US3248274A - Weftless tape - Google Patents

Weftless tape Download PDF

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Publication number
US3248274A
US3248274A US18525A US1852560A US3248274A US 3248274 A US3248274 A US 3248274A US 18525 A US18525 A US 18525A US 1852560 A US1852560 A US 1852560A US 3248274 A US3248274 A US 3248274A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
strands
filaments
tape
plastic
continuous
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US18525A
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas J Karass
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CYKLOP STRAPPING Corp A CORP OF
Original Assignee
FMC Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL251927D priority Critical patent/NL251927A/xx
Application filed by FMC Corp filed Critical FMC Corp
Priority to US18525A priority patent/US3248274A/en
Priority to GB15384/60A priority patent/GB923184A/en
Priority to DEA34704A priority patent/DE1291849B/de
Priority to ES0258312A priority patent/ES258312A1/es
Priority to BE591694A priority patent/BE591694A/fr
Priority to CH694560A priority patent/CH365661A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3248274A publication Critical patent/US3248274A/en
Assigned to CYKLOP STRAPPING CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE reassignment CYKLOP STRAPPING CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE CONDITIONAL ASSIGNMENT (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FMC CORPORATION
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
    • D04H3/12—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with filaments or yarns secured together by chemical or thermo-activatable bonding agents, e.g. adhesives, applied or incorporated in liquid or solid form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D63/00—Flexible elongated elements, e.g. straps, for bundling or supporting articles
    • B65D63/10—Non-metallic straps, tapes, or bands; Filamentary elements, e.g. strings, threads or wires; Joints between ends thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24132—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in different layers or components parallel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
    • Y10T428/24994—Fiber embedded in or on the surface of a polymeric matrix
    • Y10T428/249941—Fiber is on the surface of a polymeric matrix having no embedded portion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/28—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer
    • Y10T428/2813—Heat or solvent activated or sealable
    • Y10T428/2817—Heat sealable
    • Y10T428/2826—Synthetic resin or polymer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/2964—Artificial fiber or filament
    • Y10T428/2967—Synthetic resin or polymer

Definitions

  • cord tapes have many advantages over metal strapping but to compete they must exhibit the following combination of properties: (a) sufcient flexibility so that they c-an be bent around a corner readily, (b) sufficient stiffness to enable them to be fed under a pallet or through a slot in an automatic packaging machine, (c) a unity of structure so that the individual cords do not separate in handling, packaging and shipment, (d) light weight and high strength, and (e) a sufficient roughnes or friction of surface to prevent slippage within a metal seal. This combination of properties has not heretofore been fully achieved.
  • a cord tape formed of parallel strands bonded together by a film-forming plastic binder, at least every other strand comprising continuous filaments and some surface filaments that have portions that extend over and are bonded by the plastic to the surface of adjacent strands.
  • the surface fibers which extend over and engage the ice'v adjacent strands may be discontinuous or severed fibers or they may be continuous but have loops or whorls that extend over and engage adjacent strands. Only a relatively short portion of the filament extends laterally to overlap and engage adjacent str-ands. The main portion of the filament extends along the bundle of the filaments and is securely anchored thereto.
  • the tape is fiber bonded because adjacent strands are anchored to each other through the overlying fibers as Well as by the plastic film. Moreover, the protruding overlying fibers reinforce the plastic film and decrease its tendency to crack between the strands.
  • FIGURE l is a plan View of a segment of the tape
  • FIGURE 2 is a fragmentary view on an enlarged scale with portions of the plastic broken away showing two adjacent strands of the tape;
  • FIGURE 3 is a View similar to FIGURE 2 but showing a modified form of strand
  • FIGURE 4 is aperspective View showing a tape embodying the invention and which comprises a plurality of strands.
  • the strands of this invention may be an untwisted strand or bundle of continuous filaments ⁇ or a strand or bundle of continuons filaments that has a low or a higher twist.
  • the strand may also be two or more bundles or strands of filaments or yarns that have a low or higher twist and Which are cabled or plied together to form a cord.
  • any continuous filament such as natural silk, artificial cellulosic filaments such as rayon, acetate and triaceta-te, also synthetic resin' filaments such as filaments made from nylon, polyesters, oletins, acrylic and modacrylic (a manufactured filament in which the filament-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of less than but at least 35% by weight of acrylonitrile units), Vinyon, spandex (a manufactured filament in which the filamentlforming substance is any long chain synthetic polyamide having recurring amide groups as an integral part of the polymer chain), and continuous glass filaments.
  • synthetic resin' filaments such as filaments made from nylon, polyesters, oletins, acrylic and modacrylic (a manufactured filament in which the filament-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of less than but at least 35% by weight of acrylonitrile units), Vinyon, spandex (a manufactured filament in which the filamentlforming substance is any long chain synthetic polyamide having recurring amide groups as an integral part of the polymer chain), and continuous glass
  • Strands comprising a major proportion of continuous filaments and a minor proportion of protruding filaments may be produced in a variety of Ways, by cutting or abrasion, Stretchbreaking or by loop formation, of which the following will be given by Way of example but not by way of limiting the invention.
  • the bundle of filaments during their manufacture may be passed over a rough or cutting surface and the filaments at the outer surface may be severed. Also, the bundle of filaments after their formation may be passed over an abrasive stone or cutting member while passing to a winding or twisting device.
  • a yarn composed entirely of aligned continuous filaments is passed in a highly relaxed, tensionless state and simultaneously subjected to a stream of air that causes some of the filaments to be blown out of the strand to form protruding loops or whorls in the finished yarn.
  • any plastic film-forming material such for example as viscose, water soluble and alkali-soluble cellulose ethers and organic-solvent soluble cellulose esters and ethers, also natural and synthetic gums and resins such for example as glue, gelatine, casein, and film-forming synthetic resins such as vinyl resins, nylon resins, polyester resins, vacrylic resins; also natural and synthetic rubber latices and solutions.
  • the plastic should be nontacky, tough and iiexible when dry.
  • the plastic may contain plasticizers, softeners, dyes and pigments selected with regard to the chemical nature of the plastic. I prefer to use polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral and acrylic resin solutions for the plastic.
  • a plurality of strands or yarns having the laterally extending filament portions are drawn from a creel or other suitable supply and arranged inl juxtaposed side-by-side relationship.
  • the strands are drawn through a bath containing a suitable fiexible film-forming plastic binder and while still held in the side-by-side compacted relationship are passed through squeeze rolls which squeeze out excess plastic and cause the outwardly extending cut or looped filaments to overlap and engage adjacent strands and become adhered thereto to thus serve to aid in binding the strands together.
  • the overlapping filaments afford a stronger bond between the strands but they permit the use of a less total quantity of binder, which is an important factor from a commercial standpoint.
  • the over-all strength of the complete tape is substantially the same as if the yarns contained all unbroken and aligned filaments.
  • a tape embodying the invention is shown in general in FIGURE 1 and comprises a plurality of strands most of which are continuous filaments.
  • the strands are bonded together in side-by-side relationship by film-forming plastic material.
  • Filaments adjacent the periphery of the strands have laterally extending portions which overlap and engage adjacent strands and these portions are embedded at least in part in the plastic. Only a small portion of the continuous filament makes up the laterally extending portion. By far the major part of the filament extends longitudinally of the strand or bundle substantially parallel to the other filaments and is securely anchored thereto.
  • FIGURE 2 illustrates diagrammatically and on a greatly enlarged scale, two adjacent strands of a tape made in accordance with the present invention.
  • each strand is composed of two plies 11 and 12 almost entirely of continuous'and substantially aligned filaments 13 that are twisted together.
  • Each strand contains, at least on the surface, a minor percentage of severed and protruding filaments designated at 14.
  • the plastic coating is indicated at 15 and the thickness thereof is greatly exaggerated in the drawing for purposes of clarity and is also shown partly broken away so as to more clearly show the protruding fibers. It will be noted that the severed ends 14 extend from the parent strand sufficiently as to overlap the adjacent strand and that they are either entirely or partially embedded in the plastic coating,
  • the strands 17 and 18 each comprise a bundle of substantially parallel continuous filaments. Filaments adjacent the periphery or the surface of the strands have intermediate portions in the form of loops or whorls 22 that extend laterally and overlap and engage the filaments of adjacent strands. The laterally extending portions as shown are at least in part embedded in the film-forming plastic 23.
  • FIGURE 4 shows a tape ⁇ of a form that may be generally used made up of five strands of continuous filaments but it is to be understood that normally the tape will comprise more than five strands.
  • the protruding filaments are indicated at 29 and Iit will be seen that they are part of strands 27 and 2S but extend outwardly from those strands so as to overlap adjacent strands.
  • the prot-raiding filaments 29 are embedded in the plastic 30 and serve to laterally reinforce the tape.
  • the tape of the present invention is formed mostly of continuous filaments but has also a proportion of discontinuous or looped and misaligned filaments which overlap adjacent strands and aid in binding the strands together.
  • the film-forming plastic layer can be made thinner thus providing a lighter, more flexible and less expensive product than is possible in the absence of the protruding fibers.
  • the tape is formed of a major proportion of continuous filaments it is stronger than a tape formed entirely of spun yarns, such as cotton or rayon staple.
  • the protnuding surface fiber-s impart a certain roughness to the surface of the finished tape thus increasing the frictional resistant between the tape and a metal surface when clamped in metal seals.
  • a weftless tape comprising a plurality of parallel, substantially touching strands lying in a common plane, said strands each consisting of a substantially cylindrical bundle of filaments most of which are continuous and substantially aligned with one another but some of those lying on the surface of the bundle having outwardly extending portions which overlap adjacent strands, and an adhesive composition forming a film about said strands and holding the same together, the outwardly extending portions of the filaments being embedded in said film to thereby increase the lateral strength of the tape.
  • a weftless tape comprising a plurality of parallel, substantially touching strands lying in a common plane, said strands being bound together by a surrounding film of a plastic adhesive composition, each of said strands being composed primarily-0f a multiplicity of continuous filaments but containing a minor percentage of long, discontinuous filaments, at least some of said long, discontinuous filaments having the major portion thereof extending longitudinally of the strand and a minor portion extending laterally of the strand and overlapping an adjacent strand, and the laterally extending portions of the discontinuous filaments being embedded in said film of strength of the tape.
  • plastic adhesive composition to thereby increase the lateral 2,428,654 10/ 1947 Collins 156-180 2,680,272 6/1954 Radtke 154-46 2,869,967 1/1959 Breen 154-90 References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 5 FOREGN PATENTS 4/1905 Anet 156 441 226,268 12/1924 Great Britain.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Decoration Of Textiles (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Package Frames And Binding Bands (AREA)
US18525A 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Weftless tape Expired - Lifetime US3248274A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL251927D NL251927A (de) 1960-03-30
US18525A US3248274A (en) 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Weftless tape
GB15384/60A GB923184A (en) 1960-03-30 1960-05-02 Weftless tape
DEA34704A DE1291849B (de) 1960-03-30 1960-05-21 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bandes, welches aus einer Vielzahl von parallelen, durch eine Schicht aus Kunststoff od. dgl. zusammengehaltenen Faeden besteht
ES0258312A ES258312A1 (es) 1960-03-30 1960-05-23 Mejoras introducidas en la fabricaciën de tejidos sin trama
BE591694A BE591694A (fr) 1960-03-30 1960-06-09 Nouveaux produits textiles sans trames et applications
CH694560A CH365661A (fr) 1960-03-30 1960-06-16 Bande non tissée, destinée à des usages techniques

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18525A US3248274A (en) 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Weftless tape

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3248274A true US3248274A (en) 1966-04-26

Family

ID=21788385

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US18525A Expired - Lifetime US3248274A (en) 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Weftless tape

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3248274A (de)
BE (1) BE591694A (de)
CH (1) CH365661A (de)
DE (1) DE1291849B (de)
ES (1) ES258312A1 (de)
GB (1) GB923184A (de)
NL (1) NL251927A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3367814A (en) * 1963-07-17 1968-02-06 Cps Ind Inc Glass banding strap making
US3622429A (en) * 1968-11-25 1971-11-23 James A Kippan Synthetic strap
DE2727356A1 (de) * 1976-06-17 1977-12-22 Ube Nitto Kasei Co Binderiemen
US4090002A (en) * 1973-04-16 1978-05-16 Jesse Rosenblum Reinforced fiber structures and method of making the same

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL7709182A (nl) * 1976-08-24 1978-02-28 Max Co Ltd Bindsnoer voor een automatische bindinrichting.
US6203645B1 (en) 1992-08-31 2001-03-20 Milliken & Company Female connector fabric
US6203880B1 (en) * 1992-08-31 2001-03-20 Milliken & Company Female connector fabric

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US787886A (en) * 1905-01-06 1905-04-25 Frederic Jules Anet Machine for making tape.
GB226268A (en) * 1923-09-17 1924-12-17 Max Stamm Improvements in tape measures
US2053123A (en) * 1933-07-15 1936-09-01 Du Pont Rayon Co Artificial thread and method of making same
US2087441A (en) * 1935-06-17 1937-07-20 Columbian Rope Co Laminated fibrous structure and method of producing same
US2130944A (en) * 1936-04-20 1938-09-20 Columbian Rope Co Fibrous tapelike body and method of making same
US2251402A (en) * 1937-08-18 1941-08-05 Plymouth Cordage Co Tie for boxes, bales, and the like
US2296942A (en) * 1940-11-18 1942-09-29 United Shoe Machinery Corp Method of providing fastening material
US2428654A (en) * 1944-07-01 1947-10-07 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Reinforced plastic
US2680272A (en) * 1952-08-29 1954-06-08 Lillian E Radtke Tape and including sealing means for overlapped portions
CA544703A (en) * 1957-08-13 J. Karass Thomas Weftless tape
US2869967A (en) * 1957-08-23 1959-01-20 Du Pont Bulky yarn
GB825004A (en) * 1954-09-09 1959-12-09 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Reinforced resinous structural material

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE171025C (de) *
US1990849A (en) * 1931-12-10 1935-02-12 Wagon Jean Machine for and method of forming tapes
US2252402A (en) * 1938-12-31 1941-08-12 Acco Products Inc Filing equipment
BE489352A (de) * 1949-05-17 1900-01-01
US2626883A (en) * 1950-06-03 1953-01-27 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Nonwoven rayon fabric
BE546000A (de) * 1953-10-07 1900-01-01
FR1102630A (fr) * 1954-04-09 1955-10-24 Bande souple, plus spécialement destinée au cerclage de colis et à la constitution de réseaux
GB809026A (en) * 1954-05-26 1959-02-18 Thomas J Karass Weftless tape formed of fibrous filaments united by adhesive

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA544703A (en) * 1957-08-13 J. Karass Thomas Weftless tape
US787886A (en) * 1905-01-06 1905-04-25 Frederic Jules Anet Machine for making tape.
GB226268A (en) * 1923-09-17 1924-12-17 Max Stamm Improvements in tape measures
US2053123A (en) * 1933-07-15 1936-09-01 Du Pont Rayon Co Artificial thread and method of making same
US2087441A (en) * 1935-06-17 1937-07-20 Columbian Rope Co Laminated fibrous structure and method of producing same
US2130944A (en) * 1936-04-20 1938-09-20 Columbian Rope Co Fibrous tapelike body and method of making same
US2251402A (en) * 1937-08-18 1941-08-05 Plymouth Cordage Co Tie for boxes, bales, and the like
US2296942A (en) * 1940-11-18 1942-09-29 United Shoe Machinery Corp Method of providing fastening material
US2428654A (en) * 1944-07-01 1947-10-07 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Reinforced plastic
US2680272A (en) * 1952-08-29 1954-06-08 Lillian E Radtke Tape and including sealing means for overlapped portions
GB825004A (en) * 1954-09-09 1959-12-09 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Reinforced resinous structural material
US2869967A (en) * 1957-08-23 1959-01-20 Du Pont Bulky yarn

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3367814A (en) * 1963-07-17 1968-02-06 Cps Ind Inc Glass banding strap making
US3622429A (en) * 1968-11-25 1971-11-23 James A Kippan Synthetic strap
US4090002A (en) * 1973-04-16 1978-05-16 Jesse Rosenblum Reinforced fiber structures and method of making the same
DE2727356A1 (de) * 1976-06-17 1977-12-22 Ube Nitto Kasei Co Binderiemen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES258312A1 (es) 1960-11-16
GB923184A (en) 1963-04-10
BE591694A (fr) 1960-10-03
DE1291849B (de) 1969-04-03
CH365661A (fr) 1962-11-15
NL251927A (de) 1900-01-01

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