US20200063246A1 - Steel and part - Google Patents

Steel and part Download PDF

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US20200063246A1
US20200063246A1 US16/613,765 US201816613765A US2020063246A1 US 20200063246 A1 US20200063246 A1 US 20200063246A1 US 201816613765 A US201816613765 A US 201816613765A US 2020063246 A1 US2020063246 A1 US 2020063246A1
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steel
less
sulfide
based inclusions
total area
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Tomohiro Yamashita
Daisuke Hirakami
Yutaka Neishi
Kosuke Tanaka
Hideki Imataka
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Nippon Steel Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/20—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to steel improved in hardenability, toughness, surface-originated micropitting life, and bending fatigue strength and to a part produced using such steel.
  • a bearing or other part for machine structure use or a constant velocity joint, hub unit, or other auto part is repeatedly subjected to high contact pressure, so an excellent rolling fatigue characteristic is sought, but in recent years, along with the improved fuel efficiencies of automobiles and higher output of engines demanded, there have been much greater calls for making the above parts lighter in weight, smaller in size, and more able to handle high stress loads.
  • the usage environment of the above parts has become harsher.
  • PTL 1 discloses steel for carburized bearing use which has a chemical composition comprising, by mass %, C: 0.1% to less than 0.4%, Si: 0.02 to 1.3%, Mn: 0.2 to 2.0%, P: 0.05% or less, S: less than 0.010%, Cr: 0.50 to 2.00%, Al: 0.01 to 0.10%, Ca: 0.0003 to 0.0030%, O: 0.0030% or less, and N: 0.002 to 0.030% and a balance of Fe and impurities and which has 0.75 ⁇ Ca/O ⁇ 2.0 and Ca/O ⁇ 1250S-5.8.
  • PTL 3 discloses case hardened steel which has a chemical composition comprising, by mass %, C: 0.15 to 0.30%, Si: 0.02 to 1.0%, Mn: 0.30 to 1.0%, S: 0.030% or less, Cr: 1.80 to 3.0%, Al: 0.010 to 0.050%, and N: 0.0100 to 0.0250%, having contents of Si, Mn, Cr, and S having values of fn1 and fn2 expressed by formula (1) Mn/S and formula (2) Cr/(Si+2Mn) satisfying respectively 30 ⁇ fn1 ⁇ 150 and 0.75 ⁇ fn2 ⁇ 1.1, and having a balance of Fe and impurities and which has impurities including P, Ti, and O (oxygen) of respectively P: 0.020% or less, Ti: less than 0.005%, and O: 0.0015% or less.
  • PTL 4 discloses a method for smelting a steel material for carburized bearing steel use which has a chemical composition comprising, by mass %, C: 0.05 to 0.30%, Si: 0.05 to 1.0%, Mn: 0.10 to 2.0%, P: 0.050% or less, S: 0.008% or less, Cr: 0.4 to 2.0%, Al: 0.010 to 0.050%, N: 0.010 to 0.025%, and O: 0.0015% or less and having a balance of Fe and impurities, which smelting method comprises performing ladle refining treatment in the order of step 1 : flux injection treatment, step 2 : slag refining treatment, and step 3 : molten steel reflux treatment so as to control the sulfide-based inclusions so that the average composition of S-containing compounds forming the sulfide-based inclusions becomes CaS: 1.0% or more, MgS: 0 to 20%, and a total of the three constituents of CaS, MgS, and Mn
  • PTL 5 discloses a steel material for carburized bearing steel use containing specific amounts of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Al, Cr, N, and O, having a balance comprised of Fe and impurities, having a projected ⁇ AREA max of oxides and sulfides in 30,000 mm 2 calculated using extreme value statistical processing when measuring the maximum oxide size and maximum sulfide size in a 100 mm 2 longitudinal direction vertical cross-section for 30 locations of 50 ⁇ m or less and 60 ⁇ m or less, having an average aspect ratio of the maximum oxides and maximum sulfides measured at the 30 locations of 5.0 or less, having contents in the average compositions of the maximum oxides at the 30 locations of CaO: 2.0 to 20%, MgO: 0 to 20%, and SiO 2 : 0 to 10% and having a balance of Al 2 O 3 , comprised of any of the oxides of specific two to four element systems, and having contents in the average compositions of the maximum sulfides at the 30 locations of single element system
  • the steel for carburized bearing use disclosed in PTL 1 may fall in bending fatigue strength if the grain boundary oxide layer is formed thick.
  • the steel material for carburized part or carbonitrided part use disclosed in PTL 2 and the case hardened steel disclosed in PTL 3 may not be given excellent rolling fatigue life if there are elongated coarse sulfides present. Therefore, in the arts disclosed in PTLs 1 to 3, not all of the characteristics of the hardenability, toughness, surface-originated micropitting life, and bending fatigue strength can be stably realized.
  • the present invention was made in consideration of the above state of the prior art and has as its object the provision of steel improved in all of the hardenability, toughness, surface-originated micropitting life, and bending fatigue strength and a part produced using such steel.
  • rolling fatigue is the phenomenon where inclusions present in a steel material are subjected to repeated load, stress concentration causes cracks to form, and then repeated load causes the cracks to gradually advance finally leading to micropitting.
  • the present inventors engaged in various studies so as to solve the above problem. As a result, they obtained the findings of the following (a) and (b).
  • composition of sulfides specifically by controlling the composition so as, for example, to add Ca into the molten steel so that the sulfides include (Mn, Ca)S, it is possible to disperse and reduce in size the coarse sulfides acting as the source of stress concentration in rolling fatigue.
  • the present invention was made based on the above findings (a) and (b) and has as its gist the following:
  • Nb 0 to 0.05%.
  • Fn1 defined by the following formula (1) is 0.20 to 0.65
  • Fn2 defined by the following formula (2) is 0.50 to 1.00:
  • A1 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides and having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • A2 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • Fn1 defined by the following formula (1) is 0.20 to 0.65
  • Fn2 defined by the following formula (2) is 0.50 to 1.00
  • A1 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides and having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • A2 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • a predetermined chemical composition is realized, a balance of Cr, Si, and Mn is made suitable, and in sulfide-based inclusions with a circle equivalent diameter of a predetermined value, a ratio of the sulfide-based inclusions with a ratio of Ca moles in the sulfides of a predetermined value is made suitable.
  • all of the hardenability, toughness, surface-originated micropitting life, and bending fatigue strength can be improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing one example of a distribution of brightness of an SEM image in an observation region.
  • FIG. 2 is a view schematically showing one example of an SEM image in an observation region.
  • FIG. 3 is a view showing a relationship between a temperature and time of quenching and tempering.
  • the present inventors engaged in intensive studies for providing steel improved in all of hardenability, toughness, surface-originated micropitting life, and bending fatigue strength and a part produced using such steel. That is, the present inventors investigated and studied the effects of the chemical composition of steel, in particular the effects of Si, Mn, Cr, and Ca, on the surface-originated micropitting life and bending fatigue strength of a carburized part after a carburization process. As a result, the present inventors obtained the following findings regarding the bending fatigue strength, surface-originated micropitting life, hardenability, and toughness.
  • Fn1 defined by the following formula (1) is 0.20 to 0.65, it is possible to reduce the thicknesses of the grain boundary oxide layer and slack quenched layer:
  • Fn1 is made 0.20 or more. Preferably, it is made 0.25, more preferably 0.30 or more.
  • Fn1 exceeds 0.65, similarly the abnormally carburized layers become thicker and it becomes difficult to secure a high bending fatigue strength, so Fn1 is made 0.65 or less. Preferably it is made 0.60, more preferably 0.55 or less.
  • Sulfide-based inclusions usually easily deform at a high temperature, so easily deform and elongate at the time of hot working.
  • the elongated sulfide-based inclusions become starting points of fatigue in the usage environment of carburized bearing parts whereby the surface-originated micropitting life becomes shorter. For this reason, to extend the surface-originated micropitting life, it is effective to raise the deformation resistance of the sulfide-based inclusions at a high temperature.
  • the sulfide-based inclusions become harder to elongate at the time of hot working and maintain their spherical shapes, so it becomes harder for sulfide-based inclusions to become starting points of fatigue.
  • sulfides containing Ca are larger in deformation resistance. For this reason, if making Ca form a solid solution in sulfide-based inclusions, that is, if replacing the Mn in MnS with Ca, the result is that the deformation resistance at a high temperature becomes higher.
  • the sulfide with the Mn in MnS replaced by Ca is made (Mn,Ca)S. Specifically, by making the oxygen concentration strongly drop and in that state performing secondary refining to make the sulfide inclusions become mainly (Mn,Ca)S, it is possible to include 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides.
  • sulfide-based inclusions containing Ca in solid solution can be maintained spherical in shape even after hot working, so the aspect ratio (long axis/short axis of sulfide-based inclusions) is small.
  • sulfide-based inclusions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides are smaller in aspect ratio after hot working compared with sulfide-based inclusions only containing less than 1.0 mol % of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides.
  • Ninety percent has an aspect ratio of 3 or less. Note that, as a result of experiments, it is learned that the upper limit value of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides is 50 mol %.
  • the present inventors discovered, based on the above findings, that if Fn2 defined by the following formula (2) in the steel for carburized bearing use is 0.50 to 1.00, the sulfide-based inclusions in steel for carburized bearing use become higher in deformation resistance at the time of hot working the sulfide-based inclusions and the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part is extended.
  • A1 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides and having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • A2 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • Fn2 is a parameter relating to the aspect ratio of the sulfide-based inclusions in the hot worked steel for carburized bearing use. If Fn2 is 0.50 or less, at the time of hot working, the sulfide-based inclusions are elongated and the aspect ratio of the sulfide-based inclusions after hot working becomes greater.
  • Fn2 is made 0.50 or more. Preferably it is made 0.55 or more, more preferably 0.60 or more.
  • the upper limit of Fn2 is, from its definition, 1.00.
  • the present inventors discovered that the steel according to the present embodiment satisfying a predetermined chemical composition and formula (1) and formula (2) improved the bending fatigue strength or the surface-originated micropitting life while also being excellent in hardenability and toughness.
  • Being excellent in hardenability means a hardness of HRC after hardening at 500 ⁇ m or less from the surface of the part being 22 or more.
  • Being excellent in toughness means an absorption energy vE20 at the center part of 43 J/cm 2 or more.
  • C is an element raising the hardenability of steel and raising the strength and toughness of the core part of the steel material after hardening. Further, C is an element acting to extend the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part after carburization.
  • C is made 0.10% or more.
  • it is made 0.13% or more, more preferably 0.15% or more.
  • C is made 0.30% or less.
  • it is made 0.29% or less, more preferably 0.28% or less, still more preferably 0.25% or less.
  • Si is an element functioning as a deoxidant and also contributing to improvement of the hardenability. Further, Si is an element acting to raise the temper softening resistance and keep the steel from softening at a high temperature. However, Si is an oxidizing element. If the amount increases, it is selectively oxidized by the trace amounts of H 2 O and/or CO 2 in the carburizing gas, whereby the abnormally carburized layers of the grain boundary oxide layer and slack quenched layer become thicker and the bending fatigue strength falls.
  • Si is made 0.01% or more. Preferably, it is made 0.03% or more, more preferably 0.06% or more.
  • Si is made 0.25% or less. Preferably it is made 0.20% or less, more preferably 0.15% or less.
  • Mn is an element which functions as a deoxidant and also contributes to the improvement of the hardenability.
  • Mn like Si, is an oxidizing element. If the amount increases, it is selectively oxidized by the trace amounts of H 2 O and/or CO 2 in the carburizing gas, whereby the abnormally carburized layers of the grain boundary oxide layer and slack quenched layer become thicker and the bending fatigue strength falls.
  • Mn is less than 0.20%, the effect of addition is not sufficiently obtained, so Mn is made 0.20% or more. Preferably it is made 0.30% or more, more preferably 0.40% or more. On the other hand, if Mn exceeds 1.50%, the hardness rises and the machineability remarkably falls and also the abnormally carburized layers become thicker and the bending fatigue strength remarkably falls, so Mn is made 1.50% or less. Preferably it is made 1.48% or less, more preferably 1.30% or less, still more preferably 1.10% or less.
  • P is an impurity element. It is an element which segregates at the crystal grain boundaries and impairs the toughness of the steel and the surface-originated micropitting life of a carburized bearing part.
  • P is made 0.015% or less.
  • it is 0.013% or less, more preferably 0.010% or less.
  • a smaller amount of P is preferable, but if lowering it to less than 0.001%, the manufacturing costs rise, so P is made 0.001% or more. Preferably, it is 0.003% or more.
  • S is an impurity element. It is an element which forms sulfides and impairs the toughness and the cold forgeability of the steel and which impairs the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part.
  • S is made 0.010% or less. Preferably it is made 0.008% or less, more preferably 0.005% or less. S is preferably low, but if lowering it to less than 0.001%, the manufacturing costs rise, so S is made 0.001% or more. Preferably, it is 0.002% or more, more preferably 0.003 or more, still more preferably 0.005% or more.
  • Cr is an element which acts to raise the hardenability and also raise the temper softening resistance and keep the steel from softening at a high temperature.
  • Cr like Si and Mn, is an oxidizing element. If the amount increases, it is selectively oxidized by the trace amounts of H 2 O and/or CO 2 in the carburizing gas, the abnormally carburized layers of the grain boundary oxide layer and slack quenched layer become thicker, and the bending fatigue strength falls.
  • Cr is made 0.50% or more.
  • it is made 0.70% or more, more preferably 0.90% or more.
  • Cr exceeds 2.00%, the hardness rises and the machinability remarkably falls and, also, the abnormally carburized layers become thicker and the bending fatigue strength remarkably falls, so Cr is made 2.00% or less.
  • it is made 1.98% or less, more preferably 1.80% or less, still more preferably 1.60% or less.
  • Mo is an element which raises the hardenability, improves the surface hardness, hardened layer depth, and core hardness after carburized hardening, and contributes to securing the strength of the carburized part. Further, Mo is a nonoxidizing element, so is an element acting to increase the strength and toughness of the steel surface and raise the bending fatigue strength without increase the thickness of the grain boundary oxide layer at the time of carburization.
  • Mo is made 0.10% or more. Preferably it is made 0.20% or more, more preferably 0.30% or more. On the other hand, if Mo exceeds 0.50%, the hardness rises and the machineability remarkably falls. Furthermore, the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part falls. Further, the manufacturing cost also rises, so Mo is made 0.50% or less. Preferably, it is made 0.48% or less, more preferably 0.45% or less.
  • Al is an element acting to deoxidize steel. If A1 is less than 0.005%, the effect of addition cannot be sufficiently obtained, so A1 is made 0.005% or more. Preferably it is 0.010% or more, more preferably 0.015% or more. On the other hand, if A1 exceeds 0.100%, coarse oxides are formed and the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part becomes shorter, so A1 is made 0.100% or less. Preferably, it is made 0.070% or less, more preferably 0.050% or less.
  • Ca is an element which forms a solid solution in sulfide-based inclusions to act to make the sulfide-based inclusions spheroidal. Further, Ca is an element which raises the deformation resistance of sulfide-based inclusions at a high temperature, inhibits elongation of sulfide-based inclusions to maintain the spherical form at the time of hot working, and extends the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part.
  • Ca is made 0.0002% or more. Preferably it is made 0.0003% or more, more preferably 0.0004% or more. On the other hand, if Ca exceeds 0.0010%, coarse oxides are formed and the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part becomes shorter, so Ca is made 0.0010% or less. Preferably it is made 0.0009% or less, more preferably 0.0008% or less.
  • N is an element bonding with A1, Nb, and/or Ti to form AlN, NbN, and/or TiN effective for refining the crystal grains and contributing to improvement of the bending fatigue strength.
  • N is made 0.005% or more. Preferably it is made 0.010% or more, more preferably 0.012% or more. On the other hand, if N exceeds 0.025%, coarse nitrides are formed and the toughness and bending fatigue strength fall, so N is made 0.025% or less. Preferably it is made 0.022% or less, more preferably 0.020% or less.
  • O oxygen
  • Oxgen is an element which forms oxides and impairs strength and which impairs the bending fatigue strength and the surface-originated micropitting life of a carburized bearing part.
  • O (oxygen) exceeds 0.0015%, the strength and the bending fatigue strength and the surface-originated micropitting life of the carburized bearing part fall, so O (oxygen) is made 0.0015% or less. Preferably, it is made 0.0013% or less, more preferably 0.0010% or less. Less O (oxygen) is preferable, but if decreasing O (oxygen) to 0.0001% or less, the manufacturing costs greatly rise, so for practical steel, 0.0001% is the substantive lower limit.
  • the chemical composition of the steel may contain, in addition to the above elements, to improve the characteristics of the steel, furthermore, by mass %, at least one type of element among the (a) group elements of Cu: 0.20% or less, Ni: 0.20% or less, and B: 0.005% or less and at least one type of element among the (b) group elements of Nb: 0.05% or less, and Ti: 0.10%.
  • Cu is an element acting to raise the hardenability. If Cu exceeds 0.20%, the hot workability falls and the steel cost rises, so Cu is preferably made 0.20% or less. More preferably it is made 0.16% or less. From the viewpoint of reliably obtaining the effect of addition of Cu, Cu is preferably made 0.05% or more. More preferably it is made 0.10% or more.
  • Ni is an element which improves the hardenability and also contributes to the improvement of the toughness. Further, Ni is a nonoxidizing element. It is an element which acts to strengthen and toughen the steel surface without causing the grain boundary oxide layer to increase in thickness at the time of carburization.
  • Ni exceeds 0.20%, the effect of addition becomes saturated and, further, the steel cost rises, so Ni is preferably made 0.20% or less. More preferably it is made 0.16% or less. From the viewpoint of reliably obtaining the effect of addition of Ni, Ni is preferably made 0.05% or more. More preferably it is made 0.10% or more.
  • B is an element which acts to raise the hardenability and which also acts to keep P and S from segregating at the austenite grain boundaries at the time of quenching. If B exceeds 0.005%, BN forms and the toughness of the steel falls, so B is preferably made 0.005% or less. More preferably it is made 0.003% or less. From the viewpoint of reliably obtaining the effect of addition of B, B is preferably made 0.0003% or more. More preferably it is made 0.0005% or more.
  • Nb is an element bonding with C and/or N to form fine carbides, nitrides, and/or carbonitrides to refine the crystal grains and contributing to improvement of the bending fatigue strength.
  • Nb is preferably made 0.05% or less. More preferably it is made 0.02% or less. From the viewpoint of reliably obtaining the effect of addition of Nb, Nb is preferably made 0.005% or more. More preferably it is made 0.008% or more.
  • Ti is an element which forms fine carbides etc. to refine the crystal grains and contributes to improvement of the strength of steel. If Ti exceeds 0.10%, the toughness of the steel and bending fatigue strength fall, so Ti is preferably made 0.10% or less. More preferably, it is made 0.08% or less. From the viewpoint of reliably obtaining the effect of addition of Ti, Ti is preferably made 0.005% or more. More preferably it is made 0.010% or more.
  • the balance is Fe and impurities.
  • impurities are elements unavoidably being mixed in from the steel raw materials (ore, scrap, etc.) and/or in the steelmaking process and elements allowed in a range not obstructing the characteristics of the steel according to the present embodiment. Specifically, Sb, Sn, W, Co, As, Mg, Pb, Bi, and H may be mentioned.
  • Sb, Sn, W, Co, As, Mg, Pb, Bi, and H respectively may be allowed to be included respectively in 0.010%, 0.10%, 0.50%, 0.50%, 0.005%, 0.005%, 0.10%, 0.10%, and 0.0010% in realizing the effects of the present application.
  • the sulfide-based inclusions may include MnS, (Mn,Ca)S, CaS, and FeS.
  • the amount of FeS present is very small. In calculation, FeS is considered.
  • Fn1 defined by the following formula (1) is made 0.20 to 0.65.
  • Fn1 is a parameter relating to the thickness of the abnormally carburized layers. If Fn1 is less than 0.20 (amount of Si is excessively large), the grain boundary oxide layer etc. becomes thicker. Further, if Fn1 exceeds 0.65 (amount of Cr is excessively large), the trace amounts of H 2 O and/or CO 2 in the carburizing gas cause the Cr to be selectively oxidized. For this reason, in each of these cases, the thicknesses of the abnormally carburized layers increase and the bending fatigue strength falls, so Fn1 is 0.20 or more and Fn1 is 0.65 or less. Fn1 is preferably 0.25 or more, more preferably 0.3 or more. Fn1 is preferably 0.60 or less, more preferably 0.55 or less.
  • Fn2 defined by the following formula (2) is made 0.50 to 1.00:
  • A1 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides and having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • A2 total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of sulfide-based inclusions having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more in observation regions of a total area of 4.0 mm 2
  • Fn2 is a parameter relating to the aspect ratio of the sulfide-based inclusions after hot working. If Fn2 is less than 0.50, the ratio of the sulfide-based inclusions with large aspect ratios becomes greater.
  • Fn2 is 0.5 or more.
  • Fn2 is preferably 0.55 or more, more preferably 0.60 or more.
  • Fn2 from its definition, is 1.00 or less.
  • Fn2 is found by the following method. A region of 1/10d- 7/16d from the surface of the cross-section parallel to the rolling direction including the diameter of the rod shaped or wire shaped steel was made the region for observation. Here, the diameter of the steel is shown by “d”.
  • the cross-section parallel to the rolling direction, the region for observation, is polished by diamond to a mirror finish to obtain the surface for examination.
  • the sulfide-based inclusions of the surface for examination are identified by a SEM (scanning electron microscope). Specifically, 100 locations of any observation regions in the surface for examination are selected by a magnification of 500 ⁇ . That is, an observation region means any region of the surface for examination obtained by polishing the regions for observation to a mirror finish and observed by a magnification of 500 ⁇ .
  • the total area of the observation regions is made at least 4.0 mm 2 .
  • the total area of the observation regions may also exceed 4.0 mm 2 . Note that, it is enough that the surface for examination be prepared so that the total area of the observation regions is at least 4.0 mm 2 .
  • the size of the surface for examination itself is not particularly specified.
  • the sulfide-based inclusions are identified based on the contrast of the backscattered electron images observed by SEM.
  • the observation regions are shown by grayscale images.
  • the contrasts of the Fe base material, sulfide-based inclusions, and oxide-based inclusions in the backscattered electron images respectively differ.
  • the numerical range of the brightness showing sulfide-based inclusions is determined in advance by SEM and EDS (energy dispersive type X-ray microanalyzer).
  • the numerical range determined in advance as brightness showing sulfide-based inclusions will be referred to as the “reference range”.
  • the region with a brightness within the reference range is determined.
  • a region with a brightness within the reference range will be referred to as a “sulfide region”.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows one example of the brightness distribution of an SEM image in an observation region.
  • the ordinate shows the area ratio (%) in the observation region while the abscissa shows the brightness.
  • the region R 1 shows the region of oxide-based inclusions
  • the region R 2 shows the region of sulfide-based inclusions
  • the region R 3 shows the region of the Fe base material.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows one example of an SEM image in an observation region.
  • the sulfide regions X 1 to X 4 are regions having brightnesses of the reference ranges B 1 to B 2 .
  • the regions correspond to regions of sulfide-based inclusions.
  • the regions Z 1 to Z 3 in the inclusions Y 1 to Y 3 correspond to regions of oxide-based inclusions. That is, the inclusions Y 1 to Y 3 are composite inclusions comprised of sulfide-based inclusions and oxide-based inclusions.
  • a “circle equivalent diameter” is the diameter of the circle in the case of converting the area of a sulfide region into a circle having the same area.
  • the calculations are performed excluding the areas of the oxide-based inclusions (regions of Z 1 to Z 3 in FIG. 2 ) present in the respective sulfide regions.
  • the total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of the sulfide regions with calculated circle equivalent diameters of 1.0 ⁇ m or more is defined as A2.
  • the total area A1 of the sulfide-based inclusions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides and having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more is found by the following method.
  • the regions of sulfides with circle equivalent diameters of 1.0 ⁇ m or more are quantitatively analyzed by EDS.
  • the regions of sulfide-based inclusions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides are identified.
  • the sulfide regions identified by the SEM image are sulfide-based inclusions of composite inclusions.
  • the sulfide regions identified by the SEM image are sulfide-based inclusions of composite inclusions.
  • the oxide-based inclusions adjoining the sulfide-based inclusions are hit by the incident electron beam.
  • the results of analysis include analysis values of not only the sulfide-based inclusions, but also the oxide-based inclusions.
  • the oxide-based inclusions may be Ca oxides.
  • the semiquantitative measurement method is employed. The semiquantitative measurement method is as follows: The contents shown below are mol %.
  • the Mn of the differential value obtained by subtracting from the Mn content the S content (below, [Mn]*) is calculated assuming inclusion in the oxide-based inclusions.
  • the Ca corresponding to [S]* is calculated as included in the sulfide regions as Ca as (Ca,Mn)S.
  • the [Ca]* amount of the following formula (C) forms oxides as CaO. Accordingly, [Ca]* is excluded from the number of moles of the analyzed sulfur regions.
  • the Ca content is less than the [S]* amount of the following formula (B), the S of the [S]* amount bonds with the Fe whereby FeS is formed.
  • the Ca content is included in the sulfide regions as (Ca,Mn)S.
  • the above semiquantitative measurement method is used to identify the Ca content in sulfide regions with a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more. Further, the total area ( ⁇ m 2 ) of the sulfide regions containing 1.0 mol % or more of Ca with respect to the total number of moles in the sulfides and having a circle equivalent diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m or more is found. The found total area is defined as A1. When calculating A1 as well, the area of the oxide-based inclusions present in the sulfide regions (regions of Z 1 to Z 3 in FIG. 2 ) is excluded from the calculation.
  • the total area A1 and the total area A1 calculated by the above method are used to find Fn2.
  • the steel of the present invention is steel for carburized bearing use. Normally, steel rod or wire rod is used as the steel for carburized bearing use.
  • the diameter of steel rods which are generally in circulation is 16 mm to 200 mm, while the diameter of wire rods is 4 mm to 20 mm.
  • the steel of the embodiment of the present invention may be defined as steel rods with a diameter of 16 mm to 200 mm or wire rods with a diameter of 4 mm to 20 mm.
  • Molten steel having the above chemical composition and satisfying the above formula (1) is continuous cast to form a cast slab.
  • Ca is added by wire to the molten steel after addition of A1 and before insertion into the tundish.
  • coarse Ca oxides become harder to form.
  • fine (Mn,Ca)S By addition by wire to the molten steel before insertion into the tundish, it is possible to decrease the amount of coarse (Mn, Ca)S precipitating in the molten steel. Due to the presence of Ca forming a solid solution by supersaturation, fine (Mn,Ca)S more easily precipitates at the time of solidification and it becomes possible to satisfy the above formula (2). Note that, fine CaO and CaS may also be formed before fine (Mn,Ca)S.
  • the molten steel may also be rendered into ingots by the ingot casting method.
  • the cast slab or ingot is hot worked to produce a steel slab. For example, blooming is used to form the cast slab or ingot into a steel slab.
  • the steel slab is hot worked to produce a steel rod or wire rod or other steel material for carburized bearing use.
  • the hot working may be hot rolling or may be hot forging.
  • the steel material for carburized bearing use which is produced may, as needed, be normalized or spherodizing annealed. Due to the above process, steel for carburized bearing use is produced.
  • One example of the method of production of a part (for example, carburized bearing) using the steel of the present embodiment is as follows. That is, first, the steel according to the present embodiment is worked into a predetermined shape to produce an intermediate part. The method of working it is for example machining such as cutting.
  • the carburizing process may be performed under known conditions.
  • the quenching conditions and tempering conditions in the carburizing treatment are suitably adjusted by known methods to suitably adjust the surface hardness of the part, surface concentration of C, etc.
  • the part produced by known carburization using the steel according to the present embodiment is excellent in hardenability, toughness, surface-originated micropitting life, and bending fatigue strength.
  • the part obtained by the method of production of the part according to the present embodiment has a thickness of its carburized layer of 0.5 to 2.0 mm.
  • the thickness of the carburized layer is 0.5 mm or more, the surface-originated micropitting life can be improved.
  • the carburizing time would end up becoming longer and the cost would rise.
  • the thickness of the carburized layer is preferably 0.5 to 2.0 mm.
  • the thus obtained part has an absorption energy vE20 at its center part of 43 J/cm 2 or more and has an excellent toughness.
  • the shape of the part differs depending on the type of the part, so it is difficult to uniformly define the center part from the shape of the part. Therefore, the center part is defined with respect to the material before shaping to the part and after carburization.
  • the “center part” means, in a material before shaping into a part and after carburization, a range of 2 ⁇ 5T to 3 ⁇ 5T from the surface in the cross-section parallel to the rolling direction.
  • T means the thickness of the material. Note that, the above center part can be found when analyzing a part.
  • Molten steels having the chemical compositions shown in Table 1 were produced in a 300 kg vacuum melting furnace and cast into ingots. The ingots were heated at 1150° C. for 30 minutes, then were hot forged to give finishing temperatures of 950° C. or more to thereby produce diameter 60 mm steel rods.
  • Parts of diameter 60 mm steel rods were cut and the cut steel rods were hot forged to manufacture diameter 30 mm steel rods. These steel rods were held at 1250° C. for 12 hours, then allowed to cool down to room temperature and furthermore were heated and held at 925° C. ⁇ 1 hour, then were allowed to cool down to room temperature.
  • Normalized steel rods (diameter 60 mm and diameter 30 mm) were used, as shown below, to perform inclusion evaluation tests, hardenability evaluation tests, toughness evaluation tests, surface-originated micropitting life evaluation tests, and rotating bending fatigue strength evaluation tests.
  • the hardenability evaluation test was performed by the following method. From diameter 30 mm steel rods, flanged diameter 25 mm, length 100 mm Jominy test pieces were prepared by machining. The test pieces of the different test numbers were subjected to Jominy tests based on JIS G 0561 (2011). Note that, the quenching temperature was made 950° C. and the Steel Rods 1 to 32 were treated over 6 hours.
  • the hardness J 11 at a position of 11 mm from the water cooling end was measured and the measured hardness J 11 was used to evaluate the hardenability.
  • the hardness test was performed using a tip radius 0.2 mm and tip angle 120 degree diamond conical indenter for measurement under 150 kgf conditions. If the hardness J 11 was a Rockwell hardness HRC of 22 or more, it was judged that the hardenability was high (“G (good)” in Table 2). If the hardness J 11 was a Rockwell hardness HRC of less than 22, it was judged that the hardenability was low (“P (poor)” in Table 2). The results are shown together in Table 2.
  • a diameter 30 mm steel rod was quenched and tempered by the heat pattern shown in FIG. 3 . Specifically, a diameter 30 mm steel rod was held at 900° C. for 4 hours, then was oil quenched (“OQ” in FIG. 3 ). The oil quenched steel rod was further held at 180° C. for 2 hours for tempering, then was air cooled (“AC” in FIG. 3 ).
  • Charpy test pieces having V-notches were prepared so that the centers of the V-notch side surfaces in the width direction became the 1 ⁇ 8D′ positions.
  • the Charpy test pieces of the different test numbers were subjected to Charpy impact tests based on JIS Z 2242 (2009) at room temperature.
  • D′ shows the diameter of the steel rod quenched and tempered.
  • the absorption energy obtained by each test was divided by the original cross-sectional area of the notched part (cross-sectional area of notched part of test piece before the test) to find the impact value vE 20 (J/cm 2 ). If the impact value vE 20 is 43 J/cm 2 or more, it was judged that the toughness was high (“G (good)” in Table 2). If the impact value vE 20 is less than 43 J/cm 2 , it was judged that the toughness was low (“P (poor)” in Table 2). The results are shown together in Table 2.
  • the surface-originated micropitting life evaluation test was performed by the following method. From a diameter 60 mm steel rod, diameter 60 mm, thickness 5.5 mm disk shaped crude test piece were prepared. The thicknesses of the crude test pieces (5.5 mm) correspond to the longitudinal directions of the steel rods.
  • the crude test pieces of the different number test were treated for carburization in a gas atmosphere with a carbon equivalent of 0.8 mass % at 950° C. for 6 hours (carburizing condition A) or in a gas atmosphere with a carbon equivalent of 0.8 mass % at 950° C. for 3 hours (carburizing condition B) and quenched in 60° C. oil, immediately tempered at 150° C. for 1.5 hours, then allowed to cool to prepare test pieces simulating carburized bearing parts.
  • the surfaces of the prepared test pieces were made to engage in sliding motion in a state containing free abrasives (polishing agent) and the rolling contact surfaces were slightly machined while polishing by lapping to prepare rolling fatigue test pieces.
  • a thrust type rolling fatigue tester was used to perform the rolling fatigue tests.
  • the maximum contact pressure at the time of the tests was made 5.0 GPa and the speed of repetition was made 1800 cpm (cycles per minute).
  • the lubrication oil used at the time of the tests contained gas atomized powder as foreign matter.
  • the gas atomized powder was converted to fine powder by gas atomization using high speed steel with a Vickers' hardness of 750 Hv to prepare powder classified into granularities of 100 to 180 ⁇ m.
  • the amount of gas atomized powder mixed in was made 0.02% with respect to the lubrication oil.
  • the Vickers' hardness was the average value of any five points with a measurement load of 10 kgf.
  • the quenched and tempered material of SUJ2 prescribed in JIS G 4805 (2008) was used.
  • the results of the rolling fatigue test were plotted on weibull probability paper.
  • the L10 lifetime showing a 10% probability of breakage, was defined as the “surface-originated micropitting life”.
  • G good
  • P poor
  • the rotating bending fatigue strength evaluation test was performed by the following method. From diameter 30 mm steel rods, Ono type rotating bending fatigue test pieces with diameters and lengths of parallel parts of respectively 8 mm and 25 mm and radii of shoulder parts of 12 mm were prepared. The longitudinal directions of the Ono type rotating bending fatigue test pieces correspond to the longitudinal directions of the steel rods.
  • Ono type rotating bending fatigue test pieces of the different number tests were treated for carburization in a gas atmosphere with a carbon equivalent of 0.8 mass % at 950° C. for 6 hours (carburizing condition A) or in a gas atmosphere with a carbon equivalent of 0.8 mass % at 950° C. for 3 hours (carburizing condition B) and quenched in 60° C. oil, immediately tempered at 150° C. for 1.5 hours, then allowed to cool to prepare test pieces simulating carburized bearing parts.
  • the number of test rods in the Ono type rotating bending fatigue test was made seven each. The usual method was used to conduct the test at ordinary temperature in the atmosphere. The highest stress in rods which did not break even up to 1.0 ⁇ 10 7 repetitions was deemed the “rotating bending fatigue strength”. If the rotating bending fatigue strength is 800 MPa or more, it is judged that the test piece is excellent in bending fatigue strength (“G (good)” in Table 2). If the rotating bending fatigue strength is less than 800 MPa, it is judged that the bending fatigue strength is inferior (“P (poor)” in Table 2). The results are shown together in Table 2.
  • the Si concentration is high, so the bending fatigue strength becomes low.
  • the Mn concentration is low and the hardenability (J 1) is small, so the bending fatigue strength becomes low.
  • the Mn concentration is high, so the bending fatigue strength becomes low.
  • the Cr concentration is low, so both of the surface-originated micropitting life and bending fatigue strength become low.
  • the Cr concentration is high, so the bending fatigue strength becomes low.
  • the Mo concentration is low, so both of the surface-originated micropitting life and bending fatigue strength become low.
  • the Mo concentration is high, so the surface-originated micropitting life becomes low.
  • the Nb concentration is high, so the toughness becomes low.
  • the Ca concentration is low and the Fn2 is low, so the surface-originated micropitting life becomes low.
  • the Fn1 is high, so the bending fatigue strength becomes low.
  • the constituents predetermined in the present application are realized, the Fn1 is 0.20 to 0.65, and the Fn2 is 0.50 to 1.00, but the carburization is insufficient, so it is learned that the surface-originated micropitting life and bending fatigue strength are not obtained.
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