US3108315A - Automatic door closer, especially loft door closer - Google Patents

Automatic door closer, especially loft door closer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3108315A
US3108315A US88151A US8815161A US3108315A US 3108315 A US3108315 A US 3108315A US 88151 A US88151 A US 88151A US 8815161 A US8815161 A US 8815161A US 3108315 A US3108315 A US 3108315A
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United States
Prior art keywords
door
link
rocking lever
closing
spring
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US88151A
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English (en)
Inventor
Bomm Heinz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Doerken and Mankel KG
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Doerken and Mankel KG
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F3/00—Closers or openers with braking devices, e.g. checks; Construction of pneumatic or liquid braking devices
    • E05F3/04—Closers or openers with braking devices, e.g. checks; Construction of pneumatic or liquid braking devices with liquid piston brakes
    • E05F3/10—Closers or openers with braking devices, e.g. checks; Construction of pneumatic or liquid braking devices with liquid piston brakes with a spring, other than a torsion spring, and a piston, the axes of which are the same or lie in the same direction
    • E05F3/106—Closers or openers with braking devices, e.g. checks; Construction of pneumatic or liquid braking devices with liquid piston brakes with a spring, other than a torsion spring, and a piston, the axes of which are the same or lie in the same direction with crank-arm transmission between driving shaft and piston within the closer housing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F3/00—Closers or openers with braking devices, e.g. checks; Construction of pneumatic or liquid braking devices
    • E05F3/22—Additional arrangements for closers, e.g. for holding the wing in opened or other position
    • E05F3/225—Additional arrangements for closers, e.g. for holding the wing in opened or other position mounted at the bottom of wings, e.g. details related to seals, covers, connections to the wings, embedding in the floor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/10—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for buildings or parts thereof
    • E05Y2900/13—Type of wing
    • E05Y2900/132—Doors

Definitions

  • FIG. 2 H. BOMM AUTOMATIC DOOR CLOSER, ESPECIALLY LOFT DOOR CLOSER 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Feb. 9, 1961 F/Gil" FIG. 2
  • an automatic door closer especially loft door closer, which comprises a casing, a coil tension spring arranged in said casing to act in the closing direction of the closer, a hydraulic piston-cylinder-arrangemenrt pivotally mounted adjacent said coil tension spring and adapted to act as a brake device, a rocking lever pivotally mounted at one of its ends and operable by both said coil tension spring and said piston-cylinder-arrangement, a closing shaft rotatably mounted in the casing and having a crank, and a link system connecting the crank of the closing shaft with the rocking lever, said rocking lever being engaged, additionally to the piston-cylinder-arrangement and the link system, by one end of said coil tension spring facing said rocking lever.
  • the invention may 'be embodied in various ways.
  • the coil tension spring is connected to the free end of the rocking lever and the pistoncylinder-arrangement is connected to the rocking lever intermediate the ends thereof.
  • the forces exerted by the coil tension spring can easily be adapted to the closing torques expedient for the individual opening positions of the door.
  • the piston may be provided with an extension which extends at an acute angle in relation to the longitudinal axis of the piston and establishes the connection of the piston with the rocking lever. This results in a simple construction which nevertheless meets all requirements.
  • the link system establishing the connection of the rocking lever with the crank of the closing shaft expediently engages the free end of the rocking lever. This permits the forces to be Well adapted to the required torques in a simple manner.
  • the rocking lever may consist of two parallel Webs and receive between the webs, intermediate the ends thereof, the end of the extension of the piston, and, on its free end, the end of the coil tension spring by means of a threaded pin which also connects the link system establishing the connection with the crank of the closing shaft and engaging around the rocking lever with a forked junction end.
  • the link system may be replaced by only one link rigid in itself and known per so. If, however, an opening angle of the door of up to about is intended to be obtained, through which angle the door is desired to automatically close, it is advisable, according to a further feature of the invention, to form the link system establishing the connection between the rocking lever and the crank of the closing shaft, of two hingedly series-connected links which assume substantially aligned positions during the braked closing operation.
  • the links are connected by a pivot which allows free swinging movements of the door but is secured against a substantially passing of the links past the aligned positions by stops on the links of the link system.
  • Such a link system can advantageously be used, if desired, in door closers of different construction.
  • the very simple construction designed for a working range of up to about 180 is based on the idea that the two-membered link system, in the basic construction of the door closer according to the invention, due to the friction occurring in its connecting bearing, tends to pass, when the door is being closed, from a bent position corresponding to a wide opening position of the door past the aligned position into a bent position directed to the other side.
  • the aligned position cannot substantially be passed on account of the stop arrangement provided in the region of the pivot connecting the links of the link system.
  • a stop surface which is formed on the casing wall and prevents the link system from substantially bending outwardly towards the side remote from the closing shaft.
  • a locking means for holding the door in predetermined opening positions may be provided to act upon the link of the link system coupled to the crank of the closing shaft.
  • the link coupled to the crank of the closing shaft is equipped with locking stops, such as notches or the like, which correspond to predetermined opening positions of the door and cooperate with a springloaded locking member, such as a locking pin or the like, mounted in the casing.
  • such a locking device may also be constructed as a safety stop to prevent an unintentional outward bending of the links of the link system subjected to pressure and being substantially in the aligned positions.
  • the structural shape of the link system and of the parts cooperating therewith may vary.
  • the crank of the closing shaft may be formed of two webs which are interconnected by means of a crankpin connecting the associated link of the link system.
  • the link of the link system coupled to the rocking lever may be composed of two parallel webs. in such a form of construction the stop arrangement, by means of which the pivot connecting the links of the link system is stabilized in one direction of movement substantially in the aligned positions of these links, can be formed in a particularly simple manner by providing the link of the link system coupled to the rocking lever with bent-off lugs on an end portion projecting beyond the pivot which establishes the connection with the link of the link system coupled to the crank of the closing shaft.
  • bent-off lugs engage the link of the link system coupled to the crank of the closing shaft after the aligned positions of the links of the link system have been passed in the direction of the closing shaft.
  • the stop position is intended to be situated closely adjacent the aligned positions of the links of the link system.
  • the arrangement of the individual pivots provided in the door closer may be adapted to the actual requirements.
  • the rocking lever In a closer of a door which can be turned through an angle of up to 180, the rocking lever extends, in the closed position of the door, at an angle of about 45 in relation to the link system. It is also expedient that in the closed position of the door the rocking lever extends at an angle of about in relation to the longitudinal direction of the coil tension spring and the piston-cylinderarrangement, respectively. This space-saving arrangement results in a particularly adantageous relationship of forces.
  • predetermined opening positions of the door can be locked with the aid of the link coupled to the crank of the closing shaft.
  • a substantially vertically movable spring-loaded locking pin which projects freely from the casing and cooperates with a closing arm mounted on the closing shaft, for locking an opening position of the door.
  • Such a locking device can also advantageously be used in other loft door closers.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a loft door closer according to the invention, taken on line I-I of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the loft door closer with removed cover plate
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the loft door closer taken on line IIIIII of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a fragmentary top plan view of a modification of part of the arrangement shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 which serves for locking predetermined opening positions of the door, and
  • FIGS. 5 to 8 are sectional views of essential parts of the door closer in different opening positions.
  • a loft door closer has a casing 10 of substantially quadrangular cross-section and closed at its upper side by a screwed-on cover plate 11, a flat gasket being disposed therebetween.
  • the casing 10 is preferably a cast piece.
  • a closing shaft 14 is mounted for rotation in two antifriction bearings 12 and 13 mounted in the casing 10 and has a portion which projects from the casing and carries in a known manner an extension 15 having a square cross-section and serving for fitting a lever thereto.
  • the shaft 14 has a neck portion which is surrounded by a bushing 17 containing a gasket 16 and mounted in the cover plate 11.
  • the shaft 14 carries between the anti-friction bearings 12 and 13 two crank webs 18 which are interconnected by a crankpin 19 coupled to a link system.
  • This link system comprises a link 20 mounted on the crankpin l9 and a link 22 consisting of two parallel webs hingedly connected to the link 26 by means of a pivot 21, as can be seen from FIG. 2.
  • the link 22 of the link system establishes the connection to a threaded pin 23 serving as a pivot.
  • the two webs of the link 22 rest both on the link 2d of the link system and on the free end of a rocking lever 24- which also consists of two webs and is pivotable about a pin 25 fixedly mounted in the casing 19.
  • the two webs of the link 22 of the link system each have a bent-oh lug 26 which acts as a stop engaging the outer surface of the link 2t shortly after the links 243 and 22 of the link system have moved in upward direction out of their aligned positions so as to prevent these links from shifting in downward direction out of their substantially aligned positions.
  • a coil tension spring 27 has one end which faces the rocking lever 24 fixed between the two webs of the rocking lever by means of the threaded pin 23, and the other end mounted on a screw member 28 which extends through one of the end walls of the casing and is turnably mounted therein in a sealed condition. This screw member 2% enables the pro-tension of the coil tension spring 27 to be adjusted from outside.
  • the threaded pin 23 extends through both webs of the rocking lever 24 at the free end thereof.
  • an extension 3d of the piston 31 of a piston-cylinder-arrangement is hingedly connected to the rocking lever 24 by means of a pivot 29, and the cylinder 32 of the piston-cylinder-arrangement is pivotally mounted at the base of the casing 1% on a pin 33 fixedly mounted in the casing.
  • the extension 3%? of the piston 31 extends at an acute angle towards the free end of the rocking lever 24 in relation to the longitudinal axis of the piston so that the pivot 29 of the extension 36) is located relatively closely adjacent the threaded pin 23 of the coil tension spring 27. As shown in FTG.
  • the bottom of the cylinder 32 of the piston-cylinder-arrangement serving as a hydrauiic brake device contains, in addition to a relief pressure valve 34 with an adjustable spring, an adjustable valve 35 determining the braking action. Both valves are connected to a working chamber 36 of the piston-cylinderarrangement by means of a channel 37. In the valve 35 there can be mounted an insert sensitive to heat which adapts the cross-sectional area of the passage of the valve 35 to the temperature responsive viscosity of the brake fluid.
  • a nonreturn valve 35 (FIG. 2) is arranged which permits brake fluid to flow into the working chamber 36 of the piston-cylinderarrangernent when a door with which the door closer is associated is being opened.
  • a bore 3) is provided in the wall of the cylinder 32 and is closed or opened in dependence upon the position of the piston fill, the arrangement being such that a braking action occurs only shortly before the piston has finished its inward movement, whereas before that condition has taken place the fluid within the working chamber 36 of the piston-cylinder-arrangement can escape through the bore 39 without opposing appreciable resistance to the inward movement of the piston.
  • a freely projecting locking pin 41 loaded by a spring 445 can be provided in the casing it) near the shaft 14, which pin 41, when cooperating with a locking recess in the lever fitted to the extension of the shaft 14, secures the door in a predetermined unlocked position.
  • the shaft 14 is reduced in diameter in the region between the crank Webs 18 by removing material from the shaft to such an extent that only a shaft portion 42 remains.
  • FIGS. 5 to 8 The mode of operation of the door closer according to the invention will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 5 to 8.
  • the rocking lever 2 extends at an angle of about in relation to the longitudinal axis of the coil tension spring 27 and the piston-cylinder-arrangement 31, 32.
  • the links 20 and 22 coupled by the pivot 21 and forming the link system between the rocking lever 24 and the crankpin l? are approximately aligned, the bent-off lugs 26 of the link 22 of the link system engaging the outer surface of the link 2%.
  • the link 20 of the link system engages with its edge facing the shaft 14 a surface of the shaft portion 42, so that, upon further pivotal opening movement of the door in the direction of arrow 43, the link system 267, 22 is bent in the region of the pivot 21, the bent-off lugs 26 of the link 22 of the link system moving off the link 26 of the link system.
  • the rocking lever 24 is moved further in anticlockwise direction.
  • the link 22 of the link system also engages a coordinated surface of the portion 42 of the shaft. In this position the closing torque is reduced to zero.
  • the link 20 of the link system must turn in clockwise direction relative to the crank Webs 18 and the crankpin 19, whereas the link 22 of the link system turns in anticlockwise direction relative to the rocking lever 24. Due to the friction occurring in the bearings of the crankpin 1 and the threaded pin 2.3, the link system passes, in spite of the tensile stress, from the aligned position into a bent position which is situated closely adjacent the aligned position and is stabilized by the bent-off lugs 25 of the link 22 of the link system engaging the outer surface of the link 20 of the link system. In this bent position the pivot 21 is, as compared with FIG.
  • a link 46 is used instead of the link 2%) of the link system, which has on its outer surface locking notches 47 and 43 which cooperate with a spring-loaded locking pin 4-9 longitudinally slidable in the casing.
  • This arrangement permits the door to be locked in the desired positions.
  • such a locking arrangement may also be constructed as a guide surface keeping an unintentional outward bending of the pressure-loaded link system within safe limits.
  • the stop arrangement stabilizing the two-membered link system in the connecting joint of the two links in one direction of movement may be modified in various Ways over the embodiment described.
  • stops may also be provided on the broadsides of the links of the link system.
  • the spatial arrangement, especially of the pivots fixedly mounted in the casing may be modified.
  • the brake device formed by the pistoncylinder-arrangement may be constructed in a known manner so that a braking action increasing progressively to Wards the locking position of the door occurs.
  • the bore 39 provided in the wall of the cylinder 32 may be so dimensioned that a certain closing speed cannot be exceeded already during the initial closing movement of the door.
  • An automatic door closer comprising, in combina tion, housing means; rotary crank means supported for rotation about its axis by said housing means, said crank means being adapted to be connected to a door and turning in a door-opening direction during opening of the door and in a door-closing direction during closing of the door; an elongated rocking lever pivotally carried adjacent one end thereof by said housing means for turning movement about an axis parallel to that of said rotary crank means, said rocking lever having a free end portion distant from said one end thereof connected to said housing means; linkage means connected at one end to said rotary crank means and at an opposite end to said rocking lever for turning the latter in an opening direction during turning of said crank means in said door-opening direction and in a closing direction during turning of said crank means in said door-closing direction; an elongated coil spring connected to one end to said rocking lever at said free end portion thereof and at an opposite end to said housing means and said coil spring being tensioned during turning of said lever in said opening direction so that said coil spring
  • An automatic door closer comprising, in combination, housing means; rotary crank means supported for rotation about its axis by said housing means, said crank means being adapted to be connected to a door and turning in a door-opening direction during opening of the door and in a door-closing direction during closing of the door; an elongated rocking lever pivotally carried adjacent one end thereof by said housing means for turning movement about an axis parallel to that of said rotary crank means, said rocking lever having a free end portion distant from said one end thereof; linkage means connected at one end to said rotary crank means and at an opposite end to said rocking lever for turning the latter in an opening direction during turning of said crank means in said door-opening direction and in a closing direction during turning of said crank means in said doorclosing direction; an elongated coil spring connected at one end to said rocking lever at said free end portion thereof and at an opposite end to said housing means and said coil spring being tensioned during turning of said lever in said opening direction so that said coil spring urges said rocking lever to turn in
  • said damping means being connected to said housing means at a part of said damping means spaced from said rocking lever, said damping means including a cylinder connected to said housing means and a piston slidable in said cylinder and having an elongated piston rod connected to said rocking lever at a portion thereof located between said free end portion of said lever and the intersection of the axis of said piston and cylinder with said (rocking lever so that the stroke of said piston is greater than the stroke would be if said piston rod were connected to said rocking lever at said intersection.
  • An automatic door closer comprising, in combination, housing means; rotary crank means supported for rotation about its axis by said housing means and adapted to be connected to a door for turning in a door-opening direction during opening of the door and in a door-closing direction during closing of the door; an elongated rocking lever pivotally connected at one end thereof to said housing means for turning movement about an axis parallel to that of said rotary crank and said rocking lever having a free end portion distant from said one end thereof; linkage means pivotally connected to said rotary crank means and to said rocking lever at said free end portion thereof for turning said rocking lever in an opening direction during turning of said crank means in said door-opening direction and in an opposite closing direction during turning of said crank means in said door-closing direction; an elongated coil spring connected at one end also said free end portion of said rocking lever and at an opposed end to said housing, said spring being tensioned during turning of rocking lever in said opening direction whereby said spring urges said rocking lever to turn in said closing direction to
  • An automatic door closer comprising, in combination, housing means; rotary crank means supported for rotation about its axis by said housing means and turning in a door opening direction from a rest position through approximately 180 during substantially full opening of a door which is adapted to be connected to said crank means and in an opposite door-closing direction to approximately 180 during closing of a fully-opened door; an elongated rocking lever pivotally connected at one end thereof to said housing means for turning movement about an axis parallel to that of said crank means, said lever having a free end portion distant (from said one end thereof; an elongated coil spring connected at one end to said free end port-ion of said rocking lever and at an opposite end to said housing; elongated damping means extending alongside of and located closely adjacent to said spring, connected to said housing, and connected to said lever intermediate the ends thereof at a location closer to the turning axis of said lever than said free end portion thereof; and elongated toggle linkage means connected to said crarnk means and said rocking lever said toggle linkage means including
  • crank means has a pair of webs and crank pin extending therebetween and wherein one of said links is pivotally connected to the latter pin between the webs of said crank means, the other of said links including a pair of parallel webs which are connected to said rocking lever.
  • An automatic door closer comprising, in combination, housing means; rotary crank means supported for rotation about its axis by said housing means and adapted to be connected to a door for turning movement from a predetermined rest position in a door-opening direction during opening of the door and in an opposite door-closing direction back to said rest position during closing of the door; an elongated rocking lever turnably connected at one end thereof to said housing means for turning movement about an axis parallel to the axis of said rotary crank means, said lever having a free end portion distant from the connection of said lever to said housing means; elongated linkage means connected at one end to said crank means and at an opposite end to said rocking lever and extending along an axis which makes an angle of approximately 45 with said rocking lever when said crank means is in said rest position, said crank means acting through said linkage means on said lever to turn the latter in an opening direction during turning of said crank means in said door-opening direction and in an opposite closing direction during turning of said crank means in said door-closing direction; an
  • An automatic door closer comprising, in combination, housing; rotary crank means supported for rotation about its axis by said housing means and being adapted to be connected to a door for turning movement from a given rest position in a door opening direction during opening of the door and in an opposite door-closing dircction back to said rest position during closing of the door; an elongated rocking lever pivotally connected at one end thereof to said housing means for turning movement about an axis parallel to that of said crank means and having a free end portion distant from said one end thereof; elongated linkage means connected at one end to said crank means and at an opposite end to said lever for turning said lever in an opening direction during turning of said crank means in said door-opening direction and in an opposite closing direction during turning of said crank means in said door-closing direction; releasable holding 11 means carried by said housing means and cooperating with said linkage means for reieasahly holding said door in at least one predetermined open position; an elongated coil spring connected at one end to said free end

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  • Closing And Opening Devices For Wings, And Checks For Wings (AREA)
US88151A 1960-03-10 1961-02-09 Automatic door closer, especially loft door closer Expired - Lifetime US3108315A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DED32832A DE1215023B (de) 1960-03-10 1960-03-10 Selbsttaetiger Tuerschliesser

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3108315A true US3108315A (en) 1963-10-29

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ID=7041477

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US88151A Expired - Lifetime US3108315A (en) 1960-03-10 1961-02-09 Automatic door closer, especially loft door closer

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3108315A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH383820A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1215023B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB914660A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL260349A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8225458B1 (en) 2001-07-13 2012-07-24 Hoffberg Steven M Intelligent door restraint
KR102231885B1 (ko) * 2019-09-26 2021-03-26 이덕신 크랭크식 도어 클로즈

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1101232A (en) * 1914-03-27 1914-06-23 Robert Adams Door spring and check.
US2223045A (en) * 1938-09-15 1940-11-26 Oscar C Rixson Company Door closure and check mechanism
US2962749A (en) * 1953-10-28 1960-12-06 Joseph Stachowicz Door closing device
US2971212A (en) * 1955-10-18 1961-02-14 Ver Baubeschlag Gretsch Co Door closing apparatus

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR462600A (fr) * 1913-09-17 1914-01-30 Robert Adams Perfectionnements aux valets de portes
DE931696C (de) * 1952-04-06 1955-08-16 Gunther Sasse Tuerschliesser mit einer Schliesserachse, auf welche ein unter Federspannung stehendes Zugorgan und eine hydraulische Bremseinrichtung einwirken
US2752627A (en) * 1953-02-26 1956-07-03 George W Houlsby Jr Pivotal door check device
CH324608A (de) * 1953-10-28 1957-10-15 Schumacher & Bielefeld Türschliesser
FR1161651A (fr) * 1956-11-20 1958-09-03 Thuillier Ets Perfectionnements aux ferme-porte automatiques

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1101232A (en) * 1914-03-27 1914-06-23 Robert Adams Door spring and check.
US2223045A (en) * 1938-09-15 1940-11-26 Oscar C Rixson Company Door closure and check mechanism
US2962749A (en) * 1953-10-28 1960-12-06 Joseph Stachowicz Door closing device
US2971212A (en) * 1955-10-18 1961-02-14 Ver Baubeschlag Gretsch Co Door closing apparatus

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8225458B1 (en) 2001-07-13 2012-07-24 Hoffberg Steven M Intelligent door restraint
US9121217B1 (en) 2001-07-13 2015-09-01 Steven M. Hoffberg Intelligent door restraint
US9995076B1 (en) 2001-07-13 2018-06-12 Steven M. Hoffberg Intelligent door restraint
US11187022B1 (en) 2001-07-13 2021-11-30 Steven M. Hoffberg Intelligent door restraint
KR102231885B1 (ko) * 2019-09-26 2021-03-26 이덕신 크랭크식 도어 클로즈

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB914660A (en) 1963-01-02
CH383820A (de) 1964-10-31
NL260349A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE1215023B (de) 1966-04-21

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