US20200124468A1 - Methods, systems, and apparatuses for accurate measurement of health relevant uv exposure from sunlight - Google Patents

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for accurate measurement of health relevant uv exposure from sunlight Download PDF

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US20200124468A1
US20200124468A1 US16/659,445 US201916659445A US2020124468A1 US 20200124468 A1 US20200124468 A1 US 20200124468A1 US 201916659445 A US201916659445 A US 201916659445A US 2020124468 A1 US2020124468 A1 US 2020124468A1
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sensor
index
light
exposure
wavelength
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Emmanuel Dumont
Peter Kaplan
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Youv Labs Inc
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Youv Labs Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/429—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors applied to measurement of ultraviolet light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/02—Details
    • G01J1/04—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts
    • G01J1/0407—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings
    • G01J1/0433—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings using notch filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/02—Details
    • G01J1/04—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts
    • G01J1/0488—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts with spectral filtering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/02—Details
    • G01J1/08—Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for photometry standard sources, also using luminescent or radioactive material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/10—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter by comparison with reference light or electric value provisionally void
    • G01J1/16—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter by comparison with reference light or electric value provisionally void using electric radiation detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/44—Electric circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/10—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter by comparison with reference light or electric value provisionally void
    • G01J1/16—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter by comparison with reference light or electric value provisionally void using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/1626—Arrangements with two photodetectors, the signals of which are compared
    • G01J2001/1657—Arrangements with two photodetectors, the signals of which are compared one signal being spectrally modified, e.g. for UV
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/44—Electric circuits
    • G01J2001/444—Compensating; Calibrating, e.g. dark current, temperature drift, noise reduction or baseline correction; Adjusting

Definitions

  • UV Ultraviolet
  • UVB UV radiation with a wavelength from 280 nm to 315 nm
  • UVA UV radiation with a wavelength from 315 to 400 nm
  • UV exposure is known to have short-term and long-term impacts on health.
  • Short-term impacts include, for instance, sunburns.
  • Long-term impacts include, for instance, skin cancer. Melanoma of the skin is the 6th most important cancer by incidence rate and 90% of them are caused by excessive UV exposure, according to the CDC.
  • Diffey and McKinley published an article that quantifies the sensitivity of the human skin to UV radiation and they discovered that the human skin is exponentially more sensitive to UVB than to UVA. They called this sensitivity “erythema spectrum” and we will refer to it as the erythema action spectrum EAS, and is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • UV exposure for health i.e. to provide a measurement of UV exposure that has a meaning for health.
  • UV exposure for health i.e. to provide a measurement of UV exposure that has a meaning for health.
  • these sensitivity spectra are quite similar to each other in the range of 300 nm to 400 nm, which makes most of the radiance in solar spectra. Therefore, the inventive concepts herein, including the methods, are applicable to all health-relevant ways of measuring UV exposure from sunlight.
  • E( ⁇ ) is the wavelength-dependent UV-relevant weighting function (e.g. erythema action spectrum) and S( ⁇ ) is the spectral irradiance of a given UV spectrum. S( ⁇ ) is usually expressed in W/m2/nm.
  • U is the integration of these two functions over the UV spectrum (280-400 nm) and is usually expressed in W/m2.
  • E( ⁇ ) is the erythema action spectrum, and U is normalized by 25 mW/m2, one obtains the “UV index”.
  • the UV index was adopted by the World Health Organization and several government agencies (e.g. the EPA in the US) to educate people on the danger of UV exposure. Universal recommendations are based on the value of the UV index.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates WHO Recommendations based on the UV index, obtained from http://www.who.int/uv/intersunprogramme/activities/uv_index/en/indexl.html. It is worth noting that U is an “instantaneous” quantification of UV exposure. If one is interested in the impact of UV exposure over time (e.g. a period of time called ⁇ t), one should integrate over time:
  • UV exposure would usually be called “radiant exposure” and usually be expressed in J/m2 or in a unitless quantity if it is normalized by a reference value (e.g. the “Standard Erythema Dose” which amounts to 100 J/m2 of erythemal effective radiant exposure, as explained by Diffey in “Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation”, Academic Press, 2002).
  • the quantities U and D can be integrated over a surface (e.g. the surface of the skin) to obtain a quantity in Watts and Joules respectively.
  • the inventive concepts herein e.g. methods and/or sensors
  • UV Index is estimated herein, it is thus understood to be illustrative, and not limiting to the different uses of the innovative concepts herein.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates measured UV spectral irradiance at the same time from 3 different locations.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a comparison of commercially-available personal UV sensors when measuring the UV index from sunlight, adapted from Banerjee et al. (Banerjee, S., Hoch, E. G., Kaplan, P. D. & Dumont, E. L. P. A comparative study of wearable ultraviolet radiometers. in 2017 IEEE Life Sciences Conference ( LSC ) 9-12 (2017)).
  • UV sensors which may also be called UV photodetectors or UV detectors, or simply sensors, herein
  • the semiconductor e.g. silicon carbide
  • any optics such as filters
  • additional electronics components such as analog-to-digital converters
  • UV sensors generally include a semiconductor made of silicon carbide, gallium nitride, or aluminum gallium nitride (these are called “compound” semiconductors because they are made of chemical elements of at least 2 different species). Therefore, for some systems, a significant challenge of building a system to measure the UV index is to find a combination of an optical filter with a photodetector chemistry (semiconductor) to closely match the EAS.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the basic architecture of an exemplary UV sensor.
  • One aspect of this disclosure is a computer executable method of estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure, the computer executable method stored in a memory, the method comprising: receiving as input information that is indicative of an irradiance measured from a sensor sensitive to incident light having a spectral sensitivity from 305 nm-315 nm; and estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g., the UV index) using the input information.
  • Estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure can comprise utilizing a relationship that can be approximated to a linear correlation between the information and the UV Index.
  • the receiving step can comprise receiving as input information that is indicative of an irradiance measured from a sensor sensitive to incident light having a spectral sensitivity from 308 nm-312 nm.
  • the receiving step can comprise receiving as input information that is indicative of an irradiance measured from a sensor sensitive to incident light having a spectral sensitivity from 309.5 nm-311.5 nm.
  • the erythemaly-weighted UV exposure can be the UV Index, and it can be a product of a calibration UV index of a known calibration source and a ratio of the output of the sensor when exposed to the unknown electromagnetic source to an output of the sensor when exposed to the calibration source.
  • the receiving step can include receiving as input information that is indicative of an irradiance measured from a sensor that includes a narrow-band filter disposed above a semiconductor.
  • the method can also include causing to be displayed on a display (e.g., on a display of a smartphone) the estimated erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g., UV Index).
  • a display e.g., on a display of a smartphone
  • the estimated erythemaly-weighted UV exposure e.g., UV Index
  • the method can also include causing the estimated erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g., UV Index) to be input to a method (e.g., computer executable method) that determines how much time a person may safely spend outdoors.
  • a method e.g., computer executable method
  • One aspect of the disclosure is a method of using a sensor adapted for use in estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure, comprising: measuring irradiance from a sensor that is sensitive to incident light and that has a spectral sensitivity from 305 nm-315 nm; and estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure using the measured irradiance.
  • the measuring step can comprise measuring irradiance from a sensor that has narrow-band filter disposed above a semiconductor.
  • Estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure can comprise receiving as input information that is indicative of the measured irradiance.
  • Estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure can be performed by a computer executable method stored in a memory.
  • Estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure can comprise utilizing a relationship that can be approximated to a linear correlation between the information and the UV Index.
  • Estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure can comprise calculating a product of a calibration UV index of a known calibration source and a ratio of an output of the sensor when exposed to the unknown electromagnetic source to an output of the sensor when exposed to the calibration source.
  • the measuring step can comprise measuring irradiance from a sensor that is sensitive to incident light and that has a spectral sensitivity from 308 nm-312 nm.
  • the measuring step can comprise measuring irradiance from a sensor that is sensitive to incident light and that has a spectral sensitivity from 309.5 nm-311.5 nm.
  • the measuring step can comprise measuring a current from the sensor.
  • the measuring step can comprise measuring a number of counts from the sensor.
  • One aspect of this disclosure is a sensor adapted for use in estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure: wherein the sensor is more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 305 nm to 315 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 305 nm to 315 nm.
  • the sensor can comprise a semiconductor and an optic portion, and wherein the combination of the semiconductor and the optic portion may make the sensor more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 305 nm to 315 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 305 nm to 315 nm.
  • the sensor can comprise a semiconductor that is sensitive to at least one of the wavelengths between 309 nm and 312 nm.
  • the sensor may be more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 308 nm to 312 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 308 nm to 312 nm.
  • the sensor may further include a sensor output detector that is adapted to detect an output from the sensor.
  • the sensor may include a narrow-band filter disposed above a semiconductor.
  • a combination of the narrow-band filter and the semiconductor can make the sensor more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 305 nm to 315 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 305 nm to 315 nm.
  • the narrow-band filter may be centered on 312 nm.
  • the semiconductor may be a silicon carbide semiconductor.
  • the sensor may be disposed in a wearable device.
  • the wearable device may further comprise a UVA sensor.
  • the sensor may be disposed in a personal device (e.g., smartphone).
  • the personal device may have a display and may be configured with control circuitry to display the estimated erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g., UV Index).
  • the system may include a sensor adapted for use in estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure, wherein the sensor is more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 305 nm to 315 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 305 nm to 315 nm.
  • the system may include a computer executable method stored in a memory, the computer executable method adapted to: receive as input information that is indicative of an irradiance measured from the sensor, and estimate erythemaly-weighted UV exposure using the input information.
  • One aspect of the disclosure is a UV sensor that is sensitive to incident UV light, a first environment (E1) that includes unfiltered sunlight and a second environment (E2) that includes one of a first, second, and third notch filters having transmission centers at 300 nm, 310 nm, and 320 nm, respectively, wherein when the sensor is exposed to E1, and E2 with each of the three filters, a sensitivity of the sensor (S) is characterized as a percent change in an output of the sensor between E1 and E2 with each of the three notch filters, the sensor thereby having a S300, a S310, and a S320, and wherein a relative “R310 minus” sensitivity of the sensor is characterized by S310/S300 and wherein a relative “R310 plus” sensitivity of the sensor is characterized by S310/S320, and wherein at least one of R310 minus and R310 plus is greater than 15.
  • the sensor can include a narrow-band filter above a semiconductor.
  • the sensor may be more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 305 nm to 315 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 305 nm to 315 nm.
  • the sensor may comprise a semiconductor and an optic portion, and wherein the combination of the semiconductor and the optic portion makes the sensor more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 305 nm to 315 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 305 nm to 315 nm.
  • the sensor may comprise a semiconductor that is sensitive to at least one of the wavelengths between 309 nm and 312 nm.
  • the sensor can be more sensitive to light with a wavelength from 308 nm to 312 nm than to light with a wavelength outside of 308 nm to 312 nm.
  • the sensor may further include a sensor output detector that is adapted to detect an output from the sensor.
  • the sensor may further include a personal device (e.g., smartphone) in which the sensor is disposed and secured.
  • the personal device may have a display.
  • FIG. 1 shows the erythema action spectrum EAS.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates WHO Recommendations based on the UV index.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates measured UV spectral irradiance at the same time from three different locations.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a comparison of commercially-available personal UV sensors when measuring the UV index from sunlight.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the basic architecture of an exemplary UV sensor.
  • FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C illustrate the linear fit of the irradiance at 300, 310, and 320 nm against the UV index for 73,000 solar spectra.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B are plots showing how many estimates of the UV index fall between 1% and 90% of the actual UV index across 73,000 solar spectra.
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B show the sensitivity curves of silicon carbide, SiC4, and a perfect 311 nm detector.
  • FIG. 9 shows real world accuracy versus the acceptance range (bandwidth) of a sensor.
  • FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C illustrate accuracy of a prototyped sensor and two off-the-shelf sensors.
  • FIG. 11 shows the spectral sensitivity of some commercially-available low-cost UV sensors.
  • FIG. 12 shows the illustrative sensors from FIG. 11 and the accuracy at 1% tolerance.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates exemplary schematics of any of the sensors herein that are designed to measure, for example, UV index.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary assembly device, including a sensor and other optional components.
  • FIG. 15 shows the device from FIG. 14 , and includes an optional diffuser over internal components.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary method of use.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates relative “minus” sensitivity (S310/S300) vs bandwidth for a variety of sensors.
  • FIG. 18 illustrates relative “plus” sensitivity (S310/S320) vs bandwidth for a variety of sensors.
  • FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary method of estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure.
  • FIG. 20 illustrates an exemplary method of estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure.
  • FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplary device in which a memory may be disposed, wherein the memory may store thereon any of the executable methods herein.
  • UV Index Erythemaly-weighted UV exposure
  • UV Index can provide a general indication about how much time an individual may want to spend exposed to sunlight, or it may help make a decision about whether or not to apply sunscreen.
  • the UV index is used and useful for a wide variety of purposes.
  • This disclosure describes innovative and illustrative UV sensors that are adapted to accurately estimate erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (including the UV index) and other health-relevant weighting functions (e.g. Vitamin D Action Spectrum) from sunlight at the earth's surface.
  • This disclosure also includes innovative methods of estimating erythemaly-weighted UV exposure, including the UV Index, regardless of the particular light sensor that is used.
  • the disclosure also includes methods of manufacturing UV sensors, as well as methods of modifying a large class of photodetectors and light sensors to accurately estimate the UV index.
  • Erythemaly-weighted UV exposure includes the UV index.
  • UV index When the “UV index” is used herein it is understood to be illustrative, and is understood that “erythemaly-weighted UV exposure” or “Vitamin D Action Spectrum” is also being described.
  • UV exposure for health is a general term that includes erythemaly-weighted UV exposure. It can include other weighting functions such as the Vitamin D Action Spectrum (http://www.cie.co.at/publications/action-spectrum-production-previtamin-d3-human-skin).
  • the Vitamin D Action Spectrum is similar to erythemaly-weighted UV for wavelengths more than 300 nm, which is the most part of most sun spectra.
  • the light sensors herein are illustrative, and the methods of estimating UV index herein need not be performed using the light sensors herein.
  • inventive and illustrative light sensors described herein are adapted and configured to measure the UV index from the sun and are highly accurate, but are simpler to manufacture than sensors that attempt to replicate the EAS.
  • the inventive light sensors herein were first validated by analyzing thousands of solar spectra from the EPA UVnet database (EPA, U. S., ORD, Human Exposure & Atmospheric Sciences. EPA UV NET Ultraviolet Monitoring Program. Available at: https://archive.epa.gov/uvnet/web/html/index.html. (Accessed: 5th October 2018)).
  • UV sensors in order to accurately estimate UV index, need to be recalibrated based on the day, time, and/or location of the UV sensor. This greatly increases the complexity of the sensor, on the hardware and/or software side.
  • One of the surprising and non-obvious findings described in this disclosure is that an accurate UV Index can now be estimated using simpler methods and calculations. For example, this disclosure details the significant finding that UV index can be accurately and simply estimated using a much simpler sensor and/or much less processing of the output from a light sensor.
  • UV index can now be accurately estimated using much simpler methods and/or sensors regardless of the location of the sensor, and regardless of the time at which the sensor is exposed to the light source (e.g., sunlight).
  • the ramifications of these findings are that the devices do not need to be recalibrated based on the day, time and/or location to accurately estimate UV index.
  • the inventive light sensors herein respond linearly to a narrow band of irradiance around 311 nm, including 310.5 nm.
  • the surprising nature of the inventive light sensors herein is that this simple spectral sensitivity is predictive of the UV Index across all actual solar spectra. This means that this spectral sensitivity can be used to predict UV Index regardless of the day, time, and location where and when the light sensor is exposed to the solar spectra. While the basic methods are fundamental and do not depend on the particular sensor that is used, this finding was further validated by prototyping an illustrative narrow-band light sensor sensitive to only 311-313 nm.
  • a semiconductor chemistry sensitive to 250-380 nm (Silicon Carbide) was combined with a narrow-band filter centered on 312 nm (specifically, 311.25 nm-312.75 nm), as well as a diffuser on top of the system.
  • This prototype was then validated against a state-of-the-art radiometer by measuring the UV index in a variety of solar spectra, which led to the unexpected and non-obvious finding that the prototype was more accurate than all known low-cost UV index sensors.
  • FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C show how the accuracy of the single-wavelength prediction of the UV index over the 73,000 solar spectra found in the UVnet database.
  • the methodology is the following: for each wavelength, a linear fit was applied between the 73,000 measurements of irradiance at that wavelength to the UV index of the corresponding solar spectrum.
  • FIGS. 6A-6C shows the linear fit of the irradiance at 300, 310, and 320 nm against the UV index for the 73,000 solar spectra. As shown by comparing FIG. 6B with FIGS. 6A and 6C , the linear fit is much better for the wavelength 310 nm.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B shows the percentage of UV index calculation that falls between 1% (black) and 90% derived from single-wavelength irradiance (data, UV Net).
  • FIG. 7B shows the same calculation, but focused on the relevant wavelengths. The data is from an independent dataset taken with a different spectrometer in Boulder Colo., May of 2016.
  • SiC solid non-straight line
  • SiC4(lambda) SiC ⁇ circumflex over ( ) ⁇ 4
  • FIG. 8A shows the sensitivity curves of Silicon Carbide, SiC4, and a perfect 311 nm detector. Merely reducing the width of the spectral sensitivity curve only marginally improves performance (i.e., from the SiC detector to the highly peaked SiC detector), which is shown in more detail in FIG. 8B .
  • FIG. 8B illustrates the real-world accuracy of these diodes from FIG. 8A calculated using the UVNet dataset showing the benefit of the present disclosure.
  • the top solid line in FIG. 8B is the 311 nm detector, and the bottom line is the SiC detector.
  • FIG. 9 shows real world accuracy versus the acceptance range (bandwidth) of a sensor, showing that the preferred sensor would be responsive over the range 305-315 nm and would exclude light outside that range, and that sensors that respond similarly to light inside than outside the range of 305-315 fail to take advantage of the inventive concepts described herein.
  • This disclosure thus provides light sensors that are more responsive, or more sensitive, to light with 305 nm-315 nm wavelengths than to light outside of that range.
  • this disclosure provides light sensors that are more responsive, or more sensitive, to light with 308 nm-312 nm wavelengths than to light outside of that range. Sensors adapted in this manner is one way in which to realize the benefits of the significant findings described herein.
  • an exemplary light sensor was built with a silicon carbide chemistry (sensitive to at least 311 nm), a narrow-band filter centered on 312 nm with a width of 1.5 nm, and a UV-pass diffuser on top of the filter. It is understood that the validating prototype supports and illustrates the inventive methods herein, and the inventive concepts herein are not limited to this particular type of device and/or system. Other devices and/or systems are envisioned that could be used to take advantage of the innovative and nonobvious methods and concepts disclosed herein.
  • This illustrative and exemplary prototype was assembled, as were two popular off-the-shelf, low-cost detectors specifically designed to measure the UV index, according to their manufacturer, referred to in this example as Ref 1 and Ref 2. Their responses against the UV index was measured by a laboratory-grade UV radiometer designed to measure the UV index, with the results shown in FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C . By defining “accuracy” with the percentage of measurements within 5% of the correct value, we find that the prototype is 90% accurate, when Ref 1 was 12% accurate and Ref 2 was 50% accurate.
  • the solar emission spectrum is a combination of black body spectra from regions of the sun whose temperature vary across the solar surface and modified by absorption of solar gasses, primarily hydrogen, whose absorption spectrum is also dependent on pressure and temperature; 2) the transport of the solar spectrum to a spot x earth T( ⁇ , x, t) which has a geometric dependence on the solar azimuth at (x, t) but also on the absorption and scattering of the atmosphere which in turn depends on the local and immediate concentrations of ozone [O 3 ] and water [H 2 O] as well as the scattering off aerosolized water vapor and other particles in the atmosphere and clouds.
  • T( ⁇ , x, t) which has a geometric dependence on the solar azimuth at (x, t) but also on the absorption and scattering of the atmosphere which in turn depends on the local and immediate concentrations of ozone [O 3 ] and water [H 2 O] as well as the scattering off aerosolized water vapor and other particles in the atmosphere and clouds.
  • FIG. 11 shows the spectral response function of every commercially available solid-state UV sensor that could easily be acquired.
  • FIG. 11 shows the spectral sensitivity of commercially-available low-cost UV sensors as of the summer of 2018.
  • the sensor S has a peak of sensitivity near 310 nm but retains more than 10% of relative sensitivity from ⁇ 285 nm to ⁇ 325 nm.
  • Some of the inventive methods and sensors herein filter out wavelengths outside the range of 305 nm-315 nm.
  • FIG. 12 shows the illustrative sensors and the accuracy at 1% tolerance.
  • silicon carbide naturally exhibits a peak sensitivity at 275 nm and remains relatively flat from 275 nm to 315 nm, making it an ideal chemistry for the methods and/or sensors herein. It is expected that other semiconductors (e.g. compound semiconductors) would still be valid choices for the inventive concepts herein, even though the disclosure herein describes a prototype with a silicon carbide chemistry. If “compound semiconductor” is used in a particular context herein, it is understood to be illustrative, and the relevant portion of the application also described “semiconductor.”
  • the method includes selecting or providing a semiconductor that is sensitive to at least 311 nm.
  • the semiconductor can be sensitive to other wavelengths, but it must show sensitivity around 311 nm.
  • a narrow-band filter centered on 311 nm is assembled above the semiconductor.
  • An optional diffuser which are known to those skilled in the art, may be disposed above the filter.
  • the assembled detector is calibrated against a state-of-the-instrument known to measure accurately the UV index.
  • the assembled device may include other sensors, such as visible light sensors or sensors specifically adapted for UVA.
  • the assembled device may thus clearly include other components and electronics, such as any of those described in 2016/0364131, which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
  • FIG. 2 in 2016/0364131 illustrates an exemplary sensing device.
  • Sensor 107 from 2016/0364131 could be considered any of the photodetectors herein, and any of the narrow-pass filters herein could be added to the sensing device in FIG. 2 above sensor 107 .
  • Optional diffuser 102 may be used as the optional diffuser set forth herein.
  • the sensing device could optionally include any of the components from that FIG. 2 (e.g., including UVA sensor 109 , or any of the windows 106 ), or it could include less or none of the other components and/or electronics.
  • a computer executable program e.g., stored on a wide variety of devices, such as a personal smartphone, a wearable sensing device, a desktop computer, a cloud-based storage device, etc.
  • UVI CAL is the UV index measured by the reference instrument under the irradiance used during calibration
  • I(T) is the current of the detector when measuring sun exposure at the time T
  • I 0 is the current of the detector when measuring the irradiance used during calibration, with the same conditions as the reference instrument.
  • current is the output that is measured, but it is understood this is illustrative, and the output of the UV sensor may be other types of outputs, such as digital counts, for example. Note that if the detector is using a digital communication channel, its output is usually a number of counts, not a current. In that case the calibration function should be modified accordingly.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates exemplary schematics of any of the UV detectors herein that are designed to measure the UV index. It is noted that a diffuser is optional, but when prototyped, it did improve performance of the sensor.
  • the UV index is mostly derived from the wavelengths 290-315 nm, so if the filter is passing 310-320 nm, it may also be very accurate. A filter passing 290-310 nm, however, will be less accurate because the shorter wavelengths (290-315) contribute significantly to the UV index.
  • This devices herein are adapted to measure the UV index outside, where there is irradiance around 310 nm.
  • UVA 315-400 nm
  • Any of the sensing devices herein can therefore also include one or more UVA sensors near the modified detector for any situations where the device is exposed mostly to UVA and not much UVB (e.g., sunlight through windows, UVA machines, etc.).
  • any of the components described in 2017/0115162 are fully incorporated by reference herein for all purposes, including, for example, any of the sensors, electronics, computer executable methods, and any description related thereto.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary assembly device 100 that includes exemplary sensor 102 , which may include a semiconductor such as a SiC semiconductor, and a narrowband filter mounted above the semiconductor. Sensor 102 can be any sensor herein. Assembly device also includes reference radiometer 104 . Device 100 also includes optional control systems 106 . Device 100 also includes control 108 , which acts as the interface and control system for all sensors in device 100 . An optional second sensor 102 ′ may be included in the device 100 . An optional UVA sensor 110 is also included in assembly device 100 . FIG. 15 shows device 100 , but includes optional diffuser 120 . The internal components that are shown in FIG. 14 cannot be seen in FIG. 15 .
  • FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary method of estimating UV Index.
  • a sensor is provided at step 132 .
  • the sensor may be any of the innovative sensors described herein.
  • the sensor's output from a calibration source is measured in step 134 .
  • the UV Index for an unknown source is then determined at step 136 .
  • FIGS. 17 and 18 provides a quantitative illustration of sensors and methods that fall within the scope of the inventive concepts herein.
  • the disclosure that follows provides alternative ways of characterizing the inventive sensors herein, as well as the inventive methods herein.
  • FIGS. 17 and 18 and the descriptions thereof, also describe a quantitative test to separate systems using the key inventive concepts described herein from systems which use prior understandings of how to quantify health relevant UV.
  • Notch filters block light outside of a narrow bandwidth around their center.
  • the filters can be chosen to have a bandwidth to pass light with wavelength between 1 and 10 nm of the notch filter centers.
  • the system response can be recorded when exposed to two sources of incident light: 1/U 1 unfiltered sunlight or a solar spectrum passing through a diffuser and 2/U 2 that same source plus additional sunlight or solar spectra passing through a similar path with the addition of a notch filter.
  • the “sensitivity of the system” can be measured for each filter.
  • the relative sensitivity of the detector is the ratio of S(310) to S(300) or S(310) to S(320).
  • R310_minus S(310)/S(300)
  • R310_plus S(310)/S(320)
  • All previous approaches and previous devices have the property that both of R310_minus and R310_plus are less than 15.
  • a system taking advantage of the inventive concepts herein will have either R310_plus >15 or R310_minus >15 or both.
  • any of the innovative sensors herein can further be characterized as having either R310_plus >15 or R310_minus >15, or both.
  • FIG. 17 shows measuring the ratio of sensitivities of a detector to filters centered on 310 nm vs filters centered on 300 nm for different bandwidths (1 nm to 10 nm).
  • a bandwidth of 5 nm for a filter centered on 310 nm means that the filter filters in light between 305 nm and 315 nm.
  • a detector with a sensitivity from 304 nm to 316 nm and from 307 nm to 313 nm would have, for one or several bandwidths, a relative sensitivity R 310_minus above 15. Therefore they are described by the inventive concepts herein.
  • FIG. 18 illustrates measuring the ratio of sensitivities of a detector to filters centered on 310 nm vs filters centered on 320 nm for different bandwidths (1 nm to 10 nm).
  • a bandwidth of 5 nm for a filter centered on 310 nm means that the filter filters in light between 305 nm and 315 nm.
  • a detector with a sensitivity from 304 nm to 316 nm and from 307 nm to 313 nm would have, for one or several bandwidths, a relative sensitivity R 310_plus above 15. Therefore they are described by the inventive concepts herein.
  • FIG. 19 illustrate an exemplary method that includes measuring output from any of the sensors herein, and also includes using the output to estimate an erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g. UV Index).
  • an erythemaly-weighted UV exposure e.g. UV Index
  • FIG. 20 illustrates an exemplary computer executable method, that may be stored in a memory (which may be disposed in any type of suitable device), the computer executable method including receiving as input information that is indicative of (or is) a sensor output, where the information is then used to estimate an erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g. UV Index).
  • a memory which may be disposed in any type of suitable device
  • the computer executable method including receiving as input information that is indicative of (or is) a sensor output, where the information is then used to estimate an erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g. UV Index).
  • an erythemaly-weighted UV exposure e.g. UV Index
  • FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplary device 200 (e.g. computer, smartphone, server, etc.) that includes memory 202 , in which any of the executable methods herein may be stored.
  • exemplary device 200 e.g. computer, smartphone, server, etc.
  • memory 202 in which any of the executable methods herein may be stored.
  • any of the methods herein that estimate an erythemaly-weighted UV exposure may further include any known use of the that erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g., UV Index).
  • Any of the ways in which UV index is used in any of the publications incorporated by reference herein are thus expressly incorporated into this disclosure.
  • any of the methods herein can include determining how much time a person may safely spend outdoors by utilizing the erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g., UV Index), and/or alerting the user to that amount of time.
  • any of the methods herein can include a step that causes the erythemaly-weighted UV exposure (e.g., UV Index) to be displayed on a display of a user device (e.g. smartphone, computer, etc.).
  • a user device e.g. smartphone, computer, etc.
  • UV Index erythemaly-weighted UV exposure
  • one or more methods or techniques described in this disclosure may be implemented, at least in part, in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof.
  • various aspects of the techniques or components may be implemented within one or more processors, including one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic circuitry, or the like, either alone or in any suitable combination.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
  • programmable logic circuitry or the like, either alone or in any suitable combination.
  • the term “processor” or “processing circuitry” may generally refer to any of the foregoing circuitry, alone or in combination with other circuitry, or any other equivalent circuitry.
  • Such hardware, software, or firmware may be implemented within one device or within separate devices to support the various operations and functions described in this disclosure.
  • any of the described units, modules or components may be implemented together or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. Depiction of different features as modules or units is intended to highlight different functional aspects and does not necessarily imply that such modules or units must be realized by separate hardware or software components. Rather, functionality associated with one or more modules or units may be performed by separate hardware or software components, or integrated within common or separate hardware or software components.
  • the functionality ascribed to the systems, devices and techniques described in this disclosure may be embodied as instructions on a computer-readable medium such as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), Flash memory, and the like.
  • RAM random access memory
  • ROM read only memory
  • NVRAM non-volatile RAM
  • EEPROM electrically erasable programmable ROM
  • Flash memory and the like.
  • the instructions may be executed by a processor to support one or more aspects of the functionality described in this disclosure.

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