US2624245A - Modified paper and method for its manufacture - Google Patents

Modified paper and method for its manufacture Download PDF

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Publication number
US2624245A
US2624245A US791997A US79199747A US2624245A US 2624245 A US2624245 A US 2624245A US 791997 A US791997 A US 791997A US 79199747 A US79199747 A US 79199747A US 2624245 A US2624245 A US 2624245A
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Prior art keywords
web
paper
extensibility
fibres
faces
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Expired - Lifetime
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US791997A
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English (en)
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Sanford L Cluett
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Cluett Peabody and Co Inc
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Cluett Peabody and Co Inc
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H5/00—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for
    • D21H5/24—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for having enhanced flexibility or extensibility produced by mechanical treatment of the unfinished paper
    • D21H5/245—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for having enhanced flexibility or extensibility produced by mechanical treatment of the unfinished paper obtained by compressing the (moist) paper in directions lying in, and optionally perpendicular to, the paper plane, e.g. plain-surfaced Clupak papers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
    • D21H25/005—Mechanical treatment
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H5/00—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for
    • D21H5/24—Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for having enhanced flexibility or extensibility produced by mechanical treatment of the unfinished paper

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a modified form of paper and particularly aims to increase the extensibility and flexibility of a paper web and the extent to which it can be shaped or worked, particularly when dry;
  • the invention aims to accomplish these results without producing a creping of the paper, and aims to leave the paper in at least approximately as smooth a condition as before or as without the treatment.
  • the invention contemplates a paper web, such as a strip having plain parallel surfaces with constituent fibres of the material distorted and locally flexed and crowded together by compression of the web in directions parallel with such surfaces, the fibres being cementitiously held together by the finely beaten fibrils and the natural adhesives that are the product of the beaten pulp as well as by the molecular attractive forces that are made possible by the extremely intimate contacts of the fibrillated material, the amount of compression of the web and distortion, flexing and crowding of the fibres being suificient to impart a marked and controllable and useful extensibility to the web also generally an increased density. Extensibility in paper products has heretofore been secured principally by creping, which has certain limitations and disadvantages.
  • the invention aims to provide a different kind of extensibility which does not depend upon straightening-out of bodily folded or creased zones as in the extension of a crepe paper, but involves rather an extension of distorted or locally flexed or crowded fibers within the body of material between the boundary faces of the web.
  • I employ a paper web which is already in a moist and plastic condition such as the newly-laid web in a paper making machine, for example the water-laid web taken from a typical Fourdrinier machine, from which excess water has been removed, but which has not yet been dried and set.
  • a paper wet in this condition is in an excellent condition for further treatment by this invention.
  • I may employ a previouslymade web of paper, but it must be first conditioned to a plastic state, such as by prolonged contact'with water, preferably hot, until the web has become plastic and deformable.
  • the conditioning may comprise simply causing a suitable amount of moisture to penetrate the paper thoroughly to render it plastic, for example, soaking the paper in water and allowing it to remain in a wet condition long enough to' render it amenable to the subsequent treatment, Such time of soaking may be as' shortas one minute or as long as one hour or more, dependent upon the paper.
  • the paper suitably plastic, or being near to being plastic sequent step of the process will render it plastic, and having sufilcient moisture removed to cause a certain amount of voids between the fibres, is subjected to the compressing step of the process.
  • the paper is subjected to compression in a direction parallel to the surfaces of the paper productive of a substantial decrease'in dimension of the paper, and while the paper is under considerable pressure perpendicular to its surface to restrain it from creping.
  • adherence between the intertwined longer fibres is achieved chiefly by matting together in close adhesion of the longer fibres and the mass of fibrils including both those fibrils attached to the longer fibres and those which have previously been brokenfree from the longer fibres.
  • the resistance of such a paper to breaking under tensile stress arises from the length and strength of the fibres and from the firmness by which the fibres are bound into a common mass by the matted and mutually adhering fibrils.
  • the paper after the removal of sufficient water to produce a coherent structure, but before drying, is submitted to a process which introduces a distortion of the longer fibres by contractin the area in which they lie and thus the length of the sheet, but without decreasing the actual length of the fibres themselves, while at the same time holding the surfaces of the paper web flat and parallel and preventing thickening the web.
  • a heavy pressure is maintained on the surfaces of the paper web so as to prevent creping ofthe web and also for the purposes of forcing the distorted fibres into voids within the paper web so as to bring the fibres into such close contact with each other and with the entangled fibrils as to cause strong bonding and adhesions within the web.
  • the modified orientatlon of the fibres and fibrils is retained in the dry state and the sheet takes on firmness and.
  • Preferredforms of apparatus employ an element having an elastic contractable surface which has relatively high friction a ainst-Which the paper is pressed'by asurface which has relatively low friction, while such contractablesurface is contracting, such pressure being sufiicient not only to restrain the, paper from creping but also to force. the paper into such frictional contact with thecontracting surface that thepaper partakes of some ofthe dimensional contraction of such surface and ccnsequently is compressed inthe direction in which such surface iscontracting.
  • the contracting surface maybe that'cf a traveling beltor blanket runnin in an endless path, the contractin surface. being caused to contract at a place in such path where the direction of such contracting surface of the beltor blanket changes from; a convex to a concave course.
  • the low friction surface may be a heated, smooth, highly polished metal surface.
  • the amount of stretchability imparted to the web is substantiallyequal to the degree to Which the web is shortenedlby the longitudinal compression.
  • One mechanism ofthis type that can be utilized is shown and described in-United states Patent No. 2,021,975.
  • the resistance of the paper to contraction maybe such that a number of treatments by suchamechanism may be necessary in order to attain the desired degree of future extensibility.
  • the water must be gradually extracted from the paper Web as it is additionally compressed in order to permit increased longitudinal compression of the web and thus additional extensibility. It is impossible to materially increase thedensity orto decrease the volume of the web if .the Web is fully saturated.
  • the water may be extracted by any of the known ace secs means such as by suction boxes, rolls or heat, or it may be extracted by the compressing machine itself, in which case the first run through the machine will act largely as a dryer and will not materially compress the web.
  • the paper may be passed a number of times through a single such mechanism; or any desirable number of such mechanisms may be arranged to receive and treat the paper successively, preferably so that both surfaces of the Web are alternately in contact with the heated surface.
  • mechanism of this type causes a certain amount of drying; by applying heat to the web, it is preferred to provide supplemental drying apparatus to facilitatedryi'ng. This may comprise the regular drying cylinder or means employed in present paper" making, or it may comprise a special apparatus.
  • Fig. 1- is adiagrammaticside elevation ci-simple apparatus usefulin performing the: compressive contracting step or. steps employed inthe invention
  • Fig. 2 is a, diagrammatic side elevation of apparatuswhich may also be employed in conjunction with theapparatus of Fig. 1-;
  • Figs. Sand 4' together constitute adiagrammatic view ofequipment suitable for continuously subjecting paper totratment in successive apparatus, the paper first passing from leftto right in Fig. 3 and then from left to right in Fig 4;
  • Fig. 5 is a sectionalelevation on an enlarged scale of a portion of a; web of modified'paper produced by the' invention; and- Fig. .6,is:an enlarged view' partly in elevation and wrapped with y the the invention. 7
  • the invention will first be'explained by referring to the production of'typical products by use of the apparatus'of Figs. 1 and 2.
  • the resulting lossof water in the web makes room between the fibres for further compression of the web as'may be desired.
  • the coeilicient of friction between the wet web and the heated drum [3 is most effectively reduced at d-rum temperatures about212" F.
  • the coefficient of friction of the surface of the roll l3 is relatively low as compared to the coefficient of friction of the web-, contacting surface of the belt [5, so that under the'contracting belt surface the paperswebtendsto partake of such contraction of the belt surface and slide with relation .to the roll surface.
  • the tension in the rubber belt is maintainedsufilciently high so that with the selected hardness of the belt surface the pressure between the rubber belt 15 and the roll [3 prevents the paper from creping and keeps the surfaces of-the paper plain and parallel so that as the, web is .compressively shortened, individual fibers of the paper which lie generally lengthwise of theweb or in the direction of shortening are compressively distorted lengthwise within .the bodyofthe web. Rubber is preferred as thematerial for the contracting surface, such as that of the belt, [5, because of its ability to withstand strong tension and heavy pressure transverse to its surface, thus enabling a relatively large and effectivecontraction of this surface to take place without allowing the paper to crepe in response to such contraction.
  • Rubber is also preferred for its continuously smooth surface and for its ability to grip the paper frictionally to the extent of compressing thepaper longitudinally in the presence of the heavy pressure exerted between the belt and roll l3, for, prevention of creping.
  • the rubber is reinforced by comparatively inextensible material such as heavy canvas or layers of strong cords so that the necessary high tension in the belt may be maintained and also so that the surface of the belt will expand and contract uniformly while passing over the roller Hi and the heated driving roll IS.
  • Fig. 2 The apparatus of Fig. 2 was employed in con- ;junction with the apparatus of Fig. 1 principally to facilitate drying the paper web.
  • passes over an intake roll 2
  • paper made by this process should be from the freshly laid web as received from the Fourdrinier or other paper forming machine, and must not be allowed to fully set or dry while being compressed in length; nor must the paper surface be fully dried or set until the desired compression is attained.
  • Fibres when fresh from the pulp have, when pressed together and dried, a strong affinity for each other caused not only by the entwining of the fibres but also by the entanglement of fibrils and by the adhesion of finely beaten parts of the fibrils which cement the papermass in a strong bond.
  • the ultimate strength is generally less than is achieved when freshly laid webs are used.
  • Webs were made. of kraft paper which had been 'beaten to a freeness of 21 (Schopper Riegler), these webs being made as hand-sheets of approximately pounds ream weight (24- x 36 x 500 basis) and pressed to reduce their moisture content to approximately 70%. The webs were kept in moisture-proof packing so as to retaintheir moisture and avoid hardening of the paper until the compressive contracting operation.
  • FIG. 5 is a drawing, enlarged about times, showing the relation of the fibers of Example (b) This view readily illustrates the locally crinkled conditions of the fibers, the plainness and smoothness of the top and bottom surfaces of thewweb, and the fact that th slight surface indentations (greatly magnified in the drawing) do not traverse the thickness of the web and are not reflected 'in' corresponding projections from the opposite surface.
  • the amount of extensibility imparted to, the paper may be varied by varying the'amount which the paper" is compressively contracted from, its initial condition. It is contemplated that in most cases the demand will be for products capable of 10% or more extensibility.
  • the extensibility of paper of the present invention can be distinguished from extensibility produced by creping, in that extension of the present paper involves extension of distorted fibers within the body defined by'plain parallel faces of the sheet of web material, whereas extension of creped paper takes place primari- Y ly by straightening-out of bodily folded or creased zones of the web with resultant decrease'ofthickness of theweb.
  • the preferred product of thepresentinvention may readily be distinguished bysight-0r 'touch zeal-gate from. many extensible paper products: ink that effect also 'facilitatingruse of. the heavier" grades both its faces are sinoothplairrparallel; faces; of paper for mechanical purposes.
  • U .7 It maybe noted heref that the'prd'duetsiofexam-- Although the preferred; procedure isto leaveple's (adand (-b)" discussed above: as well: as other the surfaces of the paper'u'ncreped;athe paper may product's of thi's: invention r'eceivewriting well.
  • weightsof paper is that thesame compressive t screen of m m ac u be treatment that imparts extensibility also infound advantageous jnicarr jn fofifth sti creases the flexibility of the web-along.lines:per -evenly.throughout -thethicliness'"of"the vi b more p ndia l o e i c n r extensibility; this' rapi ly than is-practicable by'use or' sii rracentact of the web with a hot cylinder and thus leave a stronger and more even bond between the fibres when they are crinkled and pushed together in the machine.
  • Fig. 3 the web P, which has previously been conditioned to an appropriate moisture content, is shown as assing successively through, fol-example, four devices such as shown in Fig. l, alternate ones of these devices being inverted so that each surface of the web makes contact alternately with a driven roll l3 and with a rubber belt l5, thus equalizing the finish of the two surfaces of the paper.
  • the web may pass from the last device of Fig. 3 over the drying cylinders usual in pap-er making machinery or it may pass into and through the lar e felt belt dr er of Fig. 4, similar in "principle to the apparatus of Fig. 2, bein there held in contact with a large rotating steam heated drum 20 by means of a moisturepermeable felt belt 2
  • An auxiliary steam heated drum 22 may be employed to dry the felt belt. Following this treatment, the product may be wound up in a roll.
  • the speeds of the several devices of Figs. 3 and 4 are adjusted relative to each other by any suitable means so that they are progressively slower, to accommodate the progressively shortened web and bring it to its desired final lengthwise condition by the time it is dried and of the drum 20 of Fig. 4.
  • the speed of the felt belt dryer of Fig. 4 may also be adjusted relative to the speeds of the preceding mechanisms so as to adjust the total or net amount of longitudinal and thus, if the web has been contracted to a somewhat greater extent than desired during passage through the several devices of Fig. 3, the felt belt dryer of Fig. 4 maybe set to run at a speed which will stretch the web sufficiently in length to deliver the web in the final desired state of contraction.
  • modified paper of the present invention is as covering material shaped to fit a tapering support.
  • the enhanced extensibility of the paper enables it to be stretched locally where needed while at the same time allowing th paper to have a snug, smooth fit with its underlying support.
  • Fig. 6 of the drawings there is illustrated on an enlarged scale an electric cable 25 wrapped with modified paper produced by this invention.
  • the strip In wrapping a strip of paper spirally around a cable, the strip will overlie one or more thicknesses of itself [or of other wrapping material, excepting at its forward or leading edge where it will lie in contact with'the bare cable. It must therefore occupy a larger diameter where it overlies one or more thicknesses of itself or other wrapping material than where it overlies simply the bare cable.
  • ordinary substantially nonextensible paper there is the tendency for the spirally wrapped fit smoothly and snugly at the bare cable where the spiral has its smallest diameter, and to fail I snugly the various other diameters of underlying layers of the wrapping.
  • each portion of the wrapping strip, at each diameter, has a smooth snug fit with its underlying support.
  • the product may be used to cover snugly any surface having local irregular projections; or the product may be used where it is desired that there may be extension of the paper without rupture, such as in shotgun shells.
  • the present invention is particularly useful in the manufacture of twisting tissue and paper for use in twine; the product being. stronger than paper twine as regularly produced owing to ability of the edges of the employed material to stretch along the edges without rupture, while at the same time retaining resistance against elongation.
  • the Web of cellulose fibers after compression in accordance with my process has resiliency and elasticity, and as it is stretched beyond its primitive elastic limit it retains retraction resiliency and elasticity until rupture, but during the stretching to rupture, the primitive elastic limit of the web also progressively changes,so that if the stretching forces are removed at any point short of rupture, the web retains its stretched condition except for the retraction due to a residual resiliency and elasticity.
  • a relatively dense, uncreped paper web formed from adherent, cellulose fibers in their natural physical shape, said web being characterized by an uncreped' body, devoid of fold and pleats, and having smooth, substantially parallel faces and substantial extensibility continuous throughout it in a direction parallel to its faces and to an extent well beyond its primitive elastic limit, those of said fibers in said web which lie lengthwisegenerally in said direction of extensibility being locally; laterally and .individually re arranged and compressively distorted lengthwise within the space between said web faces.
  • the process of producing an uncreped paper web of water-laid, adherent, cellulose fibers, with smooth, substantially parallel faces, devoid of folds and pleats, having substantial extensibility in excess ofprimitive elastic limit, and suffermg .no substant al decrease in t ckness when elongated by stretching beyond its said elastic limit which comprises conditioning the web to contain less moisture than its maximum capacity to hold moisture, but sufiicient to give the fibers thereof substantial plasticity, then pushing and crowding together, and locally flexing, rearranging and distorting lengthwise, the fibers of the conditioned web, continuous throughout the web, by forces applied in a direction parallel to the faces of the web and opposed to the direction of desired extensibility of the web, and, during such pushing and crowding together and local flexing, rearrangement and lengthwise distortion of the fibers, confining said web against creping, and drying this treated web.
  • the Web can carry u u ificientto give substantial plasticity to the fibers of the web, moving said web with it established moisture content in a lengthwis direction, and while the web isso moving pushing andcrowding the fibers of the web together in the space between the fa es of the web a aid and by fo applied in the direction ,pnltallel to the faces of the weband op osed to theuirection of it lene hwise movement continuously and uniformly over the web, and throughout .thepushing and crowdins confining the e esa nst'c i e y p sures on the web normal to said web faces.
  • the process of producing an uncreped paper web of water-laid, adherent, cellulose fibers, with smooth substantially parallel faces and substantial extensibility beyond its primitive elastic limit, and which suffers no substantial decrease in thickness when elongated by stretching which comprises conditioning said web to contain less moisture than its maximum capacity to hold moisture, but sufficient to give the fibers thereof substantial plasticity, moving said conditioned web in the direction of its length, confining said moving web, while its fibers are still in a plastic condition, against creping and, while so confined uniformly, over the entire area of the web, pushing and crowding the fibers of the web together by forces acting in a web, and parallel to its faces and causing local relative flexing and rearrangement of, adjacent fibers, entirely within the space between the face areas of the web, to create a denser mass in the web.
  • a relatively dense uncreped paper web formed of water-laid, adherent cellulose fibers in their natural physical shape, said web having smooth, substantially parallel faces and substantial extensibility in a direction parallel to its faces, continuous throughout it in said direction of extensibility and well in excess of its primitive elastic limit, whose fibers have been crowded and pushed together uniformly over the web, in a direction parallel to the faces of the web, in the space between the faces of the web as laid, to provide such extensibility, the crowded and pushed fibers having between them, in that relation, 2. bond due to initial drying giving maximum and continuing resistance to permanent elongation in said direction, short of rupture of the web.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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US791997A 1952-06-11 1947-12-16 Modified paper and method for its manufacture Expired - Lifetime US2624245A (en)

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GB14707/52A GB727261A (en) 1952-06-11 1952-06-11 Modified paper and method for its manufacture

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US (1) US2624245A (de)
BE (1) BE516549A (de)
DE (1) DE1003564B (de)
FR (1) FR1072499A (de)
GB (1) GB727261A (de)
NL (1) NL83541C (de)

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WO2020227649A1 (en) 2019-05-08 2020-11-12 Goodrich David P Embossed paper in combination with paper cushioning for shipping envelopes
WO2021163453A1 (en) 2020-02-12 2021-08-19 Goodrich David P Expanded slit sheet void fill dispensing systems and methods
US11390999B2 (en) * 2017-02-22 2022-07-19 Giorgio Trani Method and apparatus for producing a web of extensible fibrous material
WO2023285048A1 (de) 2021-07-14 2023-01-19 Voith Patent Gmbh Walzenanordnung
US11702261B2 (en) 2017-06-26 2023-07-18 David Paul Goodrich Expanded slit sheet cushioning products with novel reduced dimension slit patterns

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KR20190107137A (ko) * 2017-02-03 2019-09-18 도시바 미쓰비시덴키 산교시스템 가부시키가이샤 복수 롤 구동의 속도 제어 시스템
US11390999B2 (en) * 2017-02-22 2022-07-19 Giorgio Trani Method and apparatus for producing a web of extensible fibrous material
US11702261B2 (en) 2017-06-26 2023-07-18 David Paul Goodrich Expanded slit sheet cushioning products with novel reduced dimension slit patterns
WO2020227649A1 (en) 2019-05-08 2020-11-12 Goodrich David P Embossed paper in combination with paper cushioning for shipping envelopes
WO2021163453A1 (en) 2020-02-12 2021-08-19 Goodrich David P Expanded slit sheet void fill dispensing systems and methods
WO2023285048A1 (de) 2021-07-14 2023-01-19 Voith Patent Gmbh Walzenanordnung
DE102021118166A1 (de) 2021-07-14 2023-01-19 Voith Patent Gmbh Walzenanordnung
DE102021118166B4 (de) 2021-07-14 2023-06-29 Voith Patent Gmbh Walzenanordnung

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BE516549A (de)
DE1003564B (de) 1957-02-28
NL83541C (de) 1956-12-15
GB727261A (en) 1955-03-30
FR1072499A (fr) 1954-09-13

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