US2245605A

US2245605A - Electron multiplier

Info

Publication number: US2245605A
Application number: US176566A
Authority: US
Inventors: John R Pierce; Shockley William
Original assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Current assignee: AT&T Corp
Priority date: 1936-11-20
Filing date: 1937-11-26
Publication date: 1941-06-17
Anticipated expiration: 1958-06-17
Also published as: GB500170A; FR49980E; US2160798A; GB502528A; US2160797A; DE886343C; NL49799C; US2160796A; GB500448A; BE431298A; GB500447A; GB521077A; GB505663A; US2245624A; CH208067A; FR824648A; US2160799A; US2134718A; US2236041A; CH214485A

Description

J. R. PIERCE ETAL ,6

ELECTRON MULTIPLIER June 17, 1941.

Filed Nov. 26, 1937 VARIABLE L I 6H7 SOURCE J RP/ERCE. INVENTORS. WSHOCKLEV T0 UTILIZATION CIRCUIT Mm 6. Ziuui ATTORNEY Patented June 17, 1941 S PATENT OFFIE ELECTRON MULTIPLIER John R. Pierce and William Shockley, New York, N. Y., assignors to Bell-Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application November 26, 1937, Serial No. 176,566 7 14 Claims. .LCl. 250-l75) This invention relates to electron multipliers and more particularly to electron multipliers of the multistage type.

In electron multipliers having a plurality of auxiliary or secondary cathodes successively ar- 2' ranged between a primary cathode and an anode or collector electrode, it has been found that the several electron streams emanating from the primary and secondary cathodes tend to diverge. Because of the divergence some of the electrons constituting the electron streams emanating from each of the cathodes may flow to other than desired portions of the next succeeding electrode or may fail to impinge upon the next succeeding electrode. Consequently, a low efliciency and poor operating characteristics result.

One general object of this invention is to improve the efi'iciency and operating characteristics of electron multipliers.

More specifically, one object of this invention is to facilitate the attainment of convergence of the electron streams between successive electrodes in multistage electron multipliers.

Anotherobject of this invention is to shield the interelectrode spaces in electron multipliers, and particularly the regions adjacent the emissive surfaces of the cathodes thereof, from extraneous fields.

Still another object of this invention is to effectively segregate the emissive surface of each secondary or auxiliary cathode in multistage electron multipliers from the electrodes thereadjacent whereby the fields of such adjacent electrodes will not produce a component toward the emissive surface.

A further object of this invention is to obviate the use of means separate from the electrodes for focussing the interelectrode electron streams in electron multipliers.

In one illustrative embodiment of this invention, an electron multiplier comprises a primary cathode, an anode or collector electrode and a plurality of auxiliary or secondary'cathodes arranged successively and in staggered relation between the primary cathode and the anode or collector electrode.

In accordance with one feature of this invention, each of the auxiliary or secondary cathodes is provided with integral balile and barrier mem-' bers which shield the emissive surfaces of these cathodes and guide the electrons emitted from these surfaces in desired paths.

In accordance with another feature of this invention, the electrodes are so constructed and arranged that the electrons emanating from each of the cathodes are focussed electrostatically I upon the next succeeding electrode.

In accordance with still another feature of this invention, the primary cathode is provided with baflie portions which shield the emissive surface thereof from extraneous fields and focus and guide the electron stream emanating therefrom.

In accordance with a further feature of this invention, an auxiliary or barrier member is provided for augmenting the focussing of the electron stream from the primary cathode upon the next succeeding secondary cathode.

The invention and the foregoing and other features thereof will be understood clearly and fully from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an electron multiplier constructed in accordance with this invention, portions of the enclosing vessel and of the electrode assembly being broken away to show details of the assembly more clearly.

Fig. 2 is a side elevational view of the electron multiplier illustrated in Fig. 1, a portion of the enclosing vessel being broken away;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged detail view in perspective of one of the auxiliary or secondary cathodes of the electron multiplier illustrated in Figs. 1

and 2;

Figs. 4 and 5 are dimensioned end views of the primary cathode and one of the auxiliary cathodes, respectively. embodied in the electron multiplier shown in Figs. 1 and 2; and

Fig. 6 is a circuit diagram illustrating the utilization of an electron multiplier constructed in accordance with the invention in an amplifying system.

Referring now to the drawing, the electron multiplier illustrated therein comprises an enbetween the uprights or arms M are a primary 7 cathode I5, a bafiie or focussing member it, an anode or collector electrode l1, and a plurality of similar, substantially identical auxiliary or secondary cathodes I8 to [6 inclusive. As shown clearly in Figs. 2 and 6, the cathodes I5 and I8 are mounted successively in staggered relation so that the secondary or auxiliary cathode i8 is opposite to and obliquely aligned with the primary cathode i5 and each of the secondary or auxiliary cathodes E8 to Hi is opposite and obliquely aligned with the next preceding one. The anode or collector electrode ll is opposite and aligned with the auxiliary or secondary cathode M The baffle or focussing member 56 is oppo site the primary cathode i5 and oblique to the longitudinal axis of the vessel id.

The primary cathode 15, which may be formed of a metallic sheet or strip, for example a strip of silver, includes a plane rectangular section H), a rectangular flange or baffle portion 26 extending obliquely from the section it, and a relatively large area barrier or screen portion 2| also extending obliquely from the section I9. Th inner surfaces, that is the surfaces to the right in Figs. 2 and 4, of the cathode l5, and preferably only the surfaces of the section l9 and flange portion 26, are treated or activated so that copious emission of electrons therefrom may be obtained. For example, these surfaces may be treated suitably to form a photoelectrically active coating or matrix including silver, caesium oxide and some free caesium.

The cathode i5 is supported by a plurality of rigid metallic rods or wires 22 which are affixed to the cathode and have their ends fitted in apertures in the arms or uprights M of the insulating frame. Preferably, the uprights or arms id engage the sides of the cathode [5 to hold the cathode firmly in proper position. Electrical connection to the cathode 45 may be established through a leading-in conductor 23 embedded in the press ii at one end and connected at the other end to one of the rods or wires 22 by a tie wire 25.

The bafiie or focussing member [6, which may be a metal plate or strip, is supported by a pair of wires or rods 25 afiixed thereto and having their ends fitted in suitable apertures in the uprights or arms i i. Preferably, the baflle or focussing member it is connected electrically to the primary cathode it, as by a wire 26 secured to the conductor 23 and to one of the rods or wires 25.

Each of the auxiliary or secondary cathodes l8, as shown clearly in Figs. 3 and 5, may be formed of sheet metal and comprises a plane rectangular central section 2?, a flange or bafile portion 28 extending at an angle, for example, a right angle, from the section El, and a barrier or screen portion 29 extending obliquely from the section ii. The inner surfaces, that is the surfaces to the right in Fig. 5, of each of the cathodes i8, and preferably only the surface of the section 2i, may be treated or coated to facilitate copious emission of secondary electrons therefrom. For example, these surfaces may be treated to provide a coating or matrix including silver, caesium oxide and some free caesium, which has good secondary electron emitting characteristics.

The cathodes it may be supported individually between the uprights or arms M by rigid metallic rods or wires 36 which are affixed to the cathodes and are fitted at their ends in apertures in the arms or uprights. Preferably, the sides of the several secondary or auxiliary cathodes 58 are engaged by the arms of the insulating frame. As indicated clearly in Figs. 2 and 6, the intermediate sections 21 of the auxiliary cathodes H3 I8 and E8 are substantially co- 27 of the opposite cathodes.

planar and the intermediate sections 27 of the auxiliary cathodes I3 [8 and I8 also are substantially coplanar and parallel to the sections Electrical connection to the secondary or auxiliary cathodes I8 may be established through conductors 3!, extending through the disc i3, each of which is connected at one end to a corresponding one of the cathodes and at the other end to a leading-in conductor 32 embedded in the press [2. The anode or collector electrode ll, which also may be formed of a sheet or strip of metal, is generally V-shaped in section, one wall thereof, as shown in Figs. 2 and 6, being adjacent and parallel to the baffle or flange 28 of the auxiliary or secondary cathode It and the other wall thereof being substantially parallel to the barrier or screen portion 29 of the auxiliary or secondary cathode i8 Rigid metallic wires or rods 33 having their ends fitted in apertures in the uprights or arms 14 are affixed to th anode or collector electrode I"! and support this electrode on the insulating frame. One of the wires or rods 33 is connected to a wire 34, in turn connected to one of the leading-in conductors 32 through which desired electrical connection to the anode or collector electrode ll may b made. During operation of the electron multiplier, each of the secondary or auxiliary cathodes I8 is maintained at a positive potential above that of the next preceding cathode. For example, the auxiliary or secondary cathode I8 may have applied thereto a potential of the order of to volts positive with respect to the primary cathode l5 and each of the other auxiliary or secondary cathodes I3 to I8 may be operated at a potential of the order of 100 to 1.50 volts positive with respect to the next preceding one. The anode or collector electrode l'i may be maintained of the order of 169 to 150 volts positive with respect to the auxiliary or secondary cathode 8 The potentials for th cathodes may be obtained, as shown in Fig. 6, from a potentiometer or Voltage divider including a resistance 35 and a suitable source, such as a rectifier 36, the cathodes being connected to equally spaced taps on the resistance 35. The anode or collector electrode potential may be obtained from a source such as a battery 31.

When the primary cathode I5 is energized or activated, as by a light beam emanating from a source 38 of light of variable intensity and focussed upon the treated or coated surfaces of the cathode 5, a stream of electrons will be emitted from these surfaces. Under the influence of the potential upon the secondary or auxiliary cathode I3 these electrons will flow toward and impinge'upon the inner surfaces of this secondary or auxiliary cathode as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 6. The bailie or focussing member if: and the portions 23 and 2| of the cathode l5 provide field components which assist in focussing the electrons emanating from the cathode i5, upon the auxiliary or secondary cathode 18 and also shield this electron stream from the influenc of fields external to the vessel l0 and from charges upon the walls of the vessel. The primary electrons impinging upon the aux iliary or secondary cathode H3 cause the copious emission of secondary electrons from the treated or coated inner surfaces of the latter. Because of the treatment or coating of the inner surfaces of the cathode 8 as described heretofore, the secondary electron current emanating from this cathode will be several times greater than the impinging electron stream so that, in effect, an electron multiplication and hence an amplification of the primary current is obtained.

The secondary electrons emanating from the cathode I8 under the influence of the electrostatic fields extant between the cathodes I8 and I8 traverse paths as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 6 and impinge upon the treated or coated surfaces of the cathode {8 The impinging electrons cause the emission of other and a greater number of secondary electrons from the cathode I8 so that a further multiplication and amplification occurs.

The phenomenon above described is repeated at each of the subsequent secondary or auxiliary cathodes [8. The secondary current emanating from the last cathode I8 which current is many times greater than the primary electron current from the primary cathode I5, flows to the anode or collector electrode I1 and constitutes the output current of the multiplier. The magnitude of the output current is proportional to the intensity of the light beam from the source 38 and will vary in accordance with variations in the intensity of this beam. The variations in intensity may be in accordance with a signal of audio or radio frequencies it is desired to amplify.

In electron multipliers having successive electrodes arranged in staggered relation, it has been observed that the various electron streams exhibit a marked tendency to diverge. This tendency is due to a number of factors, among which may be the variations in the initial velocities of the secondary electrons and the complexity of the fields adjacent the emissive surfaces of the oathodes. When such divergence occurs, all of the electrons do not flow to and impinge upon such portions of the next succeeding cathode as will result in utilization thereof. Some of the electrons may impinge upon portions of the next succeeding cathode adjacent which the field has material components in directions other than away from the emissive surface of this succeeding cathode so that secondary emission is retarded or suppressed. Other of the electrons may traverse such paths that they do not impinge upon the next succeeding electrode and, hence, do not contribute -to the ultimate output current.

It ha been found that this tendency of, electron streams to diverge is dependent upon the form of the electrodes, the relative dimensions and spacing thereof and the relative potential differences between the electrodes. In accordance with this invention, the electrode parameters and spacings are so correlated that a high degree of convergence of the several electron streams is obtained and the electron stream emanating from each of the cathodes is focussed upon a restricted portion of the next succeeding electrode.

More specifically, in accordance with one feature of this invention, the auxiliary or secondary cathodes l8 are so constructed and arranged that the two rows thereof have glide plane symmetry with respect to a medial plane passing between the two rows, have symmetry with respect to a longitudinal plane at right angles to the first plane, and have non-symmetry with respect to any plane at right angles to the first two planes. That is to say, with reference to glide plane symmetry, as indicated in Fig. 6, the secondary cathodes I8, which as heretofore noted are substantially identical, are so arranged that if one row, for example the row including the cathodes I8 I8 and H3 were displaced a distance :r parallel to the medial plane passing through the line A-A, each of the cathodes I8 l8 and I8 would be exactly opposite the corresponding one of the cathodes I8 l8 and I8 and. the two rows would be exactly symmetrical with respect to this media] plane. When the potentials applied to the secondary cathodes I8 increase successively by equal increments, as heretofore described, the

electrostatic fields adjacent the electrodes, in devices constructed in accordance with this invention also will possess glide plane symmetry.

However, it has been found important that the two rows of a xiliary or secondary cathodes be non-symmetrical with respect to any plane, such as one passing through the line B-B in Fig. 6, normal to the medial plane mentioned heretofore and to the rows of secondary or auxiliary cathodes. This non-symmetry, it has been found, enables the attainment of a strong field away from a very large portion, e. g. greater than half, of the inner surface of each of the secondary or auxiliary cathode 3 with a consequent copious, efl'icient and substantially uniform emission of secondary electrons from large portions of the inner surfaces of each of these cathodes.

Also it has been found important that the several auxiliary or secondary cathodes be symmetrical with respect to a medial plane at right angles to both the planes mentioned above, that is at right angles to the medial plane passing through the line AA and a lateral plane such as one passing through the line BB.

In electron multipliers having electrodes arranged as above described and dimensioned as noted hereinafter, substantially all of the secondary electrons emanating from the auxiliary or secondary cathodes I8 to I8 inclusive, will impinge upon a region of the next succeeding cathode at which the field is away from the surface thereof.

As shown clearly in Figs. 2 and 6, the screen or barrier portions 29 of each of the auxiliary or secondary cathodes IB projects toward the next preceding opposite cathode and preferably laterally beyond the flange or bafile portion 28 of the adjacent preceding cathode so that electron fiow between adjacent electrodes is prevented and the electrons are guided of focussed into such paths that they impinge upon restricted portions of the next succeeding electrode. The flange or baffle portions 28 assist in or augment this guiding or electron focussing action. Each barrier or screen portion 29, furthermore, shields the emissive surfaces of the cathode I8 of which it forms. a part from external fields and also from the adjacent preceding cathode so that the field of the latter will not .produce a component toward the emissive surfaces and thereby retard or interfere with the secondary emissiorr there-from.

Typical values illustrative of the ratios of dimensions which will result in the desired convergence of the various electron streams are the following, reference being had to the characters. in Figs. 4 and 5.

Primary cathode Secondary cathodes a=0.'7 inch A=0.283 inch b=0.2 inch B=0.3 inch 0:0.125 inch D=0.1 inch d=0.15 inch E=0.2 inch f=0.25 inch 0:45 degrees With electrodes of the dimensions set forth above, the plane of the inner surfaces of the sections IQ of the cathodes I8 I3 and It? should be spaced from the plane of the inner surfaces of the cathodes I8 I23 and 53 0.55 inch, the upper edge of each section 2'5 spaced 0.2 inch from the flange 28 of the cathode immediately above and 0.25 inch from the upper edge of the inner surface of the opposite preceding section 2?. Each of the electrodes may be 1.9 inch in width. The focussing electrode 55 may be 1.6 inch by 6.3 inch, spaced (3.081 inch from upper edge of the portion 29 of the auxiliary or secondary cathode 18 and at approximately ight angles thereto. The base of the anode or collector electrode may be 1.0 inch by 0.425 inch and spaced 0.2 inch from the flange 28 of the cathode H3 Inasmuch as the potentials for the several cathodes are obtained from a voltage divider as described heretofore, variations in the potential of the source 35 will not affect the relative potential differences between the cathodes. Furthermore, it will be seen that each secondary cathode IB has thereadjacent a portion 2?; of the second succeeding cathode, which is at a potential twice that of the potential of the next succeeding cathode so that a strong field away from the surface of each cathode is obtained.

It will be noted that in the electron multiplier shown and described, the focussing of he several electron streams is accomplished without the use of additional means, such as magnetic fields, sep arate from the multiplier.

It may be desirable in some instances remove the portions of the insulating arms it between the opposed surfaces of the electrodes in order to reduce edge effects and thereby reduce lateral concentration of the various electron streams.

Reference is made of the application Serial No. 205,936, filed May l, 1938, of John B. Pierce wherein a related invention is disclosed and claimed.

Although a, specific embodiment of this invention has been shown and described and specific values for dimensions given, it will be understood that this embodiment and these values are but illustrative and that various modifications in the structure and changes in the dimensions may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this. invention as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode spaced from said primary cathode, a, plurality of auxiliary electrodes successively mounted in staggered relation between said cathode and said collector electrode, each of said auxiliary electrodes having a portion adapted to emit secondary electrons, said portions of successive auxiliary electrodes being substantially parallel, a barrier member extending obliquely from an edge of each of said portions toward the next preceding electrode, and a baifle member adjacent the opposite edge of each of said portions and extending at substantially right angles thereto and toward the next succeeding electrode.

2. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode spaced from said primary cathode, a row of spaced auxiliary electrodes between said cathode and said collector electrode, and a second row of spaced auxiliary electrodes opposite said first row, the auxiliary electrodes in said rows having opposed transversely dished secondary electron emissive surfaces and being mounted in staggered relation, and the end: of each of said auxiliary electrodes toward said collector electrode being spaced from the other row a distance greater than the spacing between the other end of the auxiliary e ectrode and the other row.

3. An electron multiplier com rising a primary cathode, a collector electrode, a secondary cathode between said primary cathode and said collector electrode having a secondary electron emitting portion parallel to said primary cathode and displaced therefrom toward said collector electrode, and means including members integral with said primary and secondary cathodes respectively and inclined toward each other and including also an'auxiliary electrode separate from said cathodes for screening the emissive portions of said primary and secondary cathodes from extraneous fields.

4. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode, a secondary cathode between said primary cathode and said collector electrode, having an emissive surface substantially parallel to and facing toward said primary cathode, said primary and secondary cathodes having barrier portions inclined toward each other, and an electron focussing member opposite said primary cathode.

5. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode having an electron emissi've surface and an integral barrier portion extending obliquely from said surface, a collector electrode spaced from said cathode, an auxiliary electrode having a secondary electron emissive section and an integral barrier portion extending toward said first barrier portion, and a guiding electrode opposite said emissive surface and mounted adjacent and at an angle to said second barrier portion.

6. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode, a secondary cathode facing toward said primary cathode, an auxiliary cathode facing toward said secondary cathode, said primary, secondary, and auxiliary cathodes having integral flange means for guiding the electrons emanating therefrom, and a plate focussing electrode opposite and inclined with respect to said primary cathode.

'7. An electron multiplier comp-rising a primary cathode, a collector electrode, and a plurality of auxiliary cathodes successively mounted in staggered relation between said primary cathode and said collector electrode, each of said auxiliary electrodes having a plane secondary electron emissive surface, said surfaces of successive auxiliary electrodes being substantially parallel, a barrier member extending from one extremity of said surface and a member extending from the opposite extremity of said surface, said barrier and baffle members being of different areas and extending at unequal angles with respect to the corresponding emissive surface.

8. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, collector electrode spaced from said cathode, row of auxiliary electrodes between said cathode and collector electrode, having substantially coplanar secondary electron emissive surfaces, and a second row of auxiliary electrodes having substantially coplanar secondary electron emissive surfaces parallel to said first surfaces and in staggered relation therewith, each of said auxiliary electrodes having a baille portion extending from the edge of the electron emissive surface thereof adjacent the next electrode in the same row and at right angles thereto, and having also a bar 'ier portion extending from the opposite edge of the electron emissive portion thereof and at an angle of substantially 45 degrees thereto.

9. An electron multiplier comprising an evacuated envelope containing a cathode, an anode and a plurality of secondary electron emissive surfaces mounted intermediate said cathode and anode, said secondary electron emissive surfaces being substantially L-shaped and mounted in staggered relation on opposite sides of a median line drawn through the electron path which extends between said cathode and anode, the long legs of said L-shaped surfaces being inclined inwardly toward the cathode terminal of said median line and the short legs of said L-shaped surfaces extending in the direction of said anode and terminating at points substantially equally distant, respectively, from said median line.

10. The invention as set forth in claim 9 and wherein the long leg of each of said L-shaped surfaces intersects a line drawn between the terminals of the short legs of the next two preceding secondary electron emissive surfaces.

11. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode spaced from said primary cathode, and a pair of rows of secondary cathodes between said primary cathode and said collector" electrode, each secondary cathode having field shaping portions at opposite ends and extending toward the other row, the secondary cathodes having glide plane symmetry with respect to a medial plane passing between said rows, and each secondary cathode being non-symmetrical with respect to any plane normal to said medial plane and to the longitudinal axes of said rows.

12. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode, and a pair of parallel rows of opposed substantially identical secondary cathodes between said primary cathode and said collector electrode, each of said secondary cathodes having an intermediate electron emissive portion, a baille portion extending from one edge of said emissive portion and a second baffle portion extending from the opposite edge of said emissive .portion, said first and second baille portions being of different areas and extending at different angles with respect to said emissive portion, and the secondary cathodes having glide plane symmetry with respect to a medial plane passing between said rows.

13. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode spaced from said primary cathode, and a pair of rows of secondary cathodes extending between said primary cathode and said collector electrode, the secondary cathodes in one row being in staggered face to face relation with those in the other and each of said secondary cathodes having field shaping portions at opposite ends and extending toward the other row, and the field shaping portion at one end being inclined toward the medial plane between said rows at a different angle than the field shaping portion at the other end.

14. An electron multiplier comprising a primary cathode, a collector electrode, and a pair of substantially parallel rows of identical secondary cathodes between said primary cathode and said collector electrode, said secondary cathodes having opposed surfaces dished and the secondary cathodes in one row being in staggered relation with those in the other row, said secondary cathodes having glide plane symmetry with respect to a medial lplane extending between said rows and having symmetry with respect to a longitudinal plane normal to said medial plane, and each secondary cathode being unsymmetrical with respect to any plane normal to said longitudinal and medial planes.

JOHN R. PIERCE. WI L A HO Z I JY-v