US2292151A - Electric discharge device - Google Patents
Electric discharge device Download PDFInfo
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- US2292151A US2292151A US332022A US33202240A US2292151A US 2292151 A US2292151 A US 2292151A US 332022 A US332022 A US 332022A US 33202240 A US33202240 A US 33202240A US 2292151 A US2292151 A US 2292151A
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- envelope
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- electrode
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- discharge device
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910011255 B2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 BzOs Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007496 glass forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
- F16F9/10—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using liquid only; using a fluid of which the nature is immaterial
- F16F9/14—Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect
- F16F9/16—Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts
- F16F9/18—Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein
- F16F9/19—Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein with a single cylinder and of single-tube type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/36—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy
- H01J23/40—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy to or from the interaction circuit
- H01J23/48—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy to or from the interaction circuit for linking interaction circuit with coaxial lines; Devices of the coupled helices type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
- H01J25/06—Tubes having only one resonator, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly velocity modulation, e.g. Lüdi-Klystron
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
- H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
- H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
- H01J25/12—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator with pencil-like electron stream in the axis of the resonators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
- H01J25/22—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
- H01J25/22—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone
- H01J25/24—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone in which the electron stream is in the axis of the resonator or resonators and is pencil-like before reflection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/86—Vessels; Containers; Vacuum locks
- H01J29/88—Vessels; Containers; Vacuum locks provided with coatings on the walls thereof; Selection of materials for the coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J5/00—Details relating to vessels or to leading-in conductors common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J5/02—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith; Vacuum locks
- H01J5/08—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith; Vacuum locks provided with coatings on the walls thereof; Selection of materials for the coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/04—Coupling devices of the waveguide type with variable factor of coupling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03C—MODULATION
- H03C3/00—Angle modulation
- H03C3/30—Angle modulation by means of transit-time tube
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L5/00—Automatic control of voltage, current, or power
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/02—Amplitude-modulated carrier systems, e.g. using on-off keying; Single sideband or vestigial sideband modulation
- H04L27/04—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
Definitions
- the present invention relates to electric discharge devices and more particularly to cathode ray tubes and similar devices in which an electron beam is required to be projected through an elongated tubular envelope of quartz glass or a similar material.
- Fig. 1 shows in partial section a discharge device suitably embodying the invention
- Fig. 2 is a graphical representation useful in explaining the invention
- Fig. 3 is an enlarged View of a fragmentary portion of Fig. 1.
- the invention is illustrated in connection with a discharge device adapted to be used as an oscillator at ultra-high frequencies.
- the oscillator itself, apart from the improvement in envelope structure to be described herein, is the invention of W. C. Hahn and is fully disclosed and claimed by him in his application Serial No. 276,172, filed May 27, 1939, and assigned to the same assignee as the present. invention.
- the arrangement shown comprises an electron beam tube which includes an evacuated envelope.
- the envelope is constituted of quartz glass (1. e. fused silica).
- the tubular envelope portion [0 is provided at one end with means, such as a known type of electron gun, for producing an electron beam which passes axially of the envelope.
- means such as a known type of electron gun, for producing an electron beam which passes axially of the envelope.
- the combination shown comprises a cathode it, which is indicated in dotted outline, and a focusing cylinder [5 for confining the electrons emitted from the cathode to a concentrated beam.
- the cylinder may either be connected directly to the oathode as shown or maintained a few volts positive or negative with respect to it.
- an accelerating electrode 16 which is spaced from the cathode and which may be biased to a suitable positive potential, say, several hundred volts.
- anode l8 which serves to collect the electron beam after it has traversed the tubular envelope portion In.
- a ring-like electrode I9 in the nature of a suppressor grid, serves to prevent secondary electrons emitted by the anode l8 from returning to the discharge space.
- the anode In the operation of the device, the anode should be maintained at a potential one to several thousand volts above the cathode and the suppressor electrode l9 should be biased to volts negative with respect to the anode. These I beam of electrons.
- an electrode system for. generating I ultra-high frequency oscillations by reactionwith I potential relationships may be established by means of a suitable voltage source conventionally I
- the combination of elements sofar described comprises means for producing a unidirectional I I I Outside the envelope thereis the beams quency system include a series of sequentially 1 arranged, tubular conductive elements which sur- I round the envelope and which are respectively 7 I I
- the electrodes which makeupithehigh fre 1 least in part by the secondary emission charnumbered 39 to 34. I Theseelements areconcen- I I trically enclosed by a one piece tubular structure 3:6 which is terminallyconnected.
- the end electrode system such asthat described may be I l I made to develop self-sustained oscillations pro-' vided the electron transit time through the ele- I I ments 3! to 3G inclusive is properly correlated to the desired frequency of operation of the oscillator, andprovided further thatthe lumpedcapacitance existing across the various gaps I I whichseparate the elements is properly related to the'distributed constants: of the elements and the surrounding conductive shell 36.
- the electrode structure actsas: a resonant standing wave system .which is maintained inexcited conelectrode: gaps.
- one of the electrode elements near its extremity and which is associated with a concentric conductor transmission line il appropriate for the transfer of high frequency energy.
- the condition specified in the preceding paragraph can be realized by positioning conductive members A l and 45 within the envelope at the boundaries of the high frequency electrode system and by connecting such electrode to a voltage which corresponds to the desired beam velocity.
- the desired voltage relationship is. established by connecting the members 4 and E5 directly to the high frequency electrode structure and by tying the latter to the grounded positive terminal of the battery 2! as indicated at 41.
- the occurrence of charging of the wall surfaces of the envelope tends to produce considerable variation of the potential distribution between the conducting members 44. and 45 and thus to cause Powermay be taken from the of the conductive members 44 and 55.
- thisphenomenon is indicated graphically in Fig, 2, inwhich curve'A shows the variation of potential which may occur be- I I tween theregions a and: b (Fig, 1,): where the potential level is definitely fixed by the presence where quartz glass-is used as the envelope mate rial the amount'of this variation may become so 1 great after a relatively limited period of. opera- I tion as to make impossible the further. operation of the tube in its intended manner;
- the material employed must be. of suchcharacter that its total high frequency losses are not greatly in excess of those of quartz itself, lest such losses produce undue interference with the operation of the device as a whole.
- These diverse requirements are fulfilled in accordance with the present invention by forming the superficial layer referred to of the fusion product of silica and an oxide which is adapted to form a glass when combined with silica.
- the particular oxides deemed suitable for use in this connection include phosphorus pentoxide (P205), boric oxide (B203), and lead oxide (PbO), or combinations of these materials.
- the glass-forming material employed be free of alkalies such as Nazoa and K203, which are frequently associated with glasses, since it is found that the presence of such alkalies tends to raise the high frequency losses of the resultant fusion product to an insupportable degree.
- Phosphorus pentoxide represents a preferred material for use in this connection in view of its high degree of effectiveness in preventing wallcharging and in stabilizing the potential level of the parts of the envelope wall surface which are glazed therewith and which are separated from the conductive parts of the apparatus.
- a suitable mode of applying this material to the Wall surface consists in the following:
- a water solution containing 50 per cent P205 is made by dissolving powdered phosphorus pentoxide in water. This solution is run into the cleaned quartz glass tube so as to form a film of the solution. (Quartz glass cleaned with chromic acid allows a uniformly wetted surface to be at- Incases I I The comtained.) The quartz glass so coated should be heated in an oxygen-hydrogen flame to evaporate the Water and to fuse the P205 into the quartz. The superficial layer thus formed is integral with the quartz glass.
- the eifectiveness of the invention is thought to depend upon the relatively higher conductivity of the glaze applied to the quartz glass as compared to the conductivity of the quartz glass itself. Due to this conductivity it appears the electrons which penetrate the structure of the glaze are not trapped as in the case of the unglazed quartz, but are continuously released due to their ability to flow through the relatively conductive substance of the glaze.
- conductive is a pure- 1y relative term and that the conductivity of the coatings referred to herein, while higher than that of quartz glass, is neverthless many thousand times lower than the conductivity of a typical metallic substance.
- Some additional improvement with respect to decrease in Wall charge may be obtained by additionally coating the glazed surface of the quartz glass with magnesium oxide or related substances so as to modify the secondary emission property thereof in the manner described in the application, Serial No. 301,629 of Victor H. Fraenckel which was filed October 2'7, 1939, and which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
- a discharge device comprising an elongated envelope formed of fused silica, means within said envelope for producing an electron stream axially of the envelope, conductive means within the envelope for fixing the potential level at a particular point along the envelope axis, a high frequency electrode system located in proximity to the walls of the envelope in a region bounded at one extremity by said conductive means, said electrode system being effective during normal operation of the device to produce high frequency fields adapted to modulate the electron stream, and a superficial coating covering the interior surface of the envelope over an area which includes the region subtended by the high frequency electrode system and by the said conductive means, said coating being efiective to lessen the wall-charging tendencies of the envelope surface and comprising a layer which consists of the fusion product of silica and an alkali-free oxide of the group which includes P205, BzOs, and PbO.
- a discharge device comprising an elongated tubular envelope formed of fused silica, means within said envelope for producing an electron stream axially of the envelope, conductive means within the envelope for fixing the potential level at spaced points along the envelope axis, a high requency electrode system outside the envelope in a region between the said spaced points, said electrode system being effective during normal operation of the device to produce high frequency fields extending through the wall of the envelope to modulate the electron stream, and a superficial coating covering the interior surface of the envelope between the said spaced points for modifying the wall-charging properties of the envelope, said coating comprising a layer which consists of the fusion product of silica and an alkali-free oxide of the group which includes P205, B203, and PbO.
- a discharge device comprising an elongated tubular envelope formed of fused silica, means within said envelope for producing an electron stream axially of the envelope, means including a pair of axially spaced annular electrodes within the envelope and in contact with the interior surface of the envelope at displaced points for fixing the potential level at such points, a high frequency electrode system outside the envelope in a region between the said annular electrodes, said electrode system being effective during normal operation of the device to produce high frequency fields extending through the wall of the envelope to modulate the electron stream, and a superficial layer covering the interior surface of the envelope in a region extending between the said annular electrodes for modifying the wall-charging properties of the envelope, said layer comprising the fusion product of silica and phosphorous pentoxide.
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Description
Aug. 4, 1942. L. NAVIAS 2,292,151
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE DEVICE Filed April 27, 1940 Fig. 3.
= z 5 i s 5 POSITION ALONG TUBE AXIS Inventor: Louis Navias,
H is Attorney.
Patented Aug. 4, 1942 TBS CE'E'IQ ELECTRIC DISCHARGE DEVICE Louis Navias, Schenectady, N. Y., assignor to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York 3 Claims.
The present invention relates to electric discharge devices and more particularly to cathode ray tubes and similar devices in which an electron beam is required to be projected through an elongated tubular envelope of quartz glass or a similar material.
In the operation of devices of the character referred to, and especially where quartz (fused silica) is used as the envelope material, difficulty is frequently encountered due to the occurrence of Wall-charging; that is to say, the accumulation of static charges on various portions of the envelope wall surface. Such charges tend to modify the potential distribution along the discharge path and may cause it to depart materially from the distribution normally maintained by the electrode elements of the device. An aspect of this phenomenon which is especially troublesome in the operation of beam tubes used as high frequency oscillators and the like lies in the occurrence of unpredictable variations from time to time in the amount of wall-charging, so that unstable and uncertain operation results. Under some circumstances the amount of wall-charging may become so great as actually to prevent the operation of the device in its normal and intended manner.
The difficulty stated in the foregoing may be overcome to a certain extent by arranging conductive electrode elements at the points at which objectionable wall-charging tends to occur. In many cases, however, this expedient is inconvenient in that the presence of the electrode elements and their lead-in connections interferes With the intended operation of the device as a whole.
In accordance with my present invention it is proposed to minimize wall-charging, in so far as the same occurs in discharge envelopes which consists principally of fused silica, by providing the interior surfaces of such envelopes with a superficial layer or glaze consisting of the fusion product of silica and an alkali-free oxide of a type which combines with silica to form a glass. While no completely satisfactory explanation of the efiicacy of this expedient is now available, its utility has been established empirically, and a tentative explanation will be given at a later point herein.
The features which I desire to protect herein are pointed out with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, together with further objects and advantages thereof,
may best be understood by reference to the fol- 5b lowing description taken in connection with the drawing, in which Fig. 1 shows in partial section a discharge device suitably embodying the invention, Fig. 2 is a graphical representation useful in explaining the invention, and Fig. 3 is an enlarged View of a fragmentary portion of Fig. 1.
Referring particularly to Fig. 1, the invention is illustrated in connection with a discharge device adapted to be used as an oscillator at ultra-high frequencies. The oscillator, itself, apart from the improvement in envelope structure to be described herein, is the invention of W. C. Hahn and is fully disclosed and claimed by him in his application Serial No. 276,172, filed May 27, 1939, and assigned to the same assignee as the present. invention.
The arrangement shown comprises an electron beam tube which includes an evacuated envelope.
having an elongated tubular portion it). This portion, which is of uniform diameter along its length, connects at one end with a large electrode-containing portion II. In order to minimize power losses occurring in the envelope walls when the device is operated at ultra-high frequencies, the envelope is constituted of quartz glass (1. e. fused silica).
The tubular envelope portion [0 is provided at one end with means, such as a known type of electron gun, for producing an electron beam which passes axially of the envelope. The combination shown comprises a cathode it, which is indicated in dotted outline, and a focusing cylinder [5 for confining the electrons emitted from the cathode to a concentrated beam. The cylinder may either be connected directly to the oathode as shown or maintained a few volts positive or negative with respect to it. In order to accelerate the electrons to a desired extent there is provided an accelerating electrode 16 which is spaced from the cathode and which may be biased to a suitable positive potential, say, several hundred volts.
At the other end of the envelope there is provided an anode l8 which serves to collect the electron beam after it has traversed the tubular envelope portion In. A ring-like electrode I9, in the nature of a suppressor grid, serves to prevent secondary electrons emitted by the anode l8 from returning to the discharge space.
In the operation of the device, the anode should be maintained at a potential one to several thousand volts above the cathode and the suppressor electrode l9 should be biased to volts negative with respect to the anode. These I beam of electrons.
provided an electrode system for. generating I ultra-high frequency oscillations by reactionwith I potential relationships may be established by means of a suitable voltage source conventionally I The combination of elements sofar described comprises means for producing a unidirectional I I I Outside the envelope thereis the beams quency system include a series of sequentially 1 arranged, tubular conductive elements which sur- I round the envelope and which are respectively 7 I I The electrodes which makeupithehigh fre 1 least in part by the secondary emission charnumbered 39 to 34. I Theseelements areconcen- I I trically enclosed by a one piece tubular structure 3:6 which is terminallyconnected. with the end electrode system such asthat described may be I l I made to develop self-sustained oscillations pro-' vided the electron transit time through the ele- I I ments 3! to 3G inclusive is properly correlated to the desired frequency of operation of the oscillator, andprovided further thatthe lumpedcapacitance existing across the various gaps I I whichseparate the elements is properly related to the'distributed constants: of the elements and the surrounding conductive shell 36. When the -foregoing requirements are complied with the electrode structure actsas: a resonant standing wave system .which is maintained inexcited conelectrode: gaps.
system for external utilization by the provision of a member 46 which iscapacitively coupled to:
one of the electrode elements near its extremity and which is associated with a concentric conductor transmission line il appropriate for the transfer of high frequency energy.
In the design of a system such as that described above it is ordinarily convenient to start with an intended beam velocity. The dimensions of the electrode parts and their spacings are then determined in such fashion as to be correlated to the assumed velocity and to produce the transit time relationships which are necessary to the desired operation of the device. It is apparent, therefore, that in order that the intended operation of the device shall obtain, it is necessary that the beam velocity shall remain at the assumed value.
To some extent, the condition specified in the preceding paragraph can be realized by positioning conductive members A l and 45 within the envelope at the boundaries of the high frequency electrode system and by connecting such electrode to a voltage which corresponds to the desired beam velocity. (In the present case the desired voltage relationship is. established by connecting the members 4 and E5 directly to the high frequency electrode structure and by tying the latter to the grounded positive terminal of the battery 2! as indicated at 41.) It is found, however, that even with these precautions, the occurrence of charging of the wall surfaces of the envelope tends to produce considerable variation of the potential distribution between the conducting members 44. and 45 and thus to cause Powermay be taken from the of the conductive members 44 and 55.
a departure'of the average beam velocity from-the I desired value. I I
The nature ofthisphenomenon is indicated graphically in Fig, 2, inwhich curve'A shows the variation of potential which may occur be- I I tween theregions a and: b (Fig, 1,): where the potential level is definitely fixed by the presence where quartz glass-is used as the envelope mate rial the amount'of this variation may become so 1 great after a relatively limited period of. opera- I tion as to make impossible the further. operation of the tube in its intended manner;
plete explanation .of this phenomenon is not I known, but it is believed. to. be. controlled at acteristics of the envelope surface. In the'case of quartz glass; however, it. appears that the I greater part of the. difficulty may arise from the trapping of electrons in the substance of :the' glass I itself. More specifically, on this point, it is I thought that electrons from the electron beam penetrate the molecular structure of the glass.
wall, to nearby conducting parts, as would be.
possible 7 in connection with many so -called in I I I sulating substances. I
I least this aspectof wall-charging is overcome by- I I I 1 I providing the interior surface of the envelope I In; accordance with my present inventiomat betweentheelectrodes 44 and d5'with a super- I, ficial layer 50 (see Fig 3) which is more highly conducting than the quartz glass itself. A very I great limitationisimposed on the characterof the materials which may be used in this con-- nection, however,by the fact that it is to be used I I dition by its reactionwith .the beam at the inter in a situation where high frequency .fields exist.
As a, result of this latter circumstance the material employed must be. of suchcharacter that its total high frequency losses are not greatly in excess of those of quartz itself, lest such losses produce undue interference with the operation of the device as a whole. These diverse requirements are fulfilled in accordance with the present invention by forming the superficial layer referred to of the fusion product of silica and an oxide which is adapted to form a glass when combined with silica. The particular oxides deemed suitable for use in this connection include phosphorus pentoxide (P205), boric oxide (B203), and lead oxide (PbO), or combinations of these materials. It is especially important that the glass-forming material employed be free of alkalies such as Nazoa and K203, which are frequently associated with glasses, since it is found that the presence of such alkalies tends to raise the high frequency losses of the resultant fusion product to an insupportable degree.
Phosphorus pentoxide represents a preferred material for use in this connection in view of its high degree of effectiveness in preventing wallcharging and in stabilizing the potential level of the parts of the envelope wall surface which are glazed therewith and which are separated from the conductive parts of the apparatus. A suitable mode of applying this material to the Wall surface consists in the following:
A water solution containing 50 per cent P205 is made by dissolving powdered phosphorus pentoxide in water. This solution is run into the cleaned quartz glass tube so as to form a film of the solution. (Quartz glass cleaned with chromic acid allows a uniformly wetted surface to be at- Incases I I The comtained.) The quartz glass so coated should be heated in an oxygen-hydrogen flame to evaporate the Water and to fuse the P205 into the quartz. The superficial layer thus formed is integral with the quartz glass.
The other oxides which have been mentioned may be applied by a technique generally similar to that described in the foregoing, although, of course, other techniques may be used.
The eifectiveness of the invention is thought to depend upon the relatively higher conductivity of the glaze applied to the quartz glass as compared to the conductivity of the quartz glass itself. Due to this conductivity it appears the electrons which penetrate the structure of the glaze are not trapped as in the case of the unglazed quartz, but are continuously released due to their ability to flow through the relatively conductive substance of the glaze. (It should be understood that the word conductive is a pure- 1y relative term and that the conductivity of the coatings referred to herein, while higher than that of quartz glass, is neverthless many thousand times lower than the conductivity of a typical metallic substance.) Some additional improvement with respect to decrease in Wall charge may be obtained by additionally coating the glazed surface of the quartz glass with magnesium oxide or related substances so as to modify the secondary emission property thereof in the manner described in the application, Serial No. 301,629 of Victor H. Fraenckel which was filed October 2'7, 1939, and which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
While my invention has been described by reference to a particular structural embodiment thereof it will be understood that it has a great number of other applications. I, therefore, aim in the appended claims to cover all uses of the invention which come within the true scope of the foregoing disclosure.
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A discharge device comprising an elongated envelope formed of fused silica, means within said envelope for producing an electron stream axially of the envelope, conductive means within the envelope for fixing the potential level at a particular point along the envelope axis, a high frequency electrode system located in proximity to the walls of the envelope in a region bounded at one extremity by said conductive means, said electrode system being effective during normal operation of the device to produce high frequency fields adapted to modulate the electron stream, and a superficial coating covering the interior surface of the envelope over an area which includes the region subtended by the high frequency electrode system and by the said conductive means, said coating being efiective to lessen the wall-charging tendencies of the envelope surface and comprising a layer which consists of the fusion product of silica and an alkali-free oxide of the group which includes P205, BzOs, and PbO.
2. A discharge device comprising an elongated tubular envelope formed of fused silica, means within said envelope for producing an electron stream axially of the envelope, conductive means within the envelope for fixing the potential level at spaced points along the envelope axis, a high requency electrode system outside the envelope in a region between the said spaced points, said electrode system being effective during normal operation of the device to produce high frequency fields extending through the wall of the envelope to modulate the electron stream, and a superficial coating covering the interior surface of the envelope between the said spaced points for modifying the wall-charging properties of the envelope, said coating comprising a layer which consists of the fusion product of silica and an alkali-free oxide of the group which includes P205, B203, and PbO.
3. A discharge device comprising an elongated tubular envelope formed of fused silica, means within said envelope for producing an electron stream axially of the envelope, means including a pair of axially spaced annular electrodes within the envelope and in contact with the interior surface of the envelope at displaced points for fixing the potential level at such points, a high frequency electrode system outside the envelope in a region between the said annular electrodes, said electrode system being effective during normal operation of the device to produce high frequency fields extending through the wall of the envelope to modulate the electron stream, and a superficial layer covering the interior surface of the envelope in a region extending between the said annular electrodes for modifying the wall-charging properties of the envelope, said layer comprising the fusion product of silica and phosphorous pentoxide.
LOUIS NAVIAS.
Applications Claiming Priority (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US153602A US2220839A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1937-07-14 | Electrical discharge device |
US201953A US2220840A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-04-14 | Velocity modulation device |
US201954A US2192049A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-04-14 | Electron beam device |
US211123A US2498886A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-06-01 | Ultra short wave device |
US238213A US2233166A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-11-01 | Means for transferring high frequency power |
US243397A US2240183A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-12-01 | Electric discharge device |
US306951A US2224122A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-11-30 | High frequency apparatus |
CH222371T | 1941-06-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2292151A true US2292151A (en) | 1942-08-04 |
Family
ID=42200828
Family Applications (18)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US153602A Expired - Lifetime US2220839A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1937-07-14 | Electrical discharge device |
US201954A Expired - Lifetime US2192049A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-04-14 | Electron beam device |
US201953A Expired - Lifetime US2220840A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-04-14 | Velocity modulation device |
US211124A Expired - Lifetime US2222901A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-06-01 | Ultra-short-wave device |
US211123A Expired - Lifetime US2498886A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-06-01 | Ultra short wave device |
US238213A Expired - Lifetime US2233166A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-11-01 | Means for transferring high frequency power |
US243397A Expired - Lifetime US2240183A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-12-01 | Electric discharge device |
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US276172A Expired - Lifetime US2222902A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-05-27 | High frequency apparatus |
US301629A Expired - Lifetime US2266595A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-10-27 | Electric discharge device |
US301628A Expired - Lifetime US2200986A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-10-27 | Modulation system |
US306951A Expired - Lifetime US2224122A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-11-30 | High frequency apparatus |
US306952A Expired - Lifetime US2247338A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-11-30 | High frequency apparatus |
US310059A Expired - Lifetime US2222899A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-12-19 | Frequency multiplier |
US332022A Expired - Lifetime US2292151A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1940-04-27 | Electric discharge device |
US347744A Expired - Lifetime US2276806A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1940-07-26 | High frequency apparatus |
US45638042 Expired USRE22506E (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1942-08-27 | Electrical discharge device |
Family Applications Before (15)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US153602A Expired - Lifetime US2220839A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1937-07-14 | Electrical discharge device |
US201954A Expired - Lifetime US2192049A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-04-14 | Electron beam device |
US201953A Expired - Lifetime US2220840A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-04-14 | Velocity modulation device |
US211124A Expired - Lifetime US2222901A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-06-01 | Ultra-short-wave device |
US211123A Expired - Lifetime US2498886A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-06-01 | Ultra short wave device |
US238213A Expired - Lifetime US2233166A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-11-01 | Means for transferring high frequency power |
US243397A Expired - Lifetime US2240183A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-12-01 | Electric discharge device |
US248771A Expired - Lifetime US2200962A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-12-31 | Ultra short wave device |
US248799A Expired - Lifetime US2235527A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1938-12-31 | Polyphase generator for ultra short wave lengths |
US276172A Expired - Lifetime US2222902A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-05-27 | High frequency apparatus |
US301629A Expired - Lifetime US2266595A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-10-27 | Electric discharge device |
US301628A Expired - Lifetime US2200986A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-10-27 | Modulation system |
US306951A Expired - Lifetime US2224122A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-11-30 | High frequency apparatus |
US306952A Expired - Lifetime US2247338A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-11-30 | High frequency apparatus |
US310059A Expired - Lifetime US2222899A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1939-12-19 | Frequency multiplier |
Family Applications After (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US347744A Expired - Lifetime US2276806A (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1940-07-26 | High frequency apparatus |
US45638042 Expired USRE22506E (en) | 1937-07-14 | 1942-08-27 | Electrical discharge device |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
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US (18) | US2220839A (en) |
BE (9) | BE429160A (en) |
CH (4) | CH208065A (en) |
DE (5) | DE908743C (en) |
FR (15) | FR840676A (en) |
GB (8) | GB518015A (en) |
NL (1) | NL76327C (en) |
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US3178653A (en) * | 1960-04-04 | 1965-04-13 | Raytheon Co | Cavity resonator with beamconcentric ring electrode |
US3172004A (en) * | 1960-06-17 | 1965-03-02 | Sperry Rand Corp | Depressed collector operation of electron beam device |
US3383596A (en) * | 1965-06-28 | 1968-05-14 | Raytheon Co | Microwave energy transmission and commutation coupler |
US4051405A (en) * | 1975-09-10 | 1977-09-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Method for controlling low-energy high current density electron beams |
US4350926A (en) * | 1980-07-28 | 1982-09-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Hollow beam electron source |
NL8400841A (en) * | 1984-03-16 | 1985-10-16 | Philips Nv | CATHED BEAM TUBE. |
US5525864A (en) * | 1994-02-07 | 1996-06-11 | Hughes Aircraft Company | RF source including slow wave tube with lateral outlet ports |
US6182871B1 (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 2001-02-06 | Peter Ar-Fu Lam | Personalized garment coordination apparatus |
CN102657570A (en) * | 2012-03-25 | 2012-09-12 | 仲伟锋 | Portable hot-wet dressing device for relieving sore throat |
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US2064469A (en) * | 1933-10-23 | 1936-12-15 | Rca Corp | Device for and method of controlling high frequency currents |
NL42522C (en) * | 1934-02-24 | |||
US2096460A (en) * | 1936-01-23 | 1937-10-19 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Space discharge apparatus |
GB488416A (en) * | 1936-05-05 | 1938-07-04 | Vladislas Zeitline | Improvements in or relating to electron-optical lens systems for electron discharge tubes |
NL58199C (en) * | 1936-12-24 | |||
US2190668A (en) * | 1937-07-31 | 1940-02-20 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Diode oscillator |
US2190511A (en) * | 1938-03-01 | 1940-02-13 | Gen Electric | Ultra short wave system |
-
0
- BE BE436872D patent/BE436872A/xx unknown
- BE BE437641D patent/BE437641A/xx unknown
- BE BE437339D patent/BE437339A/xx unknown
- BE BE433819D patent/BE433819A/xx unknown
- BE BE434657D patent/BE434657A/xx unknown
-
1937
- 1937-07-14 US US153602A patent/US2220839A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1938
- 1938-04-14 US US201954A patent/US2192049A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1938-04-14 US US201953A patent/US2220840A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1938-06-01 US US211124A patent/US2222901A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1938-06-01 US US211123A patent/US2498886A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1938-06-13 GB GB17531/38A patent/GB518015A/en not_active Expired
- 1938-07-08 DE DEA11137D patent/DE908743C/en not_active Expired
- 1938-07-12 CH CH208065D patent/CH208065A/en unknown
- 1938-07-13 FR FR840676D patent/FR840676A/en not_active Expired
- 1938-07-14 BE BE429160D patent/BE429160A/xx unknown
- 1938-11-01 US US238213A patent/US2233166A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1938-12-01 US US243397A patent/US2240183A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1938-12-31 US US248771A patent/US2200962A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1938-12-31 US US248799A patent/US2235527A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1939
- 1939-04-14 FR FR50493D patent/FR50493E/en not_active Expired
- 1939-04-15 DE DEA10506D patent/DE922425C/en not_active Expired
- 1939-05-27 US US276172A patent/US2222902A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1939-05-31 GB GB16051/39A patent/GB533500A/en not_active Expired
- 1939-05-31 CH CH231586D patent/CH231586A/en unknown
- 1939-06-01 FR FR855554D patent/FR855554A/en not_active Expired
- 1939-06-02 DE DEA11978D patent/DE919245C/en not_active Expired
- 1939-10-27 US US301629A patent/US2266595A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1939-10-27 US US301628A patent/US2200986A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1939-10-31 FR FR50997D patent/FR50997E/en not_active Expired
- 1939-11-01 GB GB29175/39A patent/GB533939A/en not_active Expired
- 1939-11-30 US US306951A patent/US2224122A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1939-11-30 US US306952A patent/US2247338A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1939-11-30 FR FR51015D patent/FR51015E/en not_active Expired
- 1939-12-01 GB GB31223/39A patent/GB533826A/en not_active Expired
- 1939-12-19 US US310059A patent/US2222899A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1939-12-29 FR FR51024D patent/FR51024E/en not_active Expired
- 1939-12-31 DE DEA11605D patent/DE927157C/en not_active Expired
-
1940
- 1940-01-01 GB GB21/40A patent/GB553266A/en not_active Expired
- 1940-01-01 GB GB20/40A patent/GB553529A/en not_active Expired
- 1940-04-27 US US332022A patent/US2292151A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1940-05-27 FR FR51215D patent/FR51215E/en not_active Expired
- 1940-07-26 US US347744A patent/US2276806A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1940-09-27 FR FR51483D patent/FR51483E/en not_active Expired
- 1940-10-26 FR FR51484D patent/FR51484E/en not_active Expired
- 1940-10-26 FR FR51485D patent/FR51485E/en not_active Expired
- 1940-12-02 GB GB17165/40A patent/GB555864A/en not_active Expired
- 1940-12-02 GB GB17164/40A patent/GB555863A/en not_active Expired
- 1940-12-19 FR FR51488D patent/FR51488E/en not_active Expired
-
1941
- 1941-02-26 NL NL100492A patent/NL76327C/xx active
- 1941-02-28 DE DEA8879D patent/DE926317C/en not_active Expired
- 1941-04-25 FR FR51527D patent/FR51527E/en not_active Expired
- 1941-06-05 CH CH222371D patent/CH222371A/en unknown
- 1941-06-25 BE BE441873D patent/BE441873A/xx unknown
- 1941-07-25 FR FR51862D patent/FR51862E/en not_active Expired
- 1941-09-08 CH CH223415D patent/CH223415A/en unknown
- 1941-09-10 BE BE442681D patent/BE442681A/xx unknown
- 1941-09-25 FR FR51863D patent/FR51863E/en not_active Expired
- 1941-10-07 FR FR51864D patent/FR51864E/en not_active Expired
-
1942
- 1942-07-17 BE BE446480D patent/BE446480A/xx unknown
- 1942-08-27 US US45638042 patent/USRE22506E/en not_active Expired
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