming percompounds
FR780479A (fr) * 1934-10-30 1935-04-26 Perfectionnements aux rasoirs de sûreté
CH236579A (de) * 1942-03-20 1945-02-28 Degussa Elektrode mit hohem anodischem Übergangswiderstand.
US2491225A (en) * 1944-10-16 1949-12-13 Dick E Stearns Method of protecting subterranean metallic structures
GB614799A (en) * 1946-07-30 1948-12-22 Jean Pierre Saint Amour De Cha Improvements relating to the protection of the hulls of ships against corrosion
US2631115A (en) * 1949-08-06 1953-03-10 Manganese Battery Corp Electrodes for electrochemical cells
US2719797A (en) * 1950-05-23 1955-10-04 Baker & Co Inc Platinizing tantalum
US2795541A (en) * 1951-12-22 1957-06-11 Degussa Electrolytic production of percompounds
DE904490C (de) * 1952-03-02 1954-02-18 Degussa Metallische Formkoerper
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US2826543A (en) * 1955-01-31 1958-03-11 Standard Magnesium Corp Mounting means for cathodic protection anodes
US2863819A (en) * 1955-08-25 1958-12-09 Herman S Preiser Insoluble trailing anode for cathodic protection of ships
US2908623A (en) * 1957-05-20 1959-10-13 Engelhard Ind Inc Anode
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US3469074A (en) * 1963-05-31 1969-09-23 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Method of electrically heating an aqueous electrolyte
US3515661A (en) * 1965-11-04 1970-06-02 Murgatroyd S Salt & Chem Co Lt Electrolytic cells having detachable anodes secured to current distributors
US3880721A (en) * 1972-03-02 1975-04-29 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Method for reducing (pseudo-) ohmic overpotential at gas-evolving electrodes
US4042484A (en) * 1972-10-19 1977-08-16 Gerhard Thiele Metal anode for electro-chemical processes
US4062750A (en) * 1974-12-18 1977-12-13 James Francis Butler Thin film electrochemical electrode and cell
US4140617A (en) * 1976-05-25 1979-02-20 Dzhaparidze Levan N Anode for producing electrolytic manganese dioxide
US4298445A (en) * 1977-05-09 1981-11-03 Marston Excelsior Limited Anode for cathodic protection system
US4330376A (en) * 1979-03-05 1982-05-18 Atlantic Richfield Company Process for inhibiting titanium corrosion
US4407711A (en) * 1979-11-02 1983-10-04 Texas Instruments Incorporated Corrosion protection system for hot water tanks
US4267029A (en) * 1980-01-07 1981-05-12 Pennwalt Corporation Anode for high resistivity cathodic protection systems
US4417132A (en) * 1980-01-21 1983-11-22 The Electricity Council Apparatus for heating electrically conductive flowable media
US4413408A (en) * 1982-03-24 1983-11-08 Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation Method for fabricating electrodes
WO1983003849A1 (en) * 1982-04-28 1983-11-10 Gould Inc. Method and means for generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environments
DE3342803T1 (de) * 1982-04-28 1984-05-03 Gould Inc. (n.d.Ges.d. Staates Delaware), 60008 Rolling Meadows, Ill. Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Erzeugung elektrischer und magnetischer Felder in Salzwasser-Umgebungen
US4582582A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-04-15 Gould Inc. Method and means for generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environment
US4627891A (en) * 1983-04-22 1986-12-09 Gould Inc. Method of generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water marine environments
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WO1989007264A1 (en) * 1988-02-08 1989-08-10 Rosemount Inc. Thin film moisture sensing elements and process for the manufacture thereof
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US5368706A (en) * 1990-03-02 1994-11-29 Esa, Inc. Amperometric detection cell
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US5328584A (en) * 1992-06-19 1994-07-12 Water Regeneration Systems, Inc. Passive circulation in electrolytic fluid treatment systems
US5411646A (en) * 1993-05-03 1995-05-02 Corrpro Companies, Inc. Cathodic protection anode and systems
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WO1998003699A2 (en) * 1996-07-09 1998-01-29 Patterson James A Electrolytic nuclear transmuted elements having unnatural isotopic distributions
WO1998003699A3 (en) * 1996-07-09 1998-08-06 James A Patterson Electrolytic nuclear transmuted elements having unnatural isotopic distributions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL246885A (hu) 1900-01-01
BE584834A (hu) 1900-01-01
DE1229816B (de) 1966-12-01
GB944715A (en) 1963-12-18
FR1240939A (fr) 1960-09-09
DK132338B (da) 1975-11-24

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