US20200208277A1 - Apparatus for electrochemically generating oxygen - Google Patents
Apparatus for electrochemically generating oxygen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20200208277A1 US20200208277A1 US16/634,104 US201816634104A US2020208277A1 US 20200208277 A1 US20200208277 A1 US 20200208277A1 US 201816634104 A US201816634104 A US 201816634104A US 2020208277 A1 US2020208277 A1 US 2020208277A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oxygen
- cathode
- water
- anode
- outer frame
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C25B9/10—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C25B1/10—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
- C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
-
- C25B11/0405—
-
- C25B11/0415—
-
- C25B11/0473—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/054—Electrodes comprising electrocatalysts supported on a carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
- C25B11/065—Carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/077—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the compound being a non-noble metal oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/081—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the element being a noble metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/089—Alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
- C25B13/08—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
- C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical oxygen generator, and more particularly, to an electrochemical oxygen generator applicable to various fields such as in portable, domestic, medical, vehicular, or industrial oxygen generating devices, oxygen pumps, oxygen compressors, or oxygen concentrators.
- oxygen is an essential element for the survival of humankind, and in various fields, technology for generating high purity oxygen as needed is being considered to be very important.
- oxygen generators are applied to various fields such as in portable, domestic, medical, vehicular, or industrial oxygen generating devices, oxygen pumps, oxygen compressors, or oxygen concentrators.
- Such an oxygen generator uses the conventional pressure swing adsorption (PSA) method, membrane separation method, or oxygen generating technology using an oxygen tank.
- PSA pressure swing adsorption
- the conventional oxygen generating technology such as the PSA method or the membrane separation method is highly expensive due to a large size of a system due to a complicated oxygen generating process and use of a large amount of an adsorbent or the like.
- the conventional oxygen generating technology such as the PSA method or the membrane separation method is highly expensive due to a large size of a system due to a complicated oxygen generating process and use of a large amount of an adsorbent or the like.
- noise and vibration inevitably occur.
- the oxygen generator using the oxygen tank has advantages in that it is possible to lower the price of the oxygen generator, miniaturize the oxygen generator, and implement noise-free and vibration-free oxygen generation but has a problem in that the oxygen tank should be periodically filled with oxygen from a specialized gas company in accordance with the use of the oxygen generator. Furthermore, the oxygen generator has a problem in that it is very inconvenient to use the oxygen generator due to the usage time of the oxygen generator being limited to the size of the oxygen tank.
- the present invention is directed to providing an electrochemical oxygen generator capable of generating oxygen without noise and vibration using an electrochemical method and being manufactured as a miniaturized device.
- Oxygen (O 2 ) may be generated at the anode using the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and water (H 2 O) may be generated at the cathode using the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
- OER oxygen evolution reaction
- ORR oxygen reduction reaction
- an oxygen generator includes a membrane-electrode assembly including an anode connected to a first electrode of a power supply, a cathode connected to a second electrode of the power supply, and an electrolyte membrane provided between the anode and the cathode, a water supply source configured to supply water to the anode, and an air supply unit configured to supply oxygen to the cathode, wherein oxygen (O 2 ) is generated at the anode using an OER, and water (H 2 O) is generated at the cathode using an ORR.
- a membrane-electrode assembly including an anode connected to a first electrode of a power supply, a cathode connected to a second electrode of the power supply, and an electrolyte membrane provided between the anode and the cathode, a water supply source configured to supply water to the anode, and an air supply unit configured to supply oxygen to the cathode, wherein oxygen (O 2 ) is generated at the anode using an OER,
- the oxygen generator may further include a water collection line configured to collect water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode in the water supply source.
- the oxygen generator may further include a first outer frame portion positioned outside the anode and a second outer frame portion positioned outside the cathode, wherein the first outer frame portion includes a first outer frame, a water inlet positioned at one side of the first outer frame, and an oxygen outlet positioned at the other side of the first outer frame, and the second outer frame portion includes a second outer frame, an oxygen inlet positioned at one side of the second outer frame, and a water outlet positioned at the other side of the second outer frame.
- Water (H 2 O) supplied from the water supply source may be supplied to the anode through the water inlet, hydrogen ions (H + ), oxygen (O 2 ), and electrons may be generated by electrolyzing water (H 2 O) and the generated oxygen (O 2 ) may be discharged through the oxygen outlet at the anode, and oxygen (O 2 ) in air supplied from the oxygen inlet may react with hydrogen ions (H + ) being moved by passing through the electrolyte membrane to generate water (H 2 O) and the generated water (H 2 O) may be discharged through the water outlet at the cathode.
- the anode may include a first support and a first catalyst layer positioned at one side of the first support, the first support may include carbon black, Ketjen black, acetylene black, an activated carbon powder, a carbon molecular sieve, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon having fine pores, mesoporous carbon, a conductive polymer, or a mixture thereof, and the first catalyst layer may include at least one catalyst for an OER selected from the group consisting of metals including platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), rhenium (Re), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), sulfur (S), and molybdenum (Mo) and the metals combined with an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a phosphide, and a sulfide.
- the first support may include carbon black, Ke
- the cathode may include a second support and a second catalyst layer positioned at one side of the second support, the second support may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon or transition metals combined with an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a phosphide, and a sulfide, and the second catalyst layer may include at least one catalyst for an ORR selected from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and alloys thereof.
- the cathode may include a second support and a second catalyst layer positioned at one side of the second support, the second support may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon or transition metals combined with an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a phosphide, and a sulfide, and the second catalyst layer may include an Fe—N—C catalyst.
- the Fe—N—C catalyst may inhibit a hydrogen evolution reaction and promote an ORR.
- an oxygen generator for generating oxygen (O 2 ) using a simple configuration including a membrane-electrode assembly, a power supply capable of applying a certain amount of power, and a water supply source capable of supplying water to an anode of the membrane-electrode assembly.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for describing a principle of an oxygen generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic exploded perspective view illustrating an application example of an oxygen generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a partially assembled perspective view illustrating the application example of the oxygen generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating an assembled state of the application example of the oxygen generator according to the present invention excluding a gasket.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 2.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 3.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 4.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a flow rate of air of Experimental Example 5.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 6.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 7.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 8.
- spatially relative terms such as “below,” “beneath,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used to easily describe relationships between one component and another component as shown in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of components in use or in operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if a component shown in the drawing is turned over, a component described as “below,” “beneath,” or “under” another component would then be oriented “above” another component. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. Since a component may be oriented in another direction, the spatially relative terms may be interpreted in accordance with the orientation of the component.
- an oxygen evolution reaction occurs at an anode
- a hydrogen evolution reaction occurs at a cathode
- an oxygen reduction reaction occurs at an anode
- a hydrogen oxidation reaction occurs at a cathode
- the following reactions occur in an anode and a cathode.
- oxygen (O 2 ) is generated at the anode using an OER that is a water electrolysis reaction
- water (H 2 O) is generated at the cathode using an ORR that is a fuel cell reaction.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for describing a principle of an oxygen generator according to the present invention.
- an oxygen generator 10 includes a membrane-electrode assembly 60 including an anode 30 connected to a first electrode of a power supply 20 , a cathode 40 connected to a second electrode of the power supply, and an electrolyte membrane 50 provided between the anode and the cathode.
- the first electrode may be a positive electrode
- the second electrode may be a negative electrode.
- the oxygen generator 10 includes a water supply source 70 for supplying water to the anode 30 and an air supply unit 80 for supplying oxygen to the cathode 40 .
- the air supply unit 80 may be for supplying oxygen to the cathode 40 and may supply general air to the cathode to supply oxygen to the cathode 40 .
- the supply of oxygen by the air supply unit 80 may be understood to mean that air is supplied to the cathode 40 .
- the air supply unit 80 may use a known fan, but a type of the air supply unit 80 is not limited thereto.
- air may be forcibly supplied to the cathode 40 by operating the fan, thereby supplying oxygen to the cathode 40 .
- the supply of oxygen through such a forcible method may be expressed as an air flow rate, which will be described below.
- hydrogen ions (H + ) generated at the anode move to the cathode by passing through the electrolyte membrane 50 .
- oxygen (O 2 ) in air supplied from the air supply unit 80 reacts with hydrogen ions (H + ) being moved by passing through the electrolyte membrane 50 to generate water (H 2 O).
- oxygen (O 2 ) is generated using an OER
- water (H 2 O) is generated using an ORR
- the oxygen generator 10 may further include a water collection line 90 for collecting water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode 40 in the water supply source 70 .
- a water collection line 90 for collecting water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode 40 in the water supply source 70 .
- water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode 40 is illustrated as being collected in the water supply source 70 , but water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode 40 may be discharged through any discharge line.
- water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode 40 may be collected in the water supply source 70 .
- the oxygen generator for generating oxygen (O 2 ) at the anode.
- oxygen (O 2 ) generated at the anode may be applied to various fields such as in portable, domestic, medical, vehicular, or industrial oxygen generating devices, oxygen pumps, oxygen compressors, or oxygen concentrators.
- the oxygen generator for generating oxygen using a simple configuration including the membrane-electrode assembly 60 including the anode 30 , the cathode 40 , and the electrolyte membrane 50 provided between the anode and the cathode, the power supply 20 capable of applying a certain amount of power to the anode and the cathode, the water supply source 70 capable of supplying water to the anode, and the air supply unit 80 for supplying oxygen to the cathode 40 .
- an oxygen generator using an oxygen tank has a problem in that the oxygen tank should be periodically filled with oxygen from a specialized gas company in accordance with the use of the oxygen generator.
- the oxygen generator for generating oxygen (O 2 ) using a simple configuration including the membrane-electrode assembly 60 , the power supply 20 capable of applying a certain amount of power, the water supply source 70 capable of supplying water to the anode of the membrane-electrode assembly, and the air supply unit 80 for supplying oxygen to the cathode of the membrane-electrode assembly.
- an electrochemical oxygen generator can be provided such that oxygen is generated without noise and vibration using an electrochemical method and the electrochemical oxygen generator is also miniaturized due to a simple device configuration.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic exploded perspective view illustrating an application example of an oxygen generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a partially assembled perspective view illustrating the application example of the oxygen generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating an assembled state of the application example of the oxygen generator according to the present invention except for a gasket.
- an application example 100 of an oxygen generator according to the present invention includes a membrane-electrode assembly 60 including an anode 30 connected to a first electrode of a power supply 20 , a cathode 40 connected to a second electrode of the power supply, and an electrolyte membrane 50 provided between the anode and the cathode.
- the first electrode may be a positive electrode
- the second electrode may be a negative electrode.
- the application example 100 of the oxygen generator according to the present invention includes a water supply source 70 for supplying water to the anode 30 and an air supply unit 70 for supplying oxygen to the cathode 40 .
- the air supply unit 70 may be for supplying oxygen to the cathode 40
- the air supply unit 80 may supply general air to the cathode to supply oxygen to the cathode 40 .
- the supply of oxygen by the air supply unit 80 may be understood to mean that air is supplied to the cathode 40 .
- the air supply unit 80 may use a known fan, but a type of the air supply unit 80 is not limited thereto.
- air may be forcibly supplied to the cathode 40 by operating the fan, thereby supplying oxygen to the cathode 40 .
- the supply of oxygen through such a forcible method may be expressed as an air flow rate, which will be described below.
- the application example 100 of the oxygen generator according to the present invention may further include a water collection line 90 for collecting water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode 40 in the water supply source 70 .
- the application example 100 of the oxygen generator device according to the present invention includes a first outer frame portion 110 positioned outside the anode 30 and a second outer frame portion 120 positioned outside the cathode 40 .
- the first outer frame portion 110 includes a first outer frame 111 , a water inlet 112 positioned at one side of the first outer frame 111 , and an oxygen outlet 113 positioned at the other side of the first outer frame 111 .
- the second outer frame portion 120 includes a second outer frame 121 , an oxygen inlet 122 positioned at one side of the second outer frame 121 , and a water outlet 123 positioned at the other side of the second outer frame 121 .
- oxygen may be supplied to the cathode 40 through the oxygen inlet 122 , oxygen (O 2 ) in air supplied from the air supply unit (not shown) reacts with hydrogen ions (H + ) being moved by passing through the electrolyte membrane 50 to generate water (H 2 O) at the cathode, and the generated water (H 2 O) may be discharged through the water outlet 123 .
- water (H 2 O) generated at the cathode 40 may be collected in the water supply source 70 through the water collection line 90 or may be discharged through any discharge line.
- the application example 100 of the oxygen generator according to the present invention includes a gasket 130 positioned between the first outer frame portion 110 and the second outer frame portion 120 .
- the gasket 130 includes a gasket frame 131 coupled to the first outer frame portion 110 and the second outer frame portion 120 and a hollow portion 132 formed inside the gasket frame 131 .
- the gasket frame 131 may be made of Teflon or silicon.
- the membrane-electrode assembly 60 including the anode 30 , the cathode 40 , and the electrolyte membrane 50 provided between the anode and the cathode may be positioned in the hollow portion 132 .
- the gasket 130 may support the membrane-electrode assembly 60 and may also prevent water supplied to the membrane-electrode assembly 60 or water generated in the membrane-electrode assembly 60 from flowing to the outside.
- the anode 30 may include a first support, a first catalyst layer positioned at one side of the first support, and a first gas diffusion layer positioned at the other side of the first support.
- the first support may include carbon black, Ketjen black, acetylene black, an activated carbon powder, a carbon molecular sieve, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon having fine pores, mesoporous carbon, a conductive polymer, or a mixture thereof.
- the first catalyst layer may include at least one catalyst for an OER selected from the group consisting of metals including platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), rhenium (Re), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), sulfur (S), and molybdenum (Mo) and the metals combined with an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a phosphide, and a sulfide.
- the first catalyst layer may be in a state of being supported on the first support.
- the cathode 40 may include a second support, a second catalyst layer positioned at one side of the second support, and a second gas diffusion layer positioned at the other side of the second support.
- the second support may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon or transition metals combined with an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a phosphide, and a sulfide.
- the second catalyst layer may include at least one catalyst for an ORR selected from the group consisting of Pt, palladium (Pd), Ir, gold (Au), silver (Ag), and an alloy thereof.
- the second catalyst layer may be in a state of being supported on the second support.
- the alloy of Pt, Pd, Ir, Au, and Ag may be an alloy of a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Ir, Au, and Ag with a transition metal, an alkali metal, or a lanthanide group metal.
- the transition metal may be at least one selected from the group consisting of scandium (Sc), Ti, V, chromium (Cr), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), Nb, Mo, technetium (Tc), Ru, rhodium (Rh), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), Re, and osmium (Os).
- the alkali metal may be at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
- the lanthanide group metal may be at least one selected from the group consisting of lanthanum (La), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu).
- La lanthanum
- Y cerium
- Pr praseodymium
- Nd neodymium
- Pm promethium
- Sm samarium
- Eu europium
- Gd gadolinium
- Tb terbium
- Dy dysprosium
- Yb ytterbium
- Lu lutetium
- the second catalyst layer which includes a catalyst for a cathode, may use an Fe—N—C catalyst, and the Fe—N—C catalyst may inhibit an HER and promote an ORR, that is, an HER may not occur.
- the Fe—N—C catalyst may be used throughout a wide range of potentials.
- the first gas diffusion layer and the second gas diffusion layer function to allow a reaction gas to easily access the catalyst layer.
- the first gas diffusion layer of the anode should function to allow water supplied from the water supply unit to pass therethrough
- the second gas diffusion layer of the cathode should function to allow oxygen supplied from the air supply unit to pass therethrough.
- the gas diffusion layer is not particularly limited, and for example, the gas diffusion layer may include carbon paper, carbon cloth, or a metal sheet having in a mesh form.
- the metal sheet in the mesh form may be a stainless steel-based mesh, a titanium-based mesh, or a nickel-based mesh.
- the materials of the first gas diffusion layer and the second gas diffusion layer are not limited in the present invention.
- the electrolyte membrane 50 may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a perfluoro-based proton conductive polymer membrane, a sulfonated polysulfone copolymer, a sulfonated poly(ether-ketone)-based polymer, a perfluorinated sulfonic acid group-containing polymer, a sulfonated polyether ether ketone-based polymer, a polyimide-based polymer, a polystyrene-based polymer, a polysulfone-based polymer, and a clay-sulfonated polysulfone nanocomposite.
- the electrolyte membrane may include an aqueous solvent, and the aqueous solvent may be at least one selected from H 2 SO 4 , HClO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , H 4 P 2 O 7 , K 2 PO 4 , Na 3 PO 4 , K 3 PO 4 , HNO 3 , KNO 3 , and NaNO 3 .
- the bonding of the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte membrane is required, and such bonding may be performed through a thermal pressing method or the like.
- a thermal press bonding process may be performed at a temperature ranging from of 120° C. to 150° C. and a pressure ranging from 50 kgf/cm 2 to 200 kgf/cm 2 for 0.1 minutes to 10 minutes.
- Pt/C as a catalyst was applied on a cathode, and an iridium oxide catalyst having a nanoporous structure was applied on an anode using a spray method, a decal method, or the like.
- Pt/C—IrO 2 Air-Water
- IrO 2 air-Water
- a nafion electrolyte membrane platinum as a catalyst was applied on a cathode, and an iridium oxide catalyst having a nanoporous structure was applied on an anode using a spray method, a decal method, or the like.
- unit cell evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Experiment Example 1 described above except that the supply of water to the anode through a water supply source was cut off and the supply of air to the cathode through an air supply unit was cut off.
- Pt/C—IrO 2 Non Air-Water
- Pt/C was used as a cathode catalyst
- IrO 2 was used as an anode catalyst
- the supply of water to the anode through the water supply source was cut off
- the supply of air to the cathode through the air supply unit was cut off.
- unit cell evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Experiment Example 1 described above except that the supply of air to the cathode through an air supply unit was cut off.
- Pt/C—IrO 2 Non Air-Water
- a nafion electrolyte membrane platinum as a catalyst was applied on a cathode, and an iridium oxide catalyst having a nanoporous structure was applied on an anode using a spray method, a decal method, or the like.
- Water was supplied to the anode through a water supply source, but the supply of air to the cathode was cut off and a voltage was applied up to 1.8 V to perform unit cell evaluation.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 4.
- Experimental Example 4 showed a contrasting result with Example 1 in that when air was supplied to the cathode through the separate air supply unit and water was supplied to the anode through the separate water supply source, current density was obtained even when a voltage of 0.6 V or more was applied. In addition, it was confirmed that an OER occurred at the anode in Experimental Example 1 and an HER occurred at the cathode in Experimental Example 4.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a flow rate of air of Experimental Example 5.
- a supply flow rate of air through the air supply unit may be 20 ccm or more.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 6.
- Unit cell evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that platinum as a catalyst was used at a cathode and the same platinum catalyst as the cathode was used at an anode.
- unit cell evaluation was performed by being divided into a case (1) in which water was supplied to the anode through a water supply source and air was supplied to the cathode through an air supply unit (Air-Water) and a case (2) in which water was supplied to the anode through the water supply source but the air supply unit was blocked and thus air was not supplied to the cathode (Non Air-Water).
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 7.
- Unit cell evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that platinum as a catalyst was used at a cathode and a ruthenium oxide catalyst was used at an anode.
- water was supplied to the anode through a water supply source, and air was supplied to the cathode through an air supply unit to perform unit cell evaluation.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing a change in oxygen generation current density according to a voltage of Experimental Example 8.
- an amount of oxygen generated at the anode may be increased by varying a catalyst of the anode.
- an oxygen generator for generating oxygen (O 2 ) using a simple configuration including a membrane-electrode assembly 60 , a power supply 20 capable of applying a certain amount of power, a water supply source 70 capable of supplying water to an anode of the membrane-electrode assembly, and an air supply unit 80 for supplying oxygen to a cathode of the membrane-electrode assembly.
- an electrochemical oxygen generator can be provided such that oxygen is generated without noise and vibration using an electrochemical method and the electrochemical oxygen generator is miniaturized due to a simple device configuration.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2017-0094511 | 2017-07-26 | ||
KR20170094511 | 2017-07-26 | ||
KR10-2018-0076331 | 2018-07-02 | ||
KR1020180076331A KR20190012100A (ko) | 2017-07-26 | 2018-07-02 | 전기화학적 산소 발생 장치 |
PCT/KR2018/008438 WO2019022515A1 (ko) | 2017-07-26 | 2018-07-25 | 전기화학적 산소 발생 장치 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20200208277A1 true US20200208277A1 (en) | 2020-07-02 |
Family
ID=65365364
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/634,104 Abandoned US20200208277A1 (en) | 2017-07-26 | 2018-07-25 | Apparatus for electrochemically generating oxygen |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20200208277A1 (ko) |
EP (1) | EP3660186A4 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP7263344B2 (ko) |
KR (1) | KR20190012100A (ko) |
CN (1) | CN111315920A (ko) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114481213A (zh) * | 2022-02-25 | 2022-05-13 | 同济大学 | 一种低温磷化铂镍纳米合金团簇/碳催化剂及制备与应用 |
US20220356096A1 (en) * | 2021-05-06 | 2022-11-10 | Prosper Technologies, Llc | Systems of gas infusion for wastewater treatment |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109111012B (zh) * | 2018-11-09 | 2021-05-28 | 济南大学 | 一种便携式净水器 |
JP2023529463A (ja) * | 2020-06-10 | 2023-07-10 | ネーデルランツェ・オルガニザーティ・フォール・トゥーヘパストナトゥールウェテンシャッペレイク・オンダーズーク・テーエヌオー | プロトン交換膜型電解槽デバイス及び該デバイスを製造する方法 |
KR102437608B1 (ko) * | 2020-10-13 | 2022-08-29 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 중성 pH 영역에서 활성화 가능한 애노드 및 이의 제조방법 그리고 이를 포함하는 미생물 전기합성 시스템 |
CN114164439B (zh) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-11-29 | 嘉庚创新实验室 | 电化学反应装置及生产氧气的方法 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20180241047A1 (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2018-08-23 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | P/metal-n-c hybrid catalyst |
US20180358641A1 (en) * | 2015-05-26 | 2018-12-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electrode membrane assembly having an oxygen evolution catalyst electrodes, and methods of making and using the same |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1065005C (zh) * | 1995-10-13 | 2001-04-25 | 武汉中山实业(集团)股份有限公司 | 电化学氧阴极制氧方法及其电解槽 |
JPH09155157A (ja) * | 1995-12-11 | 1997-06-17 | Opt D D Melco Lab:Kk | 電気化学素子 |
DE10053546A1 (de) * | 2000-10-27 | 2002-05-02 | Angewandte Technik Mbh Greifsw | Portabler elektrochemischer Sauerstoffgenerator |
US6838205B2 (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2005-01-04 | Lynntech, Inc. | Bifunctional catalytic electrode |
KR100717747B1 (ko) * | 2005-10-25 | 2007-05-11 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 직접 산화형 연료 전지용 스택의 회복 방법 |
US8021525B2 (en) * | 2007-05-16 | 2011-09-20 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | PEM water electrolysis for oxygen generation method and apparatus |
US8617770B2 (en) * | 2007-09-12 | 2013-12-31 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Electrodes containing oxygen evolution reaction catalysts |
KR101600963B1 (ko) * | 2010-04-15 | 2016-03-08 | 충북대학교 산학협력단 | 고농도 산소 발생장치 |
KR101326120B1 (ko) * | 2010-08-18 | 2013-11-06 | (주)엘켐텍 | 전기분해모듈 및 이를 포함하는 산소 발생기 |
WO2013089026A1 (ja) * | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-20 | パナソニック株式会社 | 炭素系材料、電極触媒、酸素還元電極触媒、ガス拡散電極、水溶液電解装置、並びに炭素系材料の製造方法 |
US9257705B2 (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2016-02-09 | King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals | Method for producing Pt-free electrocatalysts for fuel cells and batteries |
KR101564608B1 (ko) * | 2014-04-10 | 2015-11-02 | 국립대학법인 울산과학기술대학교 산학협력단 | 수소 및 산소를 생성하는 고체 산화물 수전해 셀 |
GB201515869D0 (en) * | 2015-09-08 | 2015-10-21 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd | Oxygen reduction reactor catalyst |
JP7349354B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-08 | 2023-09-22 | セルセントリック・ゲーエムベーハー・ウント・コー・カーゲー | 燃料電池システムのための氷点下始動方法 |
-
2018
- 2018-07-02 KR KR1020180076331A patent/KR20190012100A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2018-07-25 CN CN201880048461.2A patent/CN111315920A/zh active Pending
- 2018-07-25 JP JP2020525843A patent/JP7263344B2/ja active Active
- 2018-07-25 EP EP18839109.8A patent/EP3660186A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2018-07-25 US US16/634,104 patent/US20200208277A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20180358641A1 (en) * | 2015-05-26 | 2018-12-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Electrode membrane assembly having an oxygen evolution catalyst electrodes, and methods of making and using the same |
US20180241047A1 (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2018-08-23 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | P/metal-n-c hybrid catalyst |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20220356096A1 (en) * | 2021-05-06 | 2022-11-10 | Prosper Technologies, Llc | Systems of gas infusion for wastewater treatment |
US20220356093A1 (en) | 2021-05-06 | 2022-11-10 | Prosper Technologies, Llc | Systems of gas infusion for wastewater treatment |
US11643344B2 (en) | 2021-05-06 | 2023-05-09 | Prosper Technologies, Llc | Methods of gas infusion for wastewater treatment |
US11697606B2 (en) | 2021-05-06 | 2023-07-11 | Prosper Technologies, Llc | Systems of gas infusion for wastewater treatment |
US11795081B2 (en) * | 2021-05-06 | 2023-10-24 | Prosper Technologies, Llc | Systems of gas infusion for wastewater treatment |
US12006239B2 (en) | 2021-05-06 | 2024-06-11 | Prosper Technologies, Llc | Oxygen infusion module for wastewater treatment |
CN114481213A (zh) * | 2022-02-25 | 2022-05-13 | 同济大学 | 一种低温磷化铂镍纳米合金团簇/碳催化剂及制备与应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP7263344B2 (ja) | 2023-04-24 |
KR20190012100A (ko) | 2019-02-08 |
EP3660186A1 (en) | 2020-06-03 |
EP3660186A4 (en) | 2020-08-19 |
CN111315920A (zh) | 2020-06-19 |
JP2020534436A (ja) | 2020-11-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20200208277A1 (en) | Apparatus for electrochemically generating oxygen | |
JP4197683B2 (ja) | 燃料電池電極用触媒、燃料電池電極、膜電極接合体および燃料電池 | |
KR102254704B1 (ko) | 유기 하이드라이드 제조장치 및 유기 하이드라이드의 제조방법 | |
KR20210074260A (ko) | 전기화학적 산소 발생기 | |
JP6786426B2 (ja) | 電気化学還元装置及び芳香族炭化水素化合物の水素化体の製造方法 | |
US20190032231A1 (en) | Metal-containing cluster catalyst, and electrode for carbon dioxide reduction and carbon dioxide reduction apparatus including the same | |
WO2018037774A1 (ja) | カソード、有機ハイドライド製造用電解セル及び有機ハイドライドの製造方法 | |
US20140308592A1 (en) | Method of manufacturing dispersion liquid for electrode catalyst, dispersion liquid for electrode catalyst, method of manufacturing electrode catalyst, electrode catalyst, electrode structure, membrane electrode assembly, fuel cell and air cell | |
JP6954561B2 (ja) | 有機ハイドライド製造装置 | |
JP2007284705A (ja) | 電解型水素発生装置、水素ガスの発生方法及び燃料電池 | |
KR20200120572A (ko) | 전기화학적 산소 발생 장치 | |
WO2015029367A1 (ja) | 電気化学還元装置 | |
JP2007265936A (ja) | ガス拡散電極とその製造方法、及び当該ガス拡散電極を用いる燃料電池及び食塩電解セル | |
JP2024044209A (ja) | 積層触媒、電極、膜電極複合体、電気化学セル、スタック、電解装置 | |
KR102011251B1 (ko) | 전기화학적 산소 발생 장치 | |
KR102597095B1 (ko) | 전기화학적 산소 발생 장치 | |
KR20200097075A (ko) | 전기화학적 산소 발생 장치 | |
Yamada | Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Used in Fuel Cells | |
JP2017117699A (ja) | 膜電極接合体 | |
Wan et al. | CO2 Electrochemical Reduction to CO: From Catalysts, Electrodes to Electrolytic Cells and Effect of Operating Conditions | |
JP2021110007A (ja) | 水素化電極触媒 | |
JP2024055578A (ja) | 電極、膜電極接合体、電気化学セル、スタック、電解装置 | |
JP2024053493A (ja) | 電極、膜電極接合体、電気化学セル、スタック、電解装置 | |
KR20200097078A (ko) | 전기화학적 산소 제거 장치 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: FARADAY O2 INC., KOREA, REPUBLIC OF Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KIM, YONG TAE;REEL/FRAME:051696/0321 Effective date: 20191224 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |