US2234967A - Production of alkali metals - Google Patents

Production of alkali metals Download PDF

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Publication number
US2234967A
US2234967A US68274A US6827436A US2234967A US 2234967 A US2234967 A US 2234967A US 68274 A US68274 A US 68274A US 6827436 A US6827436 A US 6827436A US 2234967 A US2234967 A US 2234967A
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cell
metal
liquid metal
electrolyte
mercury
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US68274A
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English (en)
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Harvey N Gilbert
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to US68274A priority Critical patent/US2234967A/en
Priority to US68275A priority patent/US2148404A/en
Priority to DEP4935D priority patent/DE898815C/de
Priority to DEP4936D priority patent/DE891027C/de
Priority to FR818993D priority patent/FR818993A/fr
Priority to BE420511D priority patent/BE420511A/xx
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Publication of US2234967A publication Critical patent/US2234967A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C1/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions
    • C25C1/02—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of light metals
    • C25C1/04—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of light metals in mercury cathode cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/34—Simultaneous production of alkali metal hydroxides and chlorine, oxyacids or salts of chlorine, e.g. by chlor-alkali electrolysis
    • C25B1/36—Simultaneous production of alkali metal hydroxides and chlorine, oxyacids or salts of chlorine, e.g. by chlor-alkali electrolysis in mercury cathode cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/033—Liquid electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/02—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of alkali or alkaline earth metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
    • C25C7/005—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells of cells for the electrolysis of melts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
    • C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
    • C25C7/025—Electrodes; Connections thereof used in cells for the electrolysis of melts

Definitions

  • FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of a two-cell system embodying my invention.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 are sections at right angles to the section of Fig. l, of parts of the apparatus illustrated in'Fig. 1.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a two-cell system suitelectrolyzing sodium chloride to produce chlorine and metallic sodium in accordance with my invention.
  • This apparatus comprises a cold cell in which an aqueous salt solution may be electrolyzed and a hot cell in which a molten sodium compound or a fused mixture of sodium compounds may be electrolyzed.
  • the cold cell is shown in section at the left hand side of Fig. 1 and by Fig. 2, which is a section in plane AA of Fig. 1.
  • the shell or container I which maybe constructed of concrete or other suitable material, has three semicircular wells 2 cast in the bottom thereof.
  • Three vertical wheels 3 are mounted on a rotatable shaft 4 supported by bearings 'I in such manner that the lower part of the wheels 3 depend into the wells 2.
  • the upper part of the cell is covered with a dome shaped gas collector 3 which is made of material resistant to chlorine, preferably ceramic material. Through openings in the top of dome 8 are suspended four vertical anodes 3, preferably made of graphite. The anodes 9 are connected to an electrical lead or bus bar II). Outlet pipe II, made of chlorine-resistant material is provided in the top of dome 8 to condut evolved gas from the interior of the cell.
  • the upper portion of the cell is provided with inlet pipe I2, for introducing an aqueous electrolyte into the cell and outlet pipe I3 for removing aqueous electrolyte from the cell.
  • the aqueous electrolyte may be circulated through the cell by way o-f pipe I2 and I3.
  • the shaft 4, upon which is mounted the rotating wheels 3, is caused to rotate by means of gears 5 and shaft 6 which is connected to a suitable source of power not shown.
  • the "cold cell illustrated in the drawings is filled with mercury or other liquid metal or alloy up to a point below the lower ends of the anodes 9.
  • the liquid metal electrode must have a melting point below the boiling point of the aqueous electrolyte used, unless pressure is applied; mercury is preferred for the metal electrode.
  • the liquid metal may enter the cell by means of pipe I'I and may be removed therefrom by way of pipes I4 which are connected to the bottom of the wellsI 2.
  • the upper portion of the cell above the liquid metal level is filled with an equeous alkali metal salt solution, e. g. a solution of sodium chloride, preferably to a point somewhat above the tops of the rotating wheels 3.
  • brine is continuously circulated through the upper portion of the cell and simultaneously the liquid metal which may serve as cathode is continuously circulated through the lower portion of the cell by way of pipes I4 and pipeII.
  • the liquid metal enters at a point near the upper surface of the liquid metal through pipe I1 and is withdrawn from the bottom of the cell through pipes I4. This circulation, howevenmay occur in reverse direction from that stated if desired.
  • the preferred modication includes a heat exchanger I8, whereby the liquid metal leaving the hot cell is cooled before it enters the cold cell and the liquid metal leaving the coil cell is heated before it enters the hot cell.
  • a heat exchanger I8 whereby the liquid metal leaving the hot cell is cooled before it enters the cold cell and the liquid metal leaving the coil cell is heated before it enters the hot cell.
  • Such cooling means may be of any conventional design. Referring to Figs. l and 3, the hot cell suitable for the production of alkali metal by electrolysis of the fused alkali metal compound in conjunction with an alkali metal alloy as liquid metal anode will be described.
  • the hot cell is shown in section at the right hand side of Fig. l; Fig. 3 is a cross section of the hot cell on the plane BB shown Vin Fig. 1.
  • the hot cell construction includes a shell or container the lower part of which 23 is of relatively heavy construction, e. g. cast iron or cast steel, while the upper part 24 is of some lighter construction, e. g. steel plate.
  • the lower half 23v of the cell is provided with three depressions or wells 25 the cross sections of which, as shown in Fig. 3, are semicircular in shape.
  • a shaft 2l extends transversely of the cell mounted on bearings 4 I, this shaft being provided with gears 28 and counter-shaft 29, the latter being connected to a suitable Source of power not shown for rotating shaft 2l.
  • Three wheels 26 are attached to the shaft 2l so as to rotate therewith, ,the lower portions of wheels 26 depending into the wells 25.
  • Horizontal member 3l in turn is suspended from bus bar 32 which extends through the dome 33 to a point outside the cell.
  • Collecting dome 33 preferably conl structed of cast steel, is mounted above the cathodes 30 and serves to collect molten metal liberated at the cathodes and rising therefrom; Pipe 36 connected to the top of dome 33 is provided to carry oi the collected molten eathodic product into receiver 31 to which it is connected.
  • Receiver 31 is fitted with values 38 at its lower end, whereby the collected molten metal may be removed from time to time.
  • Pipes 39 connected with the bottoms of the wells 25, together with pipe 22, are provided for circulating molten metal anode through the cell.
  • a vertical shield 34 In the upper portion of the cell is suspended a vertical shield 34, .extending completely around all sides of the cell, spaced a short ⁇ distance away from the side walls 4.
  • the shield 34 extends downward to a point just above but out of contact with the level of the liquid metal anode in the cell and is supported at its upper end by means of electrical insulation 35 which in turn is supported by the outstanding flange of the side wall 24.
  • 'I'he entire cell preferably is covered with a layer of heat insulating material 40.
  • the hot cell may be supported by I-beams 42, as shown in Fig. 3. I prefer to provide the cell with a cover 44 to prevent access of air to the electrolyte.
  • the lower portion is lled with the circulating liquid metal anode preferably to a point slightly above the axis of the rotating wheels, and space above the liquid metall anode is filled with a molten alkali metal compound or a fused mixture of alkali metal compounds to serve as electrolyte.
  • liquid metal alloy of an alkali metal e. g. sodium amalgam
  • alkali metal is circulated through the lower t of the hot celll to serve as iianodo.
  • alkali metal is dissolved from the anode andliberated at the cathode.. 'lihe cathodic product, which is in the liquid state rises in the collector dome 33 and thence :iiovvs through pipe 30 to receiver tl..
  • the temperaw ture oi the molten electrolyte may he resulated hy adjusting the how of electrical current, desired, the temperature may additionally he reuulated hy the use ol suitable heating and/or coolmu means in contact with the electrolyte.
  • pipe i0 conducts the liquid metal from pipe it in the loottom ci the cold cell to pump i0 which elevates the metal and forces it through the heat eirchanser i0.. From the heat exchanger i0, the liquid metal hows through pipe 2i and enters the bottom oi the hot cell hy Way oi pipes t0..
  • pipe 2i, leal: trom the heat exchanger to the Mhot cell may he covered with heat insulation dill 'lihe purpose oi the shield tt in the hot cell is to prevent the vralls t4 from acting as anode. since ⁇ vvalls it are in electrical connection ivith cell.
  • the concenttration oi allrali metal in the liquid metal anode introduced into 'the cell may vary uit Wide limits.
  • l have roundthat when usine mercury as the liquid metal, there is no advantage in increasing: the alirali metal content oi the anode alcove about 0.2% hy weicht: at higher concen-n trations the viscosity or the amalgam may 'ilecome excessively high..
  • my improved elec trolytic cell as alcove illustrated is similar, regardless of whether it is used as cold cell -vvhereloy the liquid metal is used as cathode or as a not cell wherein a liquid metal alloy of an alkali metal is used as anode.
  • the principle ol the operation is to rotate the wheels 3 or 26, whereby the surfaces of the wheels continuously in the lower part oi the pass first through the molten metal and then through the electrolyte.
  • the aqueous electrolyte may be a solution of and the liquid metal cathode may be chiefly mercury or mercury alloy..
  • ln practicingF my invention to electrolyze aqueoussoiutlons ol allrali metal salts l prefer to coat the rotatable Wheel or equivalent means utilized vvith an adherent layer oi the amalgam prior to starting the electrolysis. This is clone to prevent chemical reaction hetvveen the metal sodium chloride dit ⁇ lower portion of the hot cell 4 wheel therein until it is covered with the amalgam. The electrolysis then may be started. By this' means, the entire working surface of the wheel w 1 have a uniform, adherent coating of amalgam which prevents contact of the base metal with the electrolyte during the electrolysis.
  • the cell is constructed of metal which readily alloys with mercury, e. g. copper or brass, it will not be necessary to have alkali metal initially present in the liquid metal electrode.
  • metal which readily alloys with mercury, e. g. copper or brass
  • Chromium-iron alloys such as stainless steel are suitable for this purpose.
  • the molten electrolyte in the hot cell preferably should have a melting point not higher than about 250 to 300 C., if the liquid metal electrode owing between the two cells is mercury or alkali metal amalgam, since the vapor pressure of mercury becomes excessively high at temperatures much above 300 C. I prefer to use an electrolyte of sufficiently low melting point so that the temperature of the fused electrolyte can be maintained at notahigher than 240 to 300 C.
  • alkali metal hydroxide and alkali metal halides may be prepared having melting points lower than about 300 C. and as low as around 200 C.
  • I may use a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium iodide which has a melting point not higher than 300 C.
  • I use the eutectic mixture of these compounds containing about 55% by weight of sodium hydroxide and 45% sodium iodide which melts at about 225 C, or an approximation thereof.
  • the cell advantageously may be operated at a temperature of 240 to 250 C. at which temperature the vapor pressure of Neon (19 maar parano-tmp:
  • aesinet mercury is only about Melting Eutectic mixture point KOH (72 molar percent)+KI KOH (65 molar peroent)+KBr LiOH $45.5 molar percent)+Lil... LiOH 45 molar pernt)+LiBr LiOH (63 molar percont)+LiCl I have found that such fused mixtures of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali metal halides may be electrolyzed with an alkali metal alloy anode over long periods of time with substantially no decomposition or change in composition to electrolytically dissolve alkali metal from the anode and liberate it at the cathode. a.
  • the speed of rotation of the electrode wheels in the embodiment of my invention described above may be varied within wide limits and the optimum rate of rotation will depend upon the electrical current density, the nature of the electrolyte, operating temperature, the nature of the liquid metal electrode and the amount of alkali metal in the liquid metal electrode.
  • the only limiting factor in regard to the speed of rotation is that of centrifugal force. That is, the wheels should not be operated at such excessive speed that the liquid film on the upper portion thereon tends to be thrown off the wheel by centrifugal force developed by the rotation.
  • the maximum possible speed of rotation may vary, depending upon the diameter of the wheel and also on the viscosity of the liquid metal lm, which viscosity will vary depending upon the amount of alkali metal dissolved in the liquid metal film, the nature of the liquid metal and also to some extent upon the temperature of op... eration.
  • a steel wheel three inches in diameter may be operated at a .speed of up to about 100 revolutionsper minute with little or no tendency for the liquid film to be thrown off, even with very low amounts of alkali metal in the lm, the liquid metal being mercury.
  • the principle of my invention is to provide a composite electrode which consists of a solid surface coated with an adherent nlm of liquid metal and means for contacting the solid surface rst with a reservoir of liquid metal and then with an electrolyte, whereby a substantially.continuous film of liquid metal adhering to the solid surface serves as active electrode surface.
  • My invention also includes the application of this principle to a double-cell electrolytic process with a liquid metal exchange electrode for electrolyzing V(1) an aqueous solution with the liquid metal as cathode and (2) a low-melting fused electrolyte with the liquid metal dll bil
  • a rotating wheel or disc is utilized for this purpose, the rotation of the wheel serving to coat the solid surface with liquidl metal. contact it with the electrolyte and then again bring it into contact with the reservoir of molten ⁇ metal whereby the metal nlm, after it has momentarily served as electrode is wholly or partially replaced by fresh liquid metal.
  • a rotating wheel for this purpose .l may utilize a continuously moving band or belt oi sheet metal, one portion of which lies in a reservoir of liquid metal while another portion thereof lies in the electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte may be in a container placed oil' to one side of the liquid metal reservoir and on the same level therewith or above it or below it.
  • the rotating wheel in acbrought into contact may be accomplished a sheet of steel from a cranlc shaft whereby ou rotation ol the cranlr, the sheet is alternately raised and lowered so that at i'lrst it is dipped into a molten metal reservoir and then may be raised into the supermatant electrolyte.
  • the same edect is also accomplished by providing a wheel of 'radiating spokes in place oi the solidfacecl wheel described above and shown in the appended drawings.
  • .l may pass a solid metal surface throughliquid metal to piclr up an adherent lilm, contact the nlm-coated surface with the electrolyte to serve as electrode. whereby alkali metal is liberated and alloyed with ⁇ the film and finally move the sur- :face with adhering alloy film into contact with a substance reactive with alkali metal (e.
  • an endless band of flexible steel or equivalent means may be used to carry a film of mercury or alkali metal amaigain coated thereon through a cold cell as cathode, thence baclr to the cold cell, At a .sultable point,v the band may be passed through a reservoir of mercury to replenish the little lost by evaporation in the hot cell. By this means. the power required to circulate mercury and the total amount of mercury required is still further diminished.
  • This arrangement provides a larger active surface, as compared with a rotating cylinder, where only one side of the for example by suspending i'or this purpose, since in cylindrical surface is utilized., Also, in my pre.. ferred modification, using the rotating discs. the amalgamated surface acting electrode forms an extended vertical electrode surface: this is the best arrangement, since it brings the electrode surface into contact with electrolyte substantially throughout the electrolyte and permits electrolysis products, e. g. gases or molten light metals, to readily and quiclrly pass upwardly out of the gone of electrolysis.
  • electrolysis products e. g. gases or molten light metals
  • ll may employ an electrolytic cell cold cell shown in ligs. l and 2 to produce 'the allrall metal amalgam.
  • l may employ a decomposition cell similar to either ci' the cells shown by the drawings or a cell oi simpler de sign, which preferably is constructed oi iron or steel.
  • Such decomposition cell would be similar per portion extending into water or dilute caustic solution.
  • graphite electrodes similar to the cathodes ll of l'igs. l and 3, are arranged in close juxtaposition to the portions of the discs in the aqueous medium..
  • These graphite electrodes are electrically connected with the amai gam in. the well or wells, for example by being loined to the walls of the cell, which may be' made of steel.
  • the amalgam is circulated between the two cells in the manner illustrated by Fig.. l, ercept that ⁇ the heat exchange" il may be eliminated.
  • Water is circulated through the upper portion of the decomposition cell, and the resulting caustic solution leaving the cell may be evaporated to recover the solid allrali metal hydroirw ide. Since the decomposition cell may be operated at ordinary temperatures (e. g. l5 to 30 ci.) the cell need not be insulated.. 'Hydrogen evolved by the reaction may be allowed to escape into the air or may be collected by means of a suitable collecting dome, e. g. one similar to dome di of er eftlciency.
  • my invention is not restricted to utilizations employing mercury as a carrier for alkali metals, but is also applicable to the use of other liquid metal electrodes, e. g.. molten lead, lead alloys, alloys of bismuth, tin, lead and cadmium, such as Woods metal" and the like.
  • other liquid metal electrodes e. g.. molten lead, lead alloys, alloys of bismuth, tin, lead and cadmium, such as Woods metal" and the like.
  • the amalgam-coated rotating disc effectively acts as a heat exchange means to extract heat from the solution undergoing elecerations ordinarily there is more or less heat evolved by the reaction, and by. means of the apparatus and method described herein the reaction heat is effectively removed, especially in the case of reaction with liquids such as Water, with the result that the reacting liquid is at all times maintained at substantially the same temperature as that of the underlying mass of amalgam.
  • My invention is also applicable to heat exchange operations in the absence of electrolysis or other chemical action.
  • a liquid may be effectively cooled by use of the herein described rotating bodies having an adherent liquid metal coating, which bodies are partially immersed in a reservoir of the metal and extend into the liquid to be cooled.
  • the temperature of the liquid to liquids reactive with be cooled or heated thus may be controlled within very narrow limits.
  • liquid alkali metal amalgams containing suillcient alkali metal to cause the amalgam to adhere to the metallic surface may be utilized in such heat exchange operations.
  • Such adaptations may be used for example to cool liquids which are not reactive with alkali metals (e. g.
  • This heat exchange method and apparatus also may be used to add or subtract heat from reactions in which there are no reactants or products which are reactive with the alkali metal amalgam.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising .fa container, having electrically conductive interior side walls, a body of liquid metal adapted to serve as an electrode in the lower portion of said container, an electrolyte floating on the surface of said liquid metal and a metal shield within said container and spaced from the side walls thereof extending through said electrolyte close to but out of contact with said liquid metal and electrically insulated from said side walls.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a container having interior side walls of metal, a liquid metal anode in the lower portion of said container, an electrolyte floating on the surface of said liquid metal anode, and a metal shield close to but electrically insulated from said side Walls, which shield extends through said electrolyte close to but out of contact with said anode.
  • An electrolytic cell comprising a container having interior side walls of metal, a liquid metal anode in the lower portion of said container, an electrolyte oating on the surface of said liquid metal anode, and a metal shield close to but electrically insulated from said side walls, which shield extends through said electrolyte close to but out of contact with said anode and at least one rotatable disc so positioned in the cell with substantially horizontal axis that it lies partly in said electrolyte and partly in said liquid anode.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
US68274A 1936-03-11 1936-03-11 Production of alkali metals Expired - Lifetime US2234967A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US68274A US2234967A (en) 1936-03-11 1936-03-11 Production of alkali metals
US68275A US2148404A (en) 1936-03-11 1936-03-11 Production of alkali metals
DEP4935D DE898815C (de) 1936-03-11 1937-03-06 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkalimetallen
DEP4936D DE891027C (de) 1936-03-11 1937-03-06 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkalimetallen
FR818993D FR818993A (fr) 1936-03-11 1937-03-10 Procédé et dispositif pour faire agir un métal liquide sur des gaz ou des liquides, et pour la préparation de métaux alcalins
BE420511D BE420511A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1936-03-11 1937-03-11

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US68274A US2234967A (en) 1936-03-11 1936-03-11 Production of alkali metals

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US2234967A true US2234967A (en) 1941-03-18

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US68275A Expired - Lifetime US2148404A (en) 1936-03-11 1936-03-11 Production of alkali metals

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US (2) US2234967A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE420511A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE891027C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR818993A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2539743A (en) * 1946-01-03 1951-01-30 Reynolds Metals Co Electrolytic refining of impure aluminum
US2542523A (en) * 1941-08-27 1951-02-20 Ici Ltd Electrolysis of aqueous salt solutions in liquid cathode cells
US2598228A (en) * 1945-02-03 1952-05-27 Wyandotte Chemicals Corp Electrolytic apparatus
US2733202A (en) * 1956-01-31 Electrolytic cells
US2773824A (en) * 1944-09-14 1956-12-11 Robert Q Boyer Electrolytic cells
US2812304A (en) * 1946-01-09 1957-11-05 John A Wheeler Means for cooling reactors
US2840520A (en) * 1954-07-26 1958-06-24 Wurbs Alfred Production of amalgams
US2867568A (en) * 1955-09-01 1959-01-06 Horizons Inc Electrolytic production of hydrides
US2970095A (en) * 1954-10-07 1961-01-31 Ludwig Kandler Method and apparatus for electrolytic decomposition of amalgams
US3085968A (en) * 1960-08-16 1963-04-16 Olin Mathieson Cathode sealing means for electrolytic cell
US3265490A (en) * 1963-04-09 1966-08-09 Tekkosha Co Production of alkali metals from alkali amalgam
US3311504A (en) * 1960-05-02 1967-03-28 Leesona Corp Fuel cell
US3427237A (en) * 1967-05-01 1969-02-11 Thomas M Morris Electrolysis method and electrolytic cell
US3620954A (en) * 1967-10-14 1971-11-16 Karl Ziegler Electrolytic cells
US4156635A (en) * 1978-03-29 1979-05-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Electrolytic method for the production of lithium using a lithium-amalgam electrode
US10326155B2 (en) * 2012-08-07 2019-06-18 Justin Langley Method of electrolytically assisted carbochlorination

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE871063C (de) * 1942-12-13 1953-03-19 Lech Chemie Gersthofen Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Alkalimetallen
US2660514A (en) * 1949-04-08 1953-11-24 Frederick A Rohrman Removal of nitrogen from mixtures of combustible gases
US3472745A (en) * 1967-03-08 1969-10-14 North American Rockwell Fusible alkali-metal salt electrolyte
US7108777B2 (en) * 2002-03-15 2006-09-19 Millennium Cell, Inc. Hydrogen-assisted electrolysis processes
US20060102491A1 (en) * 2004-11-10 2006-05-18 Kelly Michael T Processes for separating metals from metal salts

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE73304C (de) * C. TH. J. VAUTIN in London, England Quecksilber-Kathode für elektrolytische Zellen
DE158574C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) *
GB190317640A (en) * 1903-08-14 1904-08-13 Edgar Arthur Ashcroft Improvements in or relating to the Production of Alkali Metals.
DE410180C (de) * 1920-12-13 1925-03-02 Gualtiero Poma Verfahren zur Reduktion organischer oder anorganischer Stoffe durch Natriumamalgam
DE630145C (de) * 1934-06-02 1936-05-22 I G Farbenindustrie Akt Ges Verfahren zur Herstellung von anorganischen und organischen Salzen der Alkali- oder Erdalkalimetalle

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2733202A (en) * 1956-01-31 Electrolytic cells
US2542523A (en) * 1941-08-27 1951-02-20 Ici Ltd Electrolysis of aqueous salt solutions in liquid cathode cells
US2773824A (en) * 1944-09-14 1956-12-11 Robert Q Boyer Electrolytic cells
US2598228A (en) * 1945-02-03 1952-05-27 Wyandotte Chemicals Corp Electrolytic apparatus
US2539743A (en) * 1946-01-03 1951-01-30 Reynolds Metals Co Electrolytic refining of impure aluminum
US2812304A (en) * 1946-01-09 1957-11-05 John A Wheeler Means for cooling reactors
US2840520A (en) * 1954-07-26 1958-06-24 Wurbs Alfred Production of amalgams
US2970095A (en) * 1954-10-07 1961-01-31 Ludwig Kandler Method and apparatus for electrolytic decomposition of amalgams
US2867568A (en) * 1955-09-01 1959-01-06 Horizons Inc Electrolytic production of hydrides
US3311504A (en) * 1960-05-02 1967-03-28 Leesona Corp Fuel cell
US3085968A (en) * 1960-08-16 1963-04-16 Olin Mathieson Cathode sealing means for electrolytic cell
US3265490A (en) * 1963-04-09 1966-08-09 Tekkosha Co Production of alkali metals from alkali amalgam
US3427237A (en) * 1967-05-01 1969-02-11 Thomas M Morris Electrolysis method and electrolytic cell
US3620954A (en) * 1967-10-14 1971-11-16 Karl Ziegler Electrolytic cells
US4156635A (en) * 1978-03-29 1979-05-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Electrolytic method for the production of lithium using a lithium-amalgam electrode
US10326155B2 (en) * 2012-08-07 2019-06-18 Justin Langley Method of electrolytically assisted carbochlorination

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE891027C (de) 1953-09-24
FR818993A (fr) 1937-10-07
US2148404A (en) 1939-02-21
DE898815C (de) 1953-12-03
BE420511A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1937-04-30

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