US20200383984A1 - Heteroaryl compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and their therapeutic use - Google Patents

Heteroaryl compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and their therapeutic use Download PDF

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US20200383984A1
US20200383984A1 US16/968,273 US201916968273A US2020383984A1 US 20200383984 A1 US20200383984 A1 US 20200383984A1 US 201916968273 A US201916968273 A US 201916968273A US 2020383984 A1 US2020383984 A1 US 2020383984A1
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compound
hydrogen
methyl
mixture
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Irit Snir-Alkalay
Joseph P. Vacca
Yinon Ben-Neriah
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Yissum Research Development Co of Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/16—Emollients or protectives, e.g. against radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • heteroaryl compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Also provided herein are methods of their use for treating, ameliorating, or preventing a disorder, disease, or condition mediated by a casein kinase 1 (CK1), an interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK1), or a cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9).
  • CK1 casein kinase 1
  • IRAK1 interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
  • CDK9 cyclin-dependent kinase 9
  • Casein kinase 1 ⁇ (CK1 ⁇ ), encoded by the Csnk1a1 gene, is a component of the ⁇ -catenin-degradation complex and a critical regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway.
  • Schittek and Sinnberg Mol. Cancer 2014, 13, 231; Cheong and Virshup, J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2011, 43, 465-469; Elyada et al., Nature 2011, 470, 409-413.
  • CK1a phosphorylates 3-catenin at Ser45, which primes it for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK-30.
  • GSK-30 phosphorylates ⁇ -catenin at Ser33, Ser37, and Thr41, marking it for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.
  • This CK1 ⁇ -dependent phosphorylation functions as a molecular switch for the Wnt pathway.
  • a homozygous deficiency of CK1a results in embryonic lethality, suggesting a fundamental role for CK1a in embryogenesis.
  • a CK1a deficiency was found to induce Wnt activation, and DNA damage response, with robust p53 activation and cellular senescence; this was also seen in other types of tissues such as in skin keratinocytes including tissue stem cells.
  • CK1a plays an important role in cellular processes in various tissues, which is, at least, partly coordinated with p53.
  • the well-known tumor suppressor protein, p53 is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in cellular responses to genotoxic stress and DNA damage. Levine and Oren, Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9, 749-758.
  • p53 also acts as a central player against UV damage via the p53/POMC/ ⁇ -MSH/MC1R/MITF skin tanning pathway and through the DNA repair/cell cycle arrest/apoptotic pathway.
  • IRAK1 interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
  • TLR Toll-like receptor
  • IL1R interleukin-1 receptor
  • IRAK-inhibition by a small molecule or the knockdown of IRAK1 impairs MDS cell proliferation, progenitor function, and viability in vitro and in vivo.
  • IRAK1 overexpression confers triple negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) a growth advantage through NF- ⁇ B-related cytokine secretion and metastatic TNBC cells exhibit gain of IRAK1 dependency, resulting in high susceptibility to genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of IRAK1.
  • TNBC triple negative breast cancer cells
  • IRAK1 is essential for the cell survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Adams et al., Oncotarget 2015, 6, 43395-43407.
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 is a prominent member of the transcriptional CDKs subfamily, a group of kinases whose function is to control the primary steps of mRNA synthesis and processing by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.
  • CDK9 activation in vivo depends upon its association with T-type cyclins to assemble the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb).
  • P-TEFb positive transcription elongation factor
  • U and V are each independently —O— and ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U and V are each independently ⁇ N— and —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—, with the proviso that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is ⁇ N—; or W, X, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )—, —N(R 7 )—, ⁇ N—, —O—, or —S—; and Y is a bond;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-2 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 3 , R 4 , and R 6 is independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a
  • R 5 and R 7 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a and R 1c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b and R 1c together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;
  • each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR b R c , —C(O)SR a , —C(NR a ,
  • each Q a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR e ,
  • U and V are each independently —O— and ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U and V are each independently ⁇ N— and —N(R 5 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and —N(R 5 )—; and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—, with the proviso that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is ⁇ N—; or W, X, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )—, —N(R 7 )—, ⁇ N—, —O—, or —S—; and Y is a bond;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 3 , R 4 , and R 6 is independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a
  • R 5 and R 7 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a and R 1c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b and R 1c together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;
  • each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR b R c , —C(O)SR a , —C(NR a ,
  • each Q a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR e ,
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—, with the proviso that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is ⁇ N—; or W, X, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )—, —N(R 7 )—, ⁇ N—, —O—, or —S—; and Y is a bond;
  • each R 1 , R 4 , and R 7 is independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1
  • each R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 is independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a
  • each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a and R 1c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b and R 1c together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR b R c
  • each Q a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR e ,
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a proliferative disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  • a method of treating or preventing a viral infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of treating, ameliorating, or preventing a skin disorder, disease, or condition in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of protecting a subject from ultraviolet radiation comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of increasing skin pigmentation in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of increasing eumelanin level in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • CK1 casein kinase 1
  • a method of treating one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition mediated by a casein kinase 1 (CK1) in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • CK1 casein kinase 1
  • a method of treating one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition mediated by an interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (RAK1) in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • RAK1 interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
  • a method of treating one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition mediated by a cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • CDK9 cyclin-dependent kinase 9
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of a CK1 in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of an IRAK1 in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of a CDK9 in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of inhibiting the growth of a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for inhibiting replication of a virus in a host comprising administering to the host a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of increasing eumelanin level in a skin cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or IA, or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.
  • FIG. 1 shows the effects of compounds A1, A2, B1, and B2 on the protein expression levels of ⁇ -catenin, MDM2, MCL-1, MYC, and p53; and on the phosphorylation of RNA POL2-CTD (pCTD) and H2AX ( ⁇ H2AX), following 16 h-treatment of RKO cells, where PP2Ac was used as a loading control.
  • subject refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human), cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse.
  • primate e.g., human
  • cow, pig, sheep, goat horse
  • dog cat
  • rabbit rat
  • patient are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject.
  • the subject is a human.
  • host refers to a unicellular or multicellular organism in which a virus can replicate, including, but not limited to, a cell, cell line, and animal, such as a human.
  • treat is meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder, disease, or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder, disease, or condition; or alleviating or eradicating the cause(s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.
  • prevent are meant to include a method of delaying and/or precluding the onset of a disorder, disease, or condition, and/or its attendant symptoms; barring a subject from acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject's risk of acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition.
  • alleviate and “alleviating” refer to easing or reducing one or more symptoms (e.g., pain) of a disorder, disease, or condition.
  • the terms can also refer to reducing adverse effects associated with an active ingredient.
  • the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disorder, disease, or condition.
  • contacting or “contact” is meant to refer to bringing together of a therapeutic agent and cell or tissue such that a physiological and/or chemical effect takes place as a result of such contact. Contacting can take place in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
  • a therapeutic agent is contacted with a cell in cell culture (in vitro) to determine the effect of the therapeutic agent on the cell.
  • the contacting of a therapeutic agent with a cell or tissue includes the administration of a therapeutic agent to a subject having the cell or tissue to be contacted.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount or “effective amount” is meant to include the amount of a compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disorder, disease, or condition being treated.
  • therapeutically effective amount or “effective amount” also refers to the amount of a compound that is sufficient to elicit a biological or medical response of a biological molecule (e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA), cell, tissue, system, animal, or human, which is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or clinician.
  • a biological molecule e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material.
  • each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of a subject (e.g., a human or an animal) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • the term “about” or “approximately” means an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 1, 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05% of a given value or range.
  • active ingredient and “active substance” refer to a compound, which is administered, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, to a subject for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition.
  • active ingredient and active substance may be an optically active isomer of a compound described herein.
  • drug refers to a compound or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, which is administered to a subject for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disorder, disease, or condition.
  • alkyl refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • C 1-6 alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C 1-20 ), 1 to 15 (C 1-15 ), 1 to 10 (C 1-10 ), or 1 to 6 (C 1-6 ) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C 3-20 ), 3 to 15 (C 3-5 ), 3 to 10 (C 3-10 ), or 3 to 6 (C 3-6 ) carbon atoms.
  • linear C 1-6 and branched C 3-6 alkyl groups are also referred as “lower alkyl.”
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (including all isomeric forms), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl (including all isomeric forms), n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl (including all isomeric forms), and hexyl (including all isomeric forms).
  • alkylene refers to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkylene may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • C 1-6 alkylene refers to a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkylene is a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C 1-20 ), 1 to 15 (C 1-15 ), 1 to 10 (C 1-10 ), or 1 to 6 (C 1-6 ) carbon atoms, or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C 3-20 ), 3 to 15 (C 3-5 ), 3 to 10 (C 3-10 ), or 3 to 6 (C 3-6 ) carbon atoms.
  • linear C 1-6 and branched C 3-6 alkylene groups are also referred as “lower alkylene.”
  • alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene (including all isomeric forms), n-propylene, isopropylene, butylene (including all isomeric forms), n-butylene, isobutylene, t-butylene, pentylene (including all isomeric forms), and hexylene (including all isomeric forms).
  • heteroalkylene refers to a linear or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that contains one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from O, S, and N in the hydrocarbon chain.
  • C 1-6 heteroalkylene refers to a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the heteroalkylene is a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C 1-20 ), 1 to 15 (C 1-15 ), 1 to 10 (C 1-10 ), or 1 to 6 (C 1-6 ) carbon atoms, or branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C 3-20 ), 3 to 15 (C 3-5 ), 3 to 10 (C 3-10 ), or 3 to 6 (C 3-6 ) carbon atoms.
  • linear C 1-6 and branched C 3-6 heteroalkylene groups are also referred as “lower heteroalkylene.”
  • heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 O—, —CH 2 OCH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 NH—, —CH 2 NHCH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 NH—, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)NHCH 2 —, —CH 2 C(O)NH—, —CH 2 S—, —CH 2 SCH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 S—, —CH 2 S(O) 2 NH—, —CH 2 S(O) 2 NHCH 2 —, and —CH 2 CH 2 S(O) 2 NH—.
  • heteroalkylene may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • alkenyl refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, four, or five, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond(s).
  • the alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • alkenyl embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • C 2-6 alkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C 2-20 ), 2 to 15 (C 2-15 ), 2 to 10 (C 2-10 ), or 2 to 6 (C 2-6 ) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C 3-20 ), 3 to 15 (C 3-5 ), 3 to 10 (C 3-10 ), or 3 to 6 (C 3-6 ) carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propen-1-yl, propen-2-yl, allyl, butenyl, and 4-methylbutenyl.
  • alkenylene refers to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more carbon-carbon double bond(s), in one embodiment, one to five carbon-carbon double bond(s), in another embodiment, one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • the alkenylene may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • alkenylene embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • C 2-6 alkenylene refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkenylene is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C 2-20 ), 2 to 15 (C 2-15 ), 2 to 10 (C 2-10 ), or 2 to 6 (C 2-6 ) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C 3-20 ), 3 to 15 (C 3-5 ), 3 to 10 (C 3-10 ), or 3 to 6 (C 3-6 ) carbon atoms.
  • alkenylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethenylene, allylene, propenylene, butenylene, and 4-methylbutenylene.
  • alkynyl refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, four, or five, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond(s).
  • the alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • C 2-6 alkynyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkynyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C 2-20 ), 2 to 15 (C 2-15 ), 2 to 10 (C 2-10 ), or 2 to 6 (C 2-6 ) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 20 (C 4-20 ), 4 to 15 (C 4-15 ), 4 to 10 (C 4-10 ), or 4 to 6 (C 4-6 ) carbon atoms.
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (—C ⁇ CH), propynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propynyl (—C ⁇ CCH 3 ) and propargyl (—CH 2 C ⁇ CH)), butynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butyn-1-yl and 2-butyn-1-yl), pentynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentyn-1-yl and 1-methyl-2-butyn-1-yl), and hexynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexyn-1-yl).
  • ethynyl —C ⁇ CH
  • propynyl including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propynyl (—C ⁇ CCH 3 ) and propargyl (—CH 2 C ⁇ CH)
  • alkynylene refers to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, four, or five, in another embodiment, one or two, carbon-carbon triple bond(s).
  • the alkynylene may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • C 2-6 alkynylene refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkynylene is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C 2-20 ), 2 to 15 (C 2-15 ), 2 to 10 (C 2-10 ), or 2 to 6 (C 2-6 ) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 20 (C 4-20 ), 4 to 15 (C 4-15 ), 4 to 10 (C 4-10 ), or 4 to 6 (C 4-6 ) carbon atoms.
  • alkynylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethynylene, propynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propynylene and propargylene), butynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butyn-1-ylene and 2-butyn-1-ylene), pentynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentyn-1-ylene and 1-methyl-2-butyn-1-ylene), and hexynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexyn-1-ylene).
  • cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • the cycloalkyl is a saturated or unsaturated but non-aromatic, and/or bridged or non-bridged, and/or fused bicyclic group.
  • the cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 (C 3-20 ), from 3 to 15 (C 3-5 ), from 3 to 12 (C 3-12 ), from 3 to 10 (C 3-10 ), or from 3 to 7 (C 3-7 )carbon atoms.
  • the cycloalkyl is monocyclic.
  • the cycloalkyl is bicyclic.
  • the cycloalkyl is polycyclic.
  • cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, decalinyl, and adamantyl.
  • aryl refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical and/or monovalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical that contain at least one aromatic carbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 20 (C 6-20 ), from 6 to 15 (C 6-15 ), or from 6 to 10 (C 6-10 ) ring carbon atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl.
  • the aryl also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl).
  • the aryl is monocyclic.
  • the aryl is polycyclic.
  • the aryl is bicyclic.
  • the aryl is tricyclic.
  • the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • aralkyl or “arylalkyl” refers to a monovalent alkyl group substituted with one or more aryl groups.
  • the aralkyl has from 7 to 30 (C 7-30 ), from 7 to 20 (C 7-20 ), or from 7 to 16 (C 7-16 ) carbon atoms.
  • Examples of aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, and 3-phenylpropyl.
  • the aralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic group or monovalent polycyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N, in the ring.
  • the heteroaryl is bonded to the rest of a molecule through the aromatic ring.
  • Each ring of a heteroaryl group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and/or one to four N atoms; provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom.
  • the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms.
  • the heteroaryl is monocyclic.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl.
  • the heteroaryl is bicyclic.
  • bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furopyridyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isobenzothienyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyridopyridyl, pyrrolopyridyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, thiadiazolopyrimi
  • the heteroaryl is tricyclic.
  • tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, benzindolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and xanthenyl.
  • the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a monovalent monocyclic non-aromatic ring system or monovalent polycyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • the heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms.
  • the heterocyclyl is bonded to the rest of a molecule through the non-aromatic ring.
  • the heterocyclyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may be fused or bridged, and in which nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic.
  • the heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound.
  • heterocyclyls and heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranonyl, benzopyranonyl, benzopyranyl, benzotetrahydrofuranyl, benzotetrahydrothienyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzoxazinyl, 3-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromonyl, cinnolinyl, coumarinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrobenzisothiazinyl, dihydrobenzisoxazinyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dioxolanyl, 1,4-dit
  • halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine.
  • a group or substituent such as an alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group, may be substituted with one or more, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, each of which is independently selected from, e.g., (a) deuterium (-D), cyano (—CN), halo, and nitro (—NO 2 ); (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c)
  • each Q a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR d , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR d , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR d
  • optically active and “enantiomerically active” refer to a collection of molecules, which has an enantiomeric excess of no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 91%, no less than about 92%, no less than about 93%, no less than about 94%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.8%.
  • an optically active compound comprises about 95% or more of one enantiomer and about 5% or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question.
  • the prefixes R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the compound about its chiral center(s).
  • the (+) and ( ⁇ ) are used to denote the optical rotation of the compound, that is, the direction in which a plane of polarized light is rotated by the optically active compound.
  • the ( ⁇ ) prefix indicates that the compound is levorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise.
  • the (+) prefix indicates that the compound is dextrorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the right or clockwise.
  • the sign of optical rotation, (+) and ( ⁇ ) is not related to the absolute configuration of the compound, R and S.
  • isotopically enriched refers to a compound that contains an unnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms that constitute such a compound.
  • an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (H), deuterium (2H), tritium (H), carbon-11 ( 11 C), carbon-12 ( 12 C), carbon-13 ( 13 C), carbon-14 ( 14 C), nitrogen-13 (13N), nitrogen-14 (14N), nitrogen-15 ( 1 N), oxygen-14 ( 14 O), oxygen-15 ( 15 O), oxygen-16 ( 16 O), oxygen-17 ( 17 O), oxygen-18 ( 18 O), fluorine-17 ( 17 F), fluorine-18 ( 18 F), phosphorus-31 ( 31 P), phosphorus-32 ( 32 P), phosphorus-33 ( 33 P), sulfur-32 ( 32 S), sulfur-33 ( 33 S), sulfur-34 ( 34 S), sulfur-35 ( 35 S), sulfur-36 ( 36 S), chlorine-35 ( 35 Cl), chlorine-36
  • an isotopically enriched compound is in a stable form, that is, non-radioactive.
  • an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (H), deuterium (2H), carbon-12 ( 12 C), carbon-13 ( 13 C), nitrogen-14 ( 14 N), nitrogen-15 ( 15 N), oxygen-16 ( 16 O), oxygen-17 ( 17 O), oxygen-18 ( 18 O), fluorine-17 ( 17 F), phosphorus-31 ( 31 P), sulfur-32 ( 32 S), sulfur-33 ( 33 S), sulfur-34 ( 34 S), sulfur-36 ( 36 S), chlorine-35 ( 35 Cl), chlorine-37 ( 37 Cl), bromine-79 ( 79 Br), bromine-81 ( 81 Br), and iodine-127 ( 127 I).
  • an isotopically enriched compound is in an unstable form, that is, radioactive.
  • an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, tritium ( 3 H), carbon-11 ( 11 C), carbon-14 ( 14 C), nitrogen-13 ( 13 N), oxygen-14 ( 14 O), oxygen-15 ( 15 O), fluorine-18 ( 18 F), phosphorus-32 ( 32 P), phosphorus-33 ( 33 P), sulfur-35 ( 35 S), chlorine-36 ( 36 Cl), iodine-123 ( 123 I), iodine-25 ( 125 I), iodine-129 ( 129 I), and iodine-131 ( 131 I).
  • any hydrogen can be 2 H, as example, or any carbon can be 13 C, as example, or any nitrogen can be 15 N, as example, or any oxygen can be 18 O, as example, where feasible according to the judgment of one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • isotopic enrichment refers to the percentage of incorporation of a less prevalent isotope (e.g., D for deuterium or hydrogen-2) of an element at a given position in a molecule in the place of a more prevalent isotope (e.g., 1 H for protium or hydrogen-1) of the element.
  • a less prevalent isotope e.g., D for deuterium or hydrogen-2
  • a more prevalent isotope e.g., 1 H for protium or hydrogen-1
  • isotopic enrichment factor refers the ratio between the isotopic abundance in an isotopically enriched compound and the natural abundance of a specific isotope.
  • hydrogen refers to the composition of naturally occurring hydrogen isotopes, which include protium (H), deuterium (2H or D), and tritium ( 3 H), in their natural abundances.
  • Protium is the most common hydrogen isotope having a natural abundance of more than 99.98%.
  • Deuterium is a less prevalent hydrogen isotope having a natural abundance of about 0.0156%.
  • deuterium enrichment refers to the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in a molecule in the place of hydrogen. For example, deuterium enrichment of 1% at a given position means that 1% of molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium is about 0.0156% on average, deuterium enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 0.0156% on average. As used herein, when a particular position in an isotopically enriched compound is designated as having deuterium, it is understood that the abundance of deuterium at that position in the compound is substantially greater than its natural abundance (0.0156%).
  • carbon or the symbol “C” refers to the composition of naturally occurring carbon isotopes, which include carbon-12 ( 12 C) and carbon-13 ( 13 C) in their natural abundances.
  • Carbon-12 is the most common carbon isotope having a natural abundance of more than 98.89%.
  • Carbon-13 is a less prevalent carbon isotope having a natural abundance of about 1.11%.
  • carbon-13 enrichment or “ 13 C enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of carbon-13 at a given position in a molecule in the place of carbon.
  • carbon-13 enrichment of 10% at a given position means that 10% of molecules in a given sample contain carbon-13 at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of carbon-13 is about 1.11% on average, carbon-13 enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 1.11% on average.
  • when a particular position in an isotopically enriched compound is designated as having carbon-13, it is understood that the abundance of carbon-13 at that position in the compound is substantially greater than its natural abundance (1.11%).
  • substantially pure and substantially homogeneous mean sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard analytical methods used by one of ordinary skill in the art, including, but not limited to, thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS); or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical, chemical, biological, and/or pharmacological properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance.
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • GC gas chromatography
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • substantially pure or substantially homogeneous refers to a collection of molecules, wherein at least about 50%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% by weight of the molecules are a single compound, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, or a mixture of enantiomers, as determined by standard analytical methods.
  • an atom at a particular position in an isotopically enriched molecule is designated as a particular less prevalent isotope
  • a molecule that contains other than the designated isotope at the specified position is an impurity with respect to the isotopically enriched compound.
  • a compound that contains a protium at the same position is an impurity.
  • solvate refers to a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, e.g., a compound provided herein, and one or more molecules of a solvent, which present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount.
  • Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and acetic acid.
  • the solvent is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • the complex or aggregate is in a crystalline form.
  • the complex or aggregate is in a noncrystalline form.
  • the solvent is water
  • the solvate is a hydrate. Examples of hydrates include, but are not limited to, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and pentahydrate.
  • an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof” has the same meaning as the phrase “(i) an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein; or (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug of the compound referenced therein; or (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug of an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, or an isotopic variant thereof, or
  • U and V are each independently —O— and ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U and V are each independently ⁇ N— and —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—, with the proviso that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is ⁇ N—; or W, X, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )—, —N(R 7 )—, ⁇ N—, —O—, or —S—; and Y is a bond;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 3 , R 4 , and R 6 is independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a
  • R 5 and R 7 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a and R 1c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b and R 1c together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;
  • each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR b R c , —C(O)SR a , —C(NR a ,
  • each Q a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR e ,
  • U and V are each independently —O— and ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U and V are each independently ⁇ N— and —N(R 5 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and —N(R 5 )—; and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—, with the proviso that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is ⁇ N—; or W, X, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )—, —N(R 7 )—, ⁇ N—, —O—, or —S—; and Y is a bond;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 3 , R 4 , and R 6 is independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a
  • R 5 and R 7 are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c
  • each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a and R 1c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b and R 1c together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;
  • each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR b R c , —C(O)SR a , —C(NR a ,
  • each Q a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR e ,
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl; and R 2 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as defined herein.
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl; and R 2 is monocyclic C 3-12 cycloalkyl, bicyclic C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or bicyclic heterocyclyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as defined herein.
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl; and R 2 is monocyclic C 3-12 cycloalkyl, bridged C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or spiro heterocyclyl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as defined herein.
  • R 1 is hydrogen or methyl; and R 2 is cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, each of which is substituted with one or two substituents, wherein each substituent is independently C 1-6 alkyl or —NR 1b R 1c , where the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as defined herein and R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)OR 1
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q;
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , Q, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 1a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxyethyl, pentynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazolyl)methyl, (methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (pyrazolyl)ethyl, (pyridinyl)methyl, pentanoyl, methoxyacetyl, butynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazolyl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, or imidazolyl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidinylene-one, imidazolidinylene-dione, or oxazolidinylene-one;
  • R 3 is butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, or amino.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, ⁇ C(OH)—, ⁇ C(NH 2 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(OH)—, or ⁇ C(NH 2 )—;
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(CH 3 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(CH 3 )—;
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, or ⁇ C(Cl)—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , U, V, W, X, Y, and Z are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • each alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxyethyl, pentynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazolyl)methyl, (methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (pyrazolyl)ethyl, (pyridinyl)methyl, pentanoyl, methoxyacetyl, butynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazolyl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, or imidazolyl;
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidinylene-one, imidazolidinylene-dione, or oxazolidinylene-one;
  • R 3 is butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, or amino.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, ⁇ C(OH)—, ⁇ C(NH 2 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(OH)—, or ⁇ C(NH 2 )—;
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(CH 3 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(CH 3 )—;
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, or ⁇ C(Cl)—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl.
  • W and X are ⁇ N—; in another embodiment, W and Y are ⁇ N—; in yet another embodiment, W and Z are ⁇ N—; in yet another embodiment, X and Y are ⁇ N—; in yet another embodiment, X and Z are ⁇ N—; and in still another embodiment, Y and Z are ⁇ N—.
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6c are each independently R 6 ; and R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6 , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 6d is R 6 ; and R 1 , R 3 , R 6 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b , U and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6c , R 6d U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6c , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R, R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R a , R, U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6d , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 7 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , U, and V are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—
  • U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each as defined herein.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
  • R 2b and R 2d are each hydrogen
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 1a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl
  • each alkyl, alkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(CH 3 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(CH 3 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, or chloro
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 1a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl
  • each alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(R 4 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(R 5 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • U is —O— and V is ⁇ C(CH 3 )—; or U is ⁇ N— and V is —N(CH 3 )—;
  • R 1 is hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, or chloro
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • provided herein is a compound of:
  • provided herein is an isolated compound C17. In another embodiment, provided herein is a purified compound C17.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—, with the proviso that at least one of W, X, Y, and Z is ⁇ N—; or W, X, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )—, —N(R 7 )—, ⁇ N—, —O—, or —S—; and Y is a bond;
  • each R 1 , R 4 , and R 7 is independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently (a) hydrogen or deuterium; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a , —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1
  • each R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 is independently (a) hydrogen, deuterium, cyano, halo, or nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) —C(O)R 1a , —C(O)OR 1a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , —C(O)SR 1a , —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , —C(S)R 1a , —C(S)OR 1a , —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , —OR 1a , —OC(O)R 1a , —OC(O)OR 1a , —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , —OC(O)SR 1a
  • each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d is independently hydrogen, deuterium, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R 1a and R 1c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R 1b and R 1c together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q a ; and (c) —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR 1b R 1c
  • each Q a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) —C(O)R e , —C(O)OR e , —C(O)NR f R g , —C(O)SR e , —C(NR e )NR f R g , —C(S)R e , —C(S)OR e , —C(S)NR f R g , —OR e , —OC(O)R e , —OC(O)OR e , —OC(O)NR f R g , —OC(O)SR 1d ,
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , W, X, Y, and Z are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , W, X, Y, and Z are each as defined herein.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R 1 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 1a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxyethyl, pentynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazolyl)methyl, (methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (pyrazolyl)ethyl, (pyridinyl)methyl, pentanoyl, methoxyacetyl, butynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazolyl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, or imidazolyl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidinylene-one, imidazolidinylene-dione, or oxazolidinylene-one;
  • R 3 is butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, or amino.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, ⁇ C(OH)—, ⁇ C(NH 2 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl.
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(OH)—, or ⁇ C(NH 2 )—;
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl.
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, or ⁇ C(Cl)—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • R 4 is methyl
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)R 1a ;
  • R 2c and R 2d are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 2-6 alkynyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkyl, or —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl;
  • R 2c is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2d is hydrogen
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • each alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2a is pentynyl, pentanoyl, or butynylcarbonyl
  • R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl
  • R 2c is hydrogen, methyl, or hydroxymethyl
  • R 2d is hydrogen
  • R 3 is butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, or amino.
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, or ⁇ C(Cl)—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a is pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl;
  • R 2b is hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2c and R 2d are each hydrogen
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • R 4 is methyl
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form —O—, C 1-6 alkylene, or C 1-6 heteroalkylene;
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 1a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form C 2-6 alkylene
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(R 6 )— or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxyethyl, pentynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazolyl)methyl, (methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (pyrazolyl)ethyl, (pyridinyl)methyl, pentanoyl, methoxyacetyl, butynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazolyl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, or imidazolyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or ethylene
  • R 3 is butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl;
  • each R 6 is independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, or amino.
  • W, X, Y, and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, ⁇ C(OH)—, ⁇ C(NH 2 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxyethyl, pentynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazolyl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (pyrazol-yl)ethyl, (pyridinyl)methyl, pentanoyl, methoxyacetyl, butynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazolyl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidineyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, or imidazolyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or ethylene
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, or tetrahydropyranyl.
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(OH)—, or ⁇ C(NH 2 )—;
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl,
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or 1,2-ethylene
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl.
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, or ⁇ C(Cl)—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or eth-1,2-ylene;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • R 4 is methyl
  • W and X are ⁇ N—; in another embodiment, W and Y are ⁇ N—; in yet another embodiment, W and Z are ⁇ N—; in yet another embodiment, X and Y are ⁇ N—; in yet another embodiment, X and Z are ⁇ N—; and in still another embodiment, Y and Z are ⁇ N—.
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6c are each independently R 6 ; and R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 6d is R 6 ; and R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , and R 6b are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6b and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6c and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6c and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , R 6c and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6c , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6b are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6b , and R 6b are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R, R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 6a , and R 6b are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R, R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R, R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6b are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6b are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6b are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6a are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6a are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6a are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , W, X, and Z are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , W, X, and Z are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , W, X, and Z are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , and R 6d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 1a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl; and
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl
  • each alkyl, alkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are (i) or (ii):
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl; and
  • R 2a and R 2c together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form pyrrolidin-5,5-ylene-2-one, imidazolidin-5,5-ylene-2,4-dione, or oxazolidin-4,4-ylene-2-one;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • R 4 is methyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, or chloro
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 alkynyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, or —C(O)R 1a ; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form —O—, C 1-6 alkylene, or C 1-6 heteroalkylene;
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, —OR 1a , or —NR 1b R 1c ;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c is as defined herein;
  • each alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, C 6-14 aryl, C 6-14 aralkyl, —C(O)—C 1-6 alkyl, —C(O)—C 2-6 alkynyl, or —C(O)-5-membered heteroaryl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form 5-membered heteroaryl or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form C 2-6 alkylene
  • R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxyl, or amino;
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl
  • each alkyl, alkylene, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q.
  • R and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or methyl
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxyethyl, pentynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazolyl)methyl, (methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (pyrazolyl)ethyl, (pyridinyl)methyl, pentanoyl, methoxyacetyl, butynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazolyl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, or imidazolyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or ethylene
  • R 3 is butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxyethyl, pentynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazolyl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazolyl)methyl, (pyrazol-yl)ethyl, (pyridinyl)methyl, pentanoyl, methoxyacetyl, butynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazolyl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazolyl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidineyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolyl, methylpyrazolyl, or imidazolyl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or ethylene
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, methylcyclopropylmethyl, hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, or tetrahydropyranyl.
  • W and Z are each independently ⁇ C(H)— or ⁇ N—;
  • X is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(OH)—, or ⁇ C(NH 2 )—;
  • Y is ⁇ C(H)—, ⁇ C(F)—, ⁇ C(Cl)—, ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, ⁇ C(CF 3 )—, or ⁇ N—;
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, phenyl, benzyl, (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, (pyridin-3-yl)methyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or 1,2-ethylene
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl;
  • R 4 is methyl, isopropyl, cyclopentyl, oxetan-3-yl, tetrahydrofur-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, or tetrahydropyran-3-yl;
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • R and R 5 are each hydrogen
  • R 2a is hydrogen, methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, pent-4-ynyl, pentanoyl, 2-methoxyacetyl, or but-3-ynylcarbonyl; and R 2b is hydrogen or methyl; or R 2a and R 2b together with the N atom to which they are attached form azetidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidine-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, pyrazol-1-yl, 3-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 4-methylpyrazol-1-yl, 5-methylpyrazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl;
  • R 2c and R 2d are linked together to form methylene or eth-1,2-ylene;
  • R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl
  • R 4 is methyl
  • R 6a , R 6b , and R 6d are each independently hydrogen;
  • R 6c if present, is hydrogen, fluoro, or chloro
  • R 7 if present, is hydrogen or methyl.
  • provided herein is a compound of:
  • R 1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 1 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 1 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 1 is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 1 is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 1 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 1 is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 1 is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 1 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 1 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 1 is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —C(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —C(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —C(S)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC(O)R 1a wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OS(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1b R 1c , wherein R band R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , wherein R 1a and R d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C( ⁇ NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C(S)R 1a wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 1 is NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —S(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —S(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 2 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is monocyclic C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2 is bicyclic C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is bicyclic C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is bridged C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2 is cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, each of which is substituted with one or two substituents, wherein each substituent is independently C 1-6 alkyl or NR 1b R 1c , where the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as defined herein and R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2 is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is bicyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is spiro heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2 is 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2 is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —C(O)SR a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —C(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —OC(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —OC(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OC(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OC(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OC(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OS(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OS(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1b R 1c , wherein R band R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C( ⁇ NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2 is —S(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —S(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2 is —S(O) 2 N 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 3 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 3 is cyano. In certain embodiments, R 3 is halo. In certain embodiments, R 3 is fluoro. In certain embodiments, R 3 is chloro. In certain embodiments, R 3 is nitro. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl, where the alkyl and cycloalkyl are each independently and optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 3 is t-butylmethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 1-methylcyclopropylmethyl, 1-hydroxy(cyclopropylmethyl), cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclopentylmethyl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is cyclopropylmethyl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 3 is cyclopentyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 3 is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 3 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 3 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 3 is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —C(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —C(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —C(S)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —OC(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —OC(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OC(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OC(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OC(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OS(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OS(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1b R 1c , wherein R band R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , wherein R 1a and R d are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C( ⁇ NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 3 is —SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —S(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —S(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 3 is —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R band R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 4 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 4 is cyano. In certain embodiments, R 4 is halo. In certain embodiments, R 4 is fluoro. In certain embodiments, R 4 is chloro. In certain embodiments, R 4 is nitro. In certain embodiments, R 4 is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl, or propyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is methyl or isopropyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 4 is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 4 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 4 is oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 4 is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —C(O)NR f R g , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —C(O)SR a , wherein R 1 is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —C(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —C(S)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OH. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OC(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —OC(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OC(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OC(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —OC(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OS(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OS(O) 2 R 1a wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —NH 2 . In certain embodiments, R 4 is —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —NR 1a C( ⁇ NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b R 1c , and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —S(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —S(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 4 is —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 4 is —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 5 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 5 is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is methyl, ethyl, or propyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is methyl or isopropyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 5 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is cyclopentyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 5 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 5 is 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 5 is oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 5 is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1 is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —C(O)NR f R g , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —C(O)SR a , wherein R 1 is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —C(NR a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —C(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —C(S)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —OC(O)R 1a wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —OC(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OC(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OC(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OC(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OS(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OS(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1b R 1c , wherein R band R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , wherein R 1a and R d are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a C( ⁇ NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R is —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 5 is —S(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —S(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 5 is —S(O) 2 N 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 6 is cyano. In certain embodiments, R 6 is halo. In certain embodiments, R 6 is fluoro. In certain embodiments, R 6 is chloro. In certain embodiments, R 6 is nitro. In certain embodiments, R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 6 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 6 is methyl or trifluoromethyl. In certain embodiments, R 6 is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 6 is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 6 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 6 is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 6 is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substitute with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 6 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 6 is heterocyclyl substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 6 is 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 6 is oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or tetrahydropyranyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 6 is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —C(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —C(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OH. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OC(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —OC(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OC(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OC(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —OC(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OS(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OS(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —NH 2 . In certain embodiments, R 6 is —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —NR 1a C(O)SR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —NR 1a C( ⁇ NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —NR 1a C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 6 is —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R and R are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 1 is —S(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —S(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 6 is as defined herein.
  • R is —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 6 is —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 7 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 7 is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is cyclopentyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 7 is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 7 is 4- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 7 is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —C(O)NR f R g , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —C(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1 is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —C(NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —C(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —C(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —C(S)NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —OC(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —OC(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OC(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OC(O)SR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OC( ⁇ NR 1a )NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OC(S)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OC(S)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OC(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OS(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OS(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OS(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —OS(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1b R 1c , wherein R band R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a C(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a C(O)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a C(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1c (O)SR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a C( ⁇ NR 1d )NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a C(S)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a C(S)OR 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a C(S)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —NR 1a S(O)R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —NR 1a S(O) 2 R 1d , wherein R 1a and R 1d are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —NR 1a S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is NR 1a S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1a , R 1b , and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 7 is —S(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —S(O) 2 R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —S(O)NR 1b R 1c , wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 7 is —S(O) 2 NR 1b R 1c wherein R 1b and R 1c are each as defined herein.
  • R 2a is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 2a is deuterium. In certain embodiments, R 2a is C 1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2a is methyl or ethyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2a is methyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2-methoxyethyl. In certain embodiments, R 2a is heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, where the alkyl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is 5-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, where the alkyl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is 6-membered heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, where the alkyl and heteroaryl are each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is (pyrazol-3-yl)methyl, (pyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, (3-methylpyrazol-4-yl)methyl, 1-(pyrazol-4-yl)ethyl, or (pyridin-3-yl)methyl.
  • R 2a is C 2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2a is C 2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2a is pent-4-ynyl. In certain embodiments, R 2a is C 3-12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2a is C 6-14 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2a is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is C 7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is benzyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.
  • R 2a is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R 2a is —C(O)R 1a , wherein R 1a is C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, or heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R 2a is 2-methoxyacetyl, pentanoyl, but-3-ynylcarbonyl, or (pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl. In certain embodiments, R 2a is —C(O)OR 1a , wherein R 1a is as defined herein.

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